Benzyladenine concentration, type and dose of carbohydrates in the culture medium for shoot proliferation of Agave americana

Para evaluar la proliferación in vitro de brotes de Agave americana var. oaxacensis, piezas de callo con dos a tres brotes adventicios se establecieron en diversos medios de cultivo con pH 5,8 y consistencia de gel, con sales minerales MS, 100 mg L-1 myo-inositol, diversas concentraciones de benciladenina (BA) (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 y 10 mg L-1), tipo de carbohidrato (sacarosa o jarabe fructosado) y concentración de carbohidrato (20, 30, 40 g). Los cultivos se incubaron 60 días bajo luz fluorescente blanca en 16 h luz/8 h oscuridad, temperatura 20- 28°C. El experimento se estableció según un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 6x2x3. La sacarosa resultó mejor fuente de carbohidrato que el jarabe fructosado. Los explantos en el medio de cultivo sin BA y 20 g L-1 de sacarosa formaron cuatro brotes de 10,8 cm, con raíces adventicias. Al aumentar la concentración de BA y sacarosa los explantos formaron más brotes, pero en el medio con 6 mg L-1 BA y 40 g L-1 sacarosa los explantos formaron hasta 21 brotes de 6,5 cm de tamaño. La citocinina inhibió la formación de raíces.To evaluate the in vitro shoot proliferation of Agave americana var. oaxacensis, calli fragments with two or three adventitious shoots were put in different culture media with pH 5.8 and consistency of gel, containing the MS mineral salts, 100 mg L-1 myo-inositol; benzyladenine (BA) in different concentration (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg L-1), type of carbohydrate (sucrose or fructose syrup) and carbohydrate concentration (20, 30, 40 g L-1). Cultures were incubated for 60 days under white fluorescent light in 16 h light/8 h darkness, temperature 20-28°C. The experiment was established according to a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement 6x2x3. The sucrose was better carbohydrate than fructose syrup. The explants in media without BA and 20 g L-1 sucrose formed four shoots with 10.8 cm tall, and formed adventitious roots. When the BA and sucrose concentration were increased the explants formed more adventitious shoots, but in the media with 6 mg L-1 BA and 40 g L-1 sucrose the esplants formed up to 21adventitious shoots which had 6.5 cm size. The cytokinin prevented the root formation.Fil: Miguel Luna, Maura Elisama. Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Oaxaca (México)Fil: Enríquez del Valle, José Raimundo. Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Oaxaca (México)Fil: Velasco Velasco, Vicente Arturo. Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Oaxaca (México)Fil: Villegas Aparicio, Yuri. Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Oaxaca (México)Fil: Carrillo Rodríguez, José Cruz. Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Oaxaca (México

Mercadeo de guajolote (Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo) en Los mercados de Oaxaca.

The economic, cultural and social importance of the turkey is evidenced by its wide use in Mexican cuisine, social and religious celebrations. The surpluses produced by backyard farming are sold in local markets, which make it possible to capture income to supplement the diet of producers. The study was conducted in 2014 in the district markets of the Central Valleys region of Oaxaca, Mexico, where 744 surveys were applied in a stratified sampling in a targeted manner. Subsequently, with the data collected, a statistical analysis of independence (X2) was performed (p < 0.05). The result was obtained that participants in the commercialization were mostly women (66%) with an age range of 31-59 years, dedicated to household and farm work. The producers were indifferent to the sex and color of the guajolotes and preferred poults for reproduction and mature turkeys for consumption in mole. In the markets, females (64%) were sold more frequently, weighing approximately 3.1 to 6.1 kg and costing between $231-375 per individual, while males weighed 5.5 to 7 kg and cost between$300-450 per animal.La importancia económica, cultural y social del guajolote se evidencia por su amplio uso en la cocina mexicana, celebraciones sociales y religiosas. Los excedentes producidos por la meleagricultura de traspatio son comercializados en los mercados locales, lo que posibilita captar ingresos que permiten complementar la dieta de los productores. El estudio se realizó en el año 2014 en los mercados distritales de la región de los Valles Centrales de Oaxaca, México donde se aplicaron 744 encuestas en un muestreo estratificado de manera dirigida. Posteriormente, con los datos recabados se realizó un análisis estadístico de independencia (X2) (p<0.05). Se obtuvo como resultado que los participantes de la comercialización fueron en su mayoría mujeres (66%) con un rango de edad de 31-59 años, dedicadas a las labores del hogar y del campo. A los productores fue indiferente el sexo y el color de los guajolotes y prefirieron pavipollos para reproducción y a los maduros para consumo en mole. En los mercados se logró observar una mayor comercialización de las hembras (64%), con un peso aproximado 3.1 a 6.1 kg y un precio que oscila entre $231 y 375 por individuo, mientras que los machos pesaron de 5.5 a 7 kg y costaron entre$300 y 450 para machos por animal

Dinámica de crecimiento y curvas de extracción de nutrientes de Pennisetum sp. (Maralfalfa)

El crecimiento de una especie, así como la concentración y extracción de nutrientes en el forraje, se pueden conocer a través de modelos matemáticos. Se utilizaron las ecuaciones de Gompertz y Logistic para estudiar el crecimiento, un modelo potencial negativo para las curvas de dilución NPK y la extracción máxima a través de polinomios de segundo orden. Se calculó la Extracción Unitaria (EU) y Eficiencia de Recuperación del Nutriente (ERN) NPK. La bondad de ajuste de los modelos fue comparada bajo un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 2×2, factor A: dos modelos y factor B: fertilización y testigo con 16 repeticiones. La concentración de nutrientes se optimizó por algoritmo de Levenberg-Marquart.  Los resultados indicaron que el ajuste del modelo fue similar para las parcelas en estudio; sin embargo, Gompertz mostró   una mejor representación de la realidad biológica. La máxima tasa de crecimiento se alcanzó a los 21 días en parcelas testigo y 56 días en parcelas fertilizadas, el punto de inflexión a los 30 y 31 días, respectivamente. La concentración de nutrientes en el pasto, disminuyó a través de los cortes en ambos tratamientos y las parcelas fertilizadas además presentaron la mayor producción de materia seca. La EU se mostró casi de manera homogénea para parcelas fertilizadas y no fertilizadas.  La ERN fue de 48 % para nitrógeno, 39 % para fósforo y 104 % para potasio, lo cual sugiere un suministro excedido de N y P con la dosis suministrada y un consumo de lujo para K

Effect of a Fungi Complex in Nine Ecotypes of Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach) Morrone

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of different concentrations of a fungal consortium on the growth and yield of ecotypes of Cenchrus purpureus under storm conditions. Design/methodology/approach: An experiment was established under a completely randomized design with a 9x2x4 factorial arrangement. The factors were 9 ecotypes of Cenchrus purpureus; two times of the year (summer-autumn and winter-spring) and four levels of mycorrhizal consortium. The variables evaluated were: number of shoots, number of leaves, and height of the shoot, leaf length, total biomass and leaf-stem ratio. Results: The response of the ecotypes had a differential effect on the variables NB, LHG, BT and RH / T. While the time affected the variables NH, AB, LHG, LHM, LHCh, BT and RH / T. Low inoculation levels increased the variables NB, AB, LHG, LHM and BT. Limitations on study/implications: The evaluated factors indicate that the level of inoculant and the season determine the growth and yield of Cenchrus purpureus. Findings/conclusions: The mycorrhizal consortium dose and time of year mainly determined the growth and yield of C. purpureus. Ecotypes respond differently to changes in mycorrhizal consortium dose and season. The evaluated factors indicate that the mycorrhiza dose and the time of year determine the growth and yield of C. purpureus. Two growth strategies of the ecotypes are visualized: 1) many shoots, with few small leaves and 2) few shoots with many large leaves.Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of different concentrations of a fungal consortium on the growth and yield of Cenchrus purpureus ecotypes under storm conditions.Design/Methodology/Approach: An experiment was established under a completely randomized design with a 9X2X4 factorial arrangement. The factors were 9 ecotypes of Cenchrus purpureus, two seasons of the year (Summer-Fall and Winter-Spring), and four levels of mycorrhizal consortium. The variables evaluated were: number of buds, number of leaves, height of the bud, leaf length, total biomass, and leaf-stalk ratio.Results: The response of the ecotypes had a differential effect on the variables NB, LLL, TB and L/SR, while the season affected the variables LN, PH, LLL, MLL, SLL, TB and L/SR. Low inoculation levels increased the variables NB, PH, LLL, MLL and TB.Study Limitations/Implications: The evaluated factors indicate that the level of inoculant and the season determine the growth and yield of Cenchrus purpureus.Findings/Conclusions: The mycorrhizal consortium dose and season of the year mainly determined the growth and yield of C. purpureus. Ecotypes respond differently to changes in the season and in mycorrhizal consortium dose. The evaluated factors indicate that the mycorrhiza dose and the season of the year determine the growth and yield of C.purpureus. Two growth strategies of the ecotypes are visualized: 1) many buds, with few small leaves and 2) few buds with many large leave

Concentración de benciladenina, tipo y dosis de carbohidratos en el medio de cultivo para proliferación de brotes de Agave americana

To evaluate the in vitro shoot proliferation of Agave americana var. oaxacensis, calli fragments with two or three adventitious shoots were put in different culture media with pH 5.8 and consistency of gel, containing the MS mineral salts, 100 mg L-1 myo-inositol; benzyladenine (BA) in different concentration (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg L-1), type of carbohydrate (sucrose or fructose syrup) and carbohydrate concentration (20, 30, 40 g L-1). Cultures were incubated for 60 days under white fluorescent light in 16 h light/8 h darkness, temperature 20-28°C. The experiment was established according to a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement 6x2x3. The sucrose was better carbohydrate than fructose syrup. The explants in media without BA and 20 g L-1 sucrose formed four shoots with 10.8 cm tall, and formed adventitious roots. When the BA and sucrose concentration were increased the explants formed more adventitious shoots, but in the media with 6 mg L-1 BA and 40 g L-1 sucrose the esplants formed up to 21adventitious shoots which had 6.5 cm size. The cytokinin prevented the root formation.Para evaluar la proliferación in vitro de brotes de Agave americana var. oaxacensis, piezas de callo con dos a tres brotes adventicios se establecieron en diversos medios de cultivo con pH 5,8 y consistencia de gel, con sales minerales MS, 100 mg L-1 myo-inositol, diversas concentraciones de benciladenina (BA) (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 y 10 mg L-1), tipo de carbohidrato (sacarosa o jarabe fructosado) y concentración de carbohidrato (20, 30, 40 g). Los cultivos se incubaron 60 días bajo luz fluorescente blanca en 16 h luz/8 h oscuridad, temperatura 20- 28°C. El experimento se estableció según un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 6x2x3. La sacarosa resultó mejor fuente de carbohidrato que el jarabe fructosado. Los explantos en el medio de cultivo sin BA y 20 g L-1 de sacarosa formaron cuatro brotes de 10,8 cm, con raíces adventicias. Al aumentar la concentración de BA y sacarosa los explantos formaron más brotes, pero en el medio con 6 mg L-1 BA y 40 g L-1 sacarosa los explantos formaron hasta 21 brotes de 6,5 cm de tamaño. La citocinina inhibió la formación de raíces

Productive Performance of Sheep in an Agropastoral System on the Coast of Oaxaca, Mexico

Objective: To determine the prolificacy and weight of lambs at birth (BW) in twogenotypes of hair sheep within an agropastoral system on the coast of Oaxaca, Mexico,and to evaluate the effect of two sources of selenium on the performance of lambs fromsaid system during the fattening phase.Design/Methodology/Approach: The study was carried out in an agropastoral system(coconut palm and Cynodon dactylon grass) in Río Grande, Oaxaca. Two experimentswere conducted; the first studied 58 ewes distributed in a completely randomized design(CRD) with factorial arrangement of 2x2x3, and focused on the following fixed effects:genotype, number of births, and body condition (BC). The measured variables wereprolificacy and BW. The second experiment studied 23 lambs of 4 months in age thatwere offspring of the females in experiment 1. They were distributed in a CRD withthree treatments: T1, without selenium provided; T2, with barium selenate provided; T3,with selenomethionine provided. The dependent variables were daily weight gain(DWG), dry material consumption (DMC), and feed conversion (FC). Results: The Pelibuey ewes with one and two births and the Black Belly ewes with onebirth demonstrated the highest averages in prolificacy (P?0.05). The lowest averages(P?0.05) were detected in ewes with BC 4 irrespective of number of births. The BW wasaffected (P?0.05) by genotype; Black Belly lambs weighed 680 g (P?0.05) more thatPelibuey lambs. The DWG, DMC and FC behaved similarly (P?0.05) betweentreatments and their general averages were 0.114 kg day -1 , 0.679 kg day -1 , and 6.18,respectively.Study Limitations/Implications: In the agropastoral system, the BC of ewes limitstheir reproductive performance. The weight of the lambs at the start of fatteningdetermines their performance during fattening.Findings/Conclusions: In the agropastoral system, Pelibuey and Black Belly femalespresent adequate prolificacy averages and BW; however, it is very important that theyremain within BC 3. Neither of the two sources of selenium improves DWG, DMC, andFC of lambs fattened in pens in the agropastoral system

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) biomass yield at different pasture ages and cutting frequencies

Las frecuencias de defoliación y la edad de la pradera son variables estratégicas en el manejo del cultivo de la alfalfa para incrementar la biomasa producida. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el efecto de tres frecuencias de corte en el ciclo primavera-verano sobre la producción de materia seca, tasa de crecimiento y componentes del rendimiento de praderas de alfalfa de uno, dos y tres años de establecimiento. Se utilizó un diseño en bloques al azar con arreglo factorial 3 x 3 (frecuencias de corte y edad de la pradera). La mayor producción promedio de materia seca (7,528 Kg MS ha-1) y tasa de crecimiento (257 Kg MS ha-1día) se registró en praderas de un año de establecimiento (P<0.01). De otra forma, la frecuencia de corte a cuatro semanas (6,844 Kg MS ha-1) superó en 29 y 16 %, respectivamente a las frecuencias de tres y cinco semanas en la producción de materia seca. La producción de hoja y tallo en la pradera de un año de establecida superó en 45 % a la de tres años y la altura en 32 %; mientras que en la frecuencia de corte cada cuatro semanas los valores de hoja y tallo fueron 21 y 49 % superiores a tres semanas de corte y la altura en 33 %. Las variables evaluadas y su interacción determinan los componentes de rendimiento estimados en praderas de alfalfa variedad Oaxaca Criolla.Cutting frequency and pasture age are strategic variables in defining alfalfa crop management aimed at increasing biomass yield. An analysis was done to identify the effects of three cutting frequencies (three, four and five weeks) in the spring-summer cycle on dry matter production, growth rate and performance variables in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. Oaxaca criolla) in three pasture ages (one, two and three years). A random block design with a 3x3 factorial arrangement (cutting frequency and pasture age) was used. Highest (P<0.01) average dry matter yield (7,528 kg DM ha-1) and growth rate (257 kg DM ha-1 d-1) were recorded at the one-year pasture age. Average dry matter yield was highest at the four-week cutting frequency (6,844 kg DM ha-1), which was 29% higher than at three weeks and 16% higher than at five weeks. In the one-year pasture, leaf and stem production was 45% higher than in the three-year pasture and forage height was 32% higher. At the four-week cutting frequency leaf production was 21% higher than at the three-week frequency, while stem production was 49% higher and forage height was 33% higher. The evaluated variables and their interactions determined estimated alfalfa component yield

Phenotypic variation in tusta pepper populations.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la variabilidad agromorfológica de poblacionales oaxaqueñas de chile tusta (Capsicum annuum L). Se emplearon 31 poblaciones o colectas originarias de los municipios de Santa María Tonameca y Santo Domingo de Morelos, Oaxaca, México. Se describió y clasificó la variación fenotípica; para ello, las muestras se sembraron, trasplantaron y caracterizaron bajo invernadero en Madgalena Apasco, Oaxaca, durante el periodo noviembre 2012 a enero 2013. El trasplante se hizo bajo una distribución de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre medias de poblaciones, en altura de planta a 60 y 120 días después del trasplante, diámetro del tallo, días a floración, número de frutos, largo y ancho del fruto. Respecto a los patrones de diversidad fenotípica, se determinaron diferencias entre las poblaciones de Santa María Tonameca y Santo Domingo de Morelos. Estas últimas fueron altamente variables en los caracteres evaluados. Se determinaron tres grupos de diversidad fenotípica, en planta, fruto y los asociados al rendimiento por planta. La mayor pérdida de peso (hasta 13,3 g), durante 30 días de almacenamiento a temperatura ambiente, se cuantificó en frutos de mayor tamaño y densidad, e indica un alto contenido de agua. The objective of this research was to describe agromorphological variability of Oaxaca populations of tusta pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). 31 accessions or sample collections were taken from Santa María Tonameca and Santo Domingo de Morelos, Oaxaca, Mexico. The phenotypic variation was described and classified; hence, pepper samples were sown, transplanted, and characterized at greenhouse conditions in Madgalena Apasco, Oaxaca, from November 2012 to January 2013. The transplantation was done under a randomized complete block design with three replications. Significant differences between means of tusta pepper populations were determined for plant height at 60 and 120 days after transplantation, stem diameter, days to flowering, number of fruits, and fruit length and width. On the other hand, in phenotypic diversity patterns, important differences were determined between the populations from Santa María Tonameca and Santo Domingo de Morelos The latter were highly variable in the characters evaluated. Three phenotypic diversity groups were determined in traits associated to plant, fruit, and yield per plant. The highest weight loss (up to 13.3 g) during 30 days of storage at room temperature was quantified for the fruits of major size and density, indicating high water content

Rendimiento de forraje de pasto ovillo inoculado con bacterias PGPB

Las bacterias PGPB tienen efectos benéficos en el rendimiento de los cultivos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el efecto de cinco bacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal sobre el rendimiento, altura de planta, unidades SPAD y contenido de proteína de pasto ovillo defoliado cada cinco semanas en primavera y verano, bajo condiciones de invernadero. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, con arreglo factorial 5 x 2 x 2, siendo la unidad experimental una maceta con diez tallos, con cuatro repeticiones. Las bacterias evaluadas fueron: Ewingella americana (digestato), Ewingella americana (suelo), Pseudomonas clororaphis, Bacillus toyonensis y Microbacterium oxidans, comparados entre sí y con los controles positivo (triple 17) y negativo (suelo sin fertilización). Los valores altos de MS en primavera lo registraron E. americana (3.5 g MS maceta-1), mientras que en verano fue B. Toyonensis. Los valores de altura no registraron diferencias (p> 0.05) en ambas épocas, las unidades SPAD solo en el verano y E. americana registró los menores valores (1.8). El contenido de proteína evidenció que los testigos fueron inferiores a todos los tratamientos que fueron inoculados. Las bacterias estudiadas registraron efectos en todas las variables evaluadas y fueron superiores a la fertilización inorgánica y al suelo sin fertilizar.The PGPB bacteria have beneficial effects on crop yields. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of five plant growth promoting bacteria on yield, plant height, SPAD units and content of protein in cocksfood defoliated every five weeks inspring and summer, under greenhouse conditions. A completely random design was used, with factorial arrangement 5x2x2, being the experimental unit a pot with ten stems, with four repetitions. The bacteria evaluated were: Ewingella americana(digestate), Ewingella americana(Soil), Pseudomonas clororaphis, Bacillus toyonensisand Microbacterium oxidans; compared with each other, and with the positive (triple 17) and negative (soil without fertilization) controls. The highest values of dry matter yield in spring were recorded by E. americana(3.5 g DM pot), while in summer it was B. Toyonensis. The height values did not register differences (p>0.05) in both epochs, the SPAD units only in the summer and E. americana registered the lowest values (1.8). The protein content evidenced that the controls were inferior to all the treatments that were inoculated.The evaluated bacteria recorded effects on all evaluated variables and were superior to inorganic fertilization and unfertilized soil

Forage evaluation based on oat on scenarios of intercrop and organic nutrition

Objective: To evaluate the behavior of yield with different varieties of oat under monoculture and association conditions, applying different sources of nutrition. Design/Methodology/Approach: Oat varieties were sown under monoculture conditions and 50% association, applying three sources of plant nutrition and a control, in the autumn-winter cycle. A completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement (3×3×4) was used, with the factors being the varieties of oats (chihuahua, turquesa, karma), the associations (monoculture, triticale and vetch) and the sources of nutrition (Glomus fasciculatum mycorrhiza, liquid bat guano, combination and control). Results: Chihuahua stood out in dry matter (DM) yield, productivity index, leaf: stem ratio, harvest index and leaf area index, the karma variety stood out in botanical composition, Land Equivalent Ratio (LER), height and number of leaves. The association with triticale stood out in DM yield, productivity index and botanical composition. The vetch stood out in LER, leaf: stem ratio, harvest index and leaf area index. The monoculture stood out in the height of plants and number of leaves. The guano highlighted the harvest index, maintaining statistical equality with the mycorrhiza in LER. Study Limitations/Implications: The results are based on the interaction of the factors with an irrigation regime in the temperate climate of the Valles Centrales of Oaxaca, Mexico. Findings/Conclusions: The variety that stood out the most was the karma variety; however, the quality of the chihuahua variety can be discussed when comparing the relationships of the variables. The crop association that generated the best results was vetch, while triticale generated higher yields. The nutrition that generated the best results was guano, and there were a large number of statistical equalities with the contro