Jamais sans ma voiture ? Les banlieusards des franges de Québec

Le rapport à l’automobile de 70 résidents de secteurs périphériques de l’agglomération de Québec, non desservis par le transport en commun, est analysé à travers leurs comportements de mobilité, ainsi que leurs discours sur l’environnement et l’automobile. Leurs déplacements quotidiens varient beaucoup et tous les actifs ne se déplacent pas quotidiennement vers le centre-ville. Des différences selon l’âge et le sexe caractérisent non tant les comportements en tant que tels, mais plutôt le rapport affectif ou fonctionnel entretenu envers la voiture. Si les femmes aiment conduire leur voiture dans la même proportion que les hommes, ce n’est pas pour les mêmes raisons. Diminuer le recours à la voiture individuelle, ce serait transformer en profondeur tout un mode de vie ; comprendre ce mode de vie et ce pour quoi plusieurs personnes l’apprécient est essentiel dans l’atteinte de cet objectif.In terms of their relationship to the automobile, 70 residents of outlying districts of the Québec City area that are not served by public transit are analysed according to their mobility behaviours, and through their discourse on the environment and on the automobile. Their daily trips vary greatly, and not all employed individuals travel downtown on a daily basis. Differences according to age and gender come to light not so much in terms of their actual behaviours, but rather in terms of their emotional or functional relationships toward cars. While the same proportion of women enjoy driving their cars as men, it is not for the same reasons. Reducing the use of personal cars would deeply transform an entire way of life; an understanding of this way of life and why many appreciate it is essential to the achievement of this objective

L’évolution de la mobilité des femmes à Québec entre 1977 et 1996

D'importants changements sociaux et économiques ont transformé les agglomérations canadiennes au cours des vingt dernières années et ont affecté les comportements de déplacements de leurs résidant(e)s. Cet article décrit l'évolution de la mobilité des femmes demeurant dans l'agglomération urbaine de Québec durant cette période de changements. Les données sur la mobilité sont issues des grandes enquêtes Origine-Destination réalisées par la STCUQ en 1977 et en 1996. La durée et la longueur des déplacements sont obtenues par modélisation dans un système d'information géographique (SIG) en transport. Les résultats montrent que les femmes ont davantage accès à l'automobile, qu'elles se déplacent plus fréquemment, qu'elles parcourent de plus grandes distances pour se rendre au travail et que la durée de leurs déplacements-travail a diminué entre 1977 et 1996. Toutefois, en 1996, les femmes parcourent encore de plus courtes distances que les hommes pour se rendre au travail, particulièrement lorsqu'elles résident en banlieue. Elles se déplacent moins fréquemment que les hommes et ces derniers demeurent les principaux utilisateurs du véhicule familial.Canadian cities have seen important socio-economic changes in the last twenty years. These changes have also transformed the inhabitants' daily travels. The aim of this paper is to describe the mobility changes of women living in the Québec urban area during this period. We used an extensive data base from two origin-destination surveys produced by the STCUQ in 1977 and 1996. Travel distances and travel times are simulated using GIS-transportation software. Our results show that women have better access to cars, that they move more frequently, that their work trips are longer and their travel times are shorter in 1996 than in 1977. Notwithstanding these improvements, 1996 work travel of women is still shorter than that of men, especially if they are living in the suburbs. Also, they travel less frequently than men, who still are the principal users of family car

Homeworking, telecommuting and journey to workplaces - Are differences among genders and professions varying over space?

The aim of this paper is to assess differences on homeworking and teleworking behaviour among genders considering age groups, professional statuses, household structures and car access. The analysis is based on a sample of more than 30,000 workers responding to the 2001 origin-destination (O-D) survey data in Quebec City (Canada). Moreover, this paper puts specific emphasis on linking those differences in behaviour to the location of workplaces related to living places of the respondents. During the O-D survey, every worker was asked to disclose the frequency of homeworking and teleworking he/she was experiencing during the preceding weeks. Answers were later aggregated into six categories: never working at home (88.4% of respondents), working at home 1 day per two weeks or less (4.8%), 1 day per week (1.7%), 2 or 3 days per week (1.2%), 4 days or more per week (0.7%), always working at home (3.2% – homeworkers). However, those patterns show significant differences among genders (higher proportion of females are working entirely at home; higher proportion of males are occasionally working at home), age groups (younger workers seldom work at home and the proportion of teleworker increases with age – about 16% among the 55-64 years old and 27% among the elderly) and professional status (proportion of teleworkers is strongly related to qualifications and decisional status of the person, yielding higher levels of teleworking for managers, self-employed persons, professors and lawyers than for office clerks, technicians and non-qualified workers). This last relationship is very strong suggesting that job empowerment (especially ability to control time schedule) is of paramount importance for the development of teleworking. However, having higher family constraints, lone parents are seeking more flexibility on their work agenda: 12% are experiencing some level of teleworking on top of 3% of them which are homeworkers. Again, the difference appears more significant among male than among female workers, suggesting again a better control of the first group on their work schedule. Moreover, owning a driver license or holding a bus pass does not have the expected effect on teleworking: car drivers are working at home more frequently than other people; conversely 92% of bus users are going to their work place every weekday, leaving a mere 8% to teleworking and homeworking. Significant differences appear when considering workplaces and home locations within the city. People working near the city centre are more willing than others to consider teleworking, people living in the suburban areas show higher levels of homeworking. Finally, significant differences of travel time from home to work were found among various categories of teleworkers and homeworkers. Preliminary results suggest that the development of teleworking could be highly rooted to labour market and household structures as well as to the urban form. Urban sprawl is probably impeding development of teleworking, at least for Quebec City.

Homeworking, telecommuting and journey to workplaces - Are differences among genders and professions varying over space?

The aim of this paper is to assess differences on homeworking and teleworking behaviour among genders considering age groups, professional statuses, household structures and car access. The analysis is based on a sample of more than 30,000 workers responding to the 2001 origin-destination (O-D) survey data in Quebec City (Canada). Moreover, this paper puts specific emphasis on linking those differences in behaviour to the location of workplaces related to living places of the respondents. During the O-D survey, every worker was asked to disclose the frequency of homeworking and teleworking he/she was experiencing during the preceding weeks. Answers were later aggregated into six categories: never working at home (88.4% of respondents), working at home 1 day per two weeks or less (4.8%), 1 day per week (1.7%), 2 or 3 days per week (1.2%), 4 days or more per week (0.7%), always working at home (3.2% – homeworkers). However, those patterns show significant differences among genders (higher proportion of females are working entirely at home; higher proportion of males are occasionally working at home), age groups (younger workers seldom work at home and the proportion of teleworker increases with age – about 16% among the 55-64 years old and 27% among the elderly) and professional status (proportion of teleworkers is strongly related to qualifications and decisional status of the person, yielding higher levels of teleworking for managers, self-employed persons, professors and lawyers than for office clerks, technicians and non-qualified workers). This last relationship is very strong suggesting that job empowerment (especially ability to control time schedule) is of paramount importance for the development of teleworking. However, having higher family constraints, lone parents are seeking more flexibility on their work agenda: 12% are experiencing some level of teleworking on top of 3% of them which are homeworkers. Again, the difference appears more significant among male than among female workers, suggesting again a better control of the first group on their work schedule. Moreover, owning a driver license or holding a bus pass does not have the expected effect on teleworking: car drivers are working at home more frequently than other people; conversely 92% of bus users are going to their work place every weekday, leaving a mere 8% to teleworking and homeworking. Significant differences appear when considering workplaces and home locations within the city. People working near the city centre are more willing than others to consider teleworking, people living in the suburban areas show higher levels of homeworking. Finally, significant differences of travel time from home to work were found among various categories of teleworkers and homeworkers. Preliminary results suggest that the development of teleworking could be highly rooted to labour market and household structures as well as to the urban form. Urban sprawl is probably impeding development of teleworking, at least for Quebec City

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Affiliation with a clique of aggressive peers and academic adjustment in secondary school: The moderating effect of parental support

peer reviewedLa transition vers l’école secondaire au début de l’adolescence est une période durant laquelle les influences sociales évoluent rapidement et peuvent interagir de manière complexe. Cette étude s’intéresse aux relations parent–enfant ainsi qu’aux affiliations sociales au sein du groupe de pairs en tant que facteurs pouvant contribuer au fonctionnement scolaire des adolescent·es en début de parcours au secondaire. Spécifiquement, elle examine l’effet modérateur du soutien parental sur le lien entre l’appartenance des jeunes à un groupe de pairs ayant des comportements agressifs et le fonctionnement scolaire des élèves, mesuré par leur rendement et leur désengagement scolaires. Des élèves (n = 480) de première ou deuxième année d’une école secondaire francophone en Belgique ont rempli un questionnaire lors de deux collectes de données en classe à un an d’intervalle. L’affiliation de l’élève à une clique agressive prédit une diminution du rendement scolaire. En revanche, l’affiliation à une clique agressive prédit une diminution plus marquée du rendement scolaire chez les élèves qui rapportent un soutien parental élevé au premier temps de mesure. Ce résultat contre-intuitif pourrait s’expliquer par le style parental permissif fréquemment adopté chez les parents de jeunes qui vivent dans un contexte social d’agressivité élevée. Ce style parental se caractérise à la fois par un fort soutien émotionnel envers l’adolescent·e, mais aussi par un manque de structure offert à l’adolescent·e pour l’encadrer dans ses choix et ses comportements. Enfin, cette étude suggère quelques pistes pour bonifier d’éventuels programmes d’intervention à partir des résultats obtenus.The transition to secondary school concurs with the beginning of adolescence, a developmental period marked by rapid changes in social influences that interact with each other in a complex way. This study focuses on how peer network affiliation and parent-child relationships can contribute to students’ academic adjustment in the early years of secondary school. Specifically, it examines the moderating effect of parental support in the association between adolescents’ involvement with a group of aggressive peers and their subsequent academic adjustment, measured by academic achievement and school disengagement. Students (n = 480) in their first or second year in a French-speaking secondary school in Belgium filled out a questionnaire in class on two occasions, one year apart. As anticipated, student affiliation with an aggressive clique predicts lower academic achievement in the next year. However, this decrease was more pronounced for students reporting a high level of parental support at the first time point. This unexpected result could be explained by a permissive parenting style frequently adopted by parents of youth in a highly aggressive peer context. That parenting style is characterized by parents’ showing high emotional support toward their adolescent but providing little structure and supervision to guide the adolescent’s choices and behaviors. This study suggests avenues to enhance interventions or prevention programs based on the current results

Pratiques centrées sur la famille chez les professionnels en santé mentale adulte : un portrait de la situation au Québec

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Pratiques centrées sur la famille chez les professionnels en santé mentale adulte : un portrait de la situation au Québec

Contexte Les enfants et jeunes vivant avec un parent ayant un trouble mental font partie d’un groupe de population vulnérable, plus à risque de divers problèmes psychosociaux et de santé mentale. Ils sont également surreprésentés dans les services de santé mentale pour les jeunes et les services de protection de la jeunesse. Les services en santé mentale pour adultes qui traitent les parents ont la possibilité d’identifier et de soutenir les enfants de ces familles. Cependant, il y a à ce jour encore peu de connaissances sur l’étendue des pratiques centrées sur la famille, proposées par les professionnels de différents champs disciplinaires, en contexte québécois.Objectifs L’objectif général de cette étude est de documenter les pratiques des professionnels en santé mentale adulte centrées sur la famille, et ce, en fonction de différents groupes de professionnels (psychologie, travail social, sciences infirmières, psychoéducation et éducation spécialisée).Méthode Au total, 524 participants, issus de l’ensemble des régions du Québec et travaillant auprès d’une clientèle en santé mentale adulte, ont répondu à une enquête provinciale en ligne. Un sous-échantillon de 380 participants, membres d’un ordre ou d’une association professionnelle et provenant de l’échantillon plus large, a été retenu pour la présente étude. Ceux-ci sont issus de 5 disciplines, soit le travail social (n = 127), les sciences infirmières (n = 99), la psychoéducation (n = 57), la psychologie (n = 56) et l’éducation spécialisée (n = 41). Une analyse MANCOVA a été réalisée afin de comparer les groupes professionnels en fonction des 5 sous-échelles de la version française du questionnaire Family Focused Mental Health Practice Questionnaire (FFMHPQ-FR, Piché et al., sous presse), en contrôlant pour le genre, le nombre d’années d’expérience de travail et la proportion estimée de clientèle ayant un rôle parental.Résultats D’importantes différences ont été constatées entre les travailleurs sociaux et les psychologues, concernant les pratiques de soutien rapportées. Les participants signalent également des niveaux très différents de facteurs facilitants tels que le soutien du milieu de travail, l’ouverture à la formation, les connaissances et compétences perçues et les croyances et attitudes à l’égard de ces pratiques.Discussion Cette étude permet d’approfondir les connaissances sur l’utilisation de pratiques centrées sur la famille par les professionnels de différents champs disciplinaires, en contexte de santé mentale adulte au Québec. Les résultats permettront de mieux soutenir l’adoption de telles pratiques dans les services en santé mentale.Context Children living with a mentally ill parent are a vulnerable population, at higher risk of various psychosocial and mental health problems. They are overrepresented in youth mental health and child protection services. Adult mental health services that treat parents have the opportunity to identify and support children in these families. However, to date, there is still little knowledge on the extent of family-centered practices offered by professionals from different disciplinary fields in Quebec.Objective This study aims to document the family-focused practices of adult mental health professionals according to different disciplines (social work, nursing, psychoeducation, psychology, and special education).Method A total of 524 participants, from all regions of Quebec and working with adult mental health clients, responded to an online provincial survey. A subsample of 380 participants, members of a professional order or association, was retained for the present study. These come from five discipline: social work (n=127), nursing (n=99), psychoeducation (n=57), psychology (n=56) and special education (n=41) A MANCOVA analysis was performed to compare groups on the five subscales of the French version of the Family Focused Mental Health Practice (FFMHPQ-FR, Piché et al., in press), controlling for gender, years of experience working in mental health services and estimated proportion of clients with a parental role.Results Significant differences were found between social workers and psychologists in reported family-focused practices. Participants also reported very different levels of facilitating factors such as workplace support, openness to training, perceived knowledge and skills, and attitudes towards these practices.Discussion This study helps to increase knowledge on the use of family-focused practices by professionals from different disciplinary fields, in the context of adult mental health services in Quebec. The results allow to better support the adoption of such practices in mental health services

Psychometric proprieties of the French Version of the Family-Focused Mental Health Practice Questionnaire (FFMHPQ)

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