Social Boundaries and Economic Dilemmas: Microfinancial Practices in Western Mexico

Latin American Studie

Liderazgo : atributo principal en la enseñanza

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias de la Administración con Especialidad en Relaciones Industriales) UANLUANLhttp://www.uanl.mx

Caracterización molecular y fenotípica de aislamientos clínicos de Salmonella Typhimurium variante monofásica (1,4,[5],12:i:-) recuperados en Colombia

Introduction. The Salmonella Typhimurium monophasic variant (1,4,[5],12:i:-) is currently the most commonly detected variant in Salmonella surveillance programs worldwide. In Colombia, the Salmonella enterica monophasic variant is the fourth most common clinical isolate recovered through the laboratory surveillance of the Grupo de Microbiología from the Instituto Nacional de Salud; however, it is unknown whether these isolates are closely related to the monophasic Typhimurium variant, which circulates globally, and their genetic and phenotypic characteristics have not been reported.Objective. To characterize monophasic Salmonella enterica isolates identified in Colombia from 2015 to 2018 by the Instituto Nacional de Salud.Materials and methods. Two hundred eighty-six clinical isolates of the monophasic Salmonella enterica variant were analyzed by PCR or whole-genome sequencing to confirm whether they corresponded to the Salmonella Typhimurium monophasic variant while the genetic structure of the operon encoding the second flagellar phase was determined in 54 isolates. Motility, growth, and expression of the outer membrane proteins were evaluated in 23 isolates.Results. During the study period in Colombia, 61% (n=174) of Salmonella monophasic isolates belonged to Salmonella Typhimurium serovar monophasic (1,4,[5],12:i-). Of these, 64.8% (n=35/54) were related to the European/Spanish clone and 13% (n=7/54) to the U.S. clone. Two isolates recovered from urine samples showed differences in motility, growth, and the absence of the OmpD porin in M9 minimal medium.Conclusions. Most of the monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium variants that have circulated in Colombia since 2015 lacked the second phase of operon fljAB, which is related to the European/Spanish clone. The results evidenced phenotypic changes in urine samples suggesting bacterial adaptation in the case of these invasive samples.Introducción. La variante monofásica (1,4,[5],12:i:-) de Salmonella Typhimurium ocupa los primeros lugares en los programas de vigilancia de Salmonella a nivel mundial. En Colombia, Salmonella enterica variante monofásica alcanza el cuarto lugar en cuanto a los aislamientos clínicos recuperados por medio de la vigilancia por laboratorio del Grupo de Microbiología del Instituto Nacional de Salud, pero se desconoce si dichos aislamientos están relacionados con la variante monofásica de Typhimurium que circula a nivel global, y con sus características genéticas y fenotípicas.Objetivo. Caracterizar los aislamientos de Salmonella monofásica recuperados en Colombia entre el 2015 y el 2018 por el Grupo de Microbiología del Instituto Nacional de Salud.Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron 286 aislamientos clínicos de Salmonella enterica variante monofásica mediante PCR o secuenciación del genoma completo (Whole Genome Sequencing, WGS) para confirmar si correspondían a Salmonella Typhimurium variante monofásica, en tanto que, en 54 aislamientos, se determinó la estructura genética del operón que codifica la segunda fase flagelar y, en 23, se evaluó la motilidad, el crecimiento y la expresión de las proteínas de membrana externa.Resultados. El 61 % (n=174) de los aislamientos de Salmonella monofásica correspondió a Salmonella Typhimurium serovar monofásico. El 64,8 % (n=35/54) se relacionó con el clon europeo-español y, el 13 % (n=7/54), con el estadounidense. En dos aislamientos de orina se encontró una diferencia significativa en la motilidad y el crecimiento, así como ausencia de la porina OmpD en medio mínimo M9.Conclusiones. En el periodo de estudio, circuló en Colombia la variante monofásica de Salmonella Typhimurium relacionada con el clon europeo-español, y se registró ausencia total del operón fljAB. Los resultados evidenciaron cambios fenotípicos en los aislamientos provenientes de muestras de orina que sugieren adaptación en procesos invasivos

Genetic characterisation of PPARG, CEBPA and RXRA, and their influence on meat quality traits in cattle

Background: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA) and retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRA) are nuclear transcription factors that play important roles in regulation of adipogenesis and fat deposition. The objectives of this study were to characterise the variability of these three candidate genes in a mixed sample panel composed of several cattle breeds with different meat quality, validate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a local crossbred population (Angus - Hereford - Limousin) and evaluate their effects on meat quality traits (backfat thickness, intramuscular fat content and fatty acid composition), supporting the association tests with bioinformatic predictive studies. Results: Globally, nine SNPs were detected in the PPARG and CEBPA genes within our mixed panel, including a novel SNP in the latter. Three of these nine, along with seven other SNPs selected from the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism database (SNPdb), including SNPs in the RXRA gene, were validated in the crossbred population (N = 260). After validation, five of these SNPs were evaluated for genotype effects on fatty acid content and composition. Significant effects were observed on backfat thickness and different fatty acid contents (P < 0.05). Some of these SNPs caused slight differences in mRNA structure stability and/or putative binding sites for proteins. Conclusions: PPARG and CEBPA showed low to moderate variability in our sample panel. Variations in these genes, along with RXRA, may explain part of the genetic variation in fat content and composition. Our results may contribute to knowledge about genetic variation in meat quality traits in cattle and should be evaluated in larger independent populations.Instituto de Genética Veterinari

Characterization of the bovine gene LIPE and possible influence on fatty acid composition of meat

LIPE is an intracellular neutral lipase, which is capable of hydrolyzing a variety of esters and plays a key role in the mobilization of fatty acids from diacylglycerols. The objectives of this study were to characterize the genetic polymorphism of bovine LIPE gene and to evaluate the possible association between three SNPs in the coding regions of this gene with the fatty acid composition of meat in a cattle population. Forty-three unrelated animals from different cattle breeds were re-sequenced and 21 SNPs were detected over approximately 2600. bp, five of these SNPs were novel. Three SNPs were selected, on the basis of evolutionary conservation, to perform validation and association studies in a crossbred cattle population. Our results may suggest a possible association of SNP1 with contents of oleic acid and total monounsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.01), and SNP2 and SNP3 with Heneicosylic acid content (p < 0.01), may be helpful to improve the quality of meat and improve health.Instituto de Genética Veterinari

De actividades productivas a estrategias sociales: floricultores de la zona central de Veracruz

It is important to consider that in production processes there are socially constructed spaces where local actors are key elements. The study contemplated an approach directed at the actor with farmers from the community of Coapichapan, Fortín, Veracruz, Mexico. The article argues that in the production process of Heliconias, farmers are social actors who intervene in the development of their community with their strategic actions. In this sense, the approach directed at the actor allowed the following: situating Heliconia producers, exposing the social ramifications constructed by these actors, and showing the strategies that they carry out as a means for subsistence. These strategies emerge as a way to respond in the presence of the protection of their natural resources, the urge to “move forward”, the lack of programs for the floriculturist sector, the dispute over improving the price of their product, the exchange of opinion with technicians, and the mistrust towards public representatives. Therefore, the conclusion is that the production of Heliconias in the community of Coapichapan is a social activity that represents hard work complemented with family support.Es importante considerar que, en el proceso de producción, existen espacios socialmente construidos, donde los actores locales son pieza clave. El estudio contempló un enfoque orientado al actor, con agricultores de la comunidad de Coapichapan, Fortín, Veracruz, México. El artículo argumenta que, en el proceso de producción de heliconias, los productores, son actores sociales que con sus acciones estratégicas intervinieron en el desarrollo de su comunidad. En ese sentido, el enfoque orientado al actor situó a los productores de heliconias, expuso las ramificaciones sociales que construyeron estos actores y muestra las estrategias que realizaron como medio de subsistencia. Estas estrategias surgen como medio de respuesta ante la protección de sus recursos naturales, las ganas de “salir adelante”, la falta de programas hacia el sector florícola, la disputa por mejorar el precio de su producto, el intercambio de opinión con los técnicos y la desconfianza por los representantes públicos. Por ello se concluye que la producción de heliconias en la comunidad de Coapichapan es una actividad social que representa un arduo trabajo y se complementa con el apoyo familiar

Einfluss von drei Einzelnucleotidpolymorphismen im CAPN1 Gen auf die Zartheit von Rindfleisch

Meat tenderness is an important trait in beef cattle production, as consumers consider tenderness the most important attribute of beef palatability. There is ample evidence that post mortem proteolysis of myofibrillar proteins is responsible for the decline in shear force uring storage. The bovine micromolar calcium-activated neutral protease CAPN1) gene encodes the large subunit of μ-calpain, which is thought to be one of the most important enzymes involved in post mortem tenderization (KOOHMARAIE 1996). Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the CAPN1 gene (316, 530 and 4 751 markers)have been associated with tenderness in different cattle breeds (PAGE et al. 2002, PAGE et al. 2004, WHITE et al. 2005). A more recent study confirmed that markers 316 and 4 751 had an effect on beef tenderness (VAN EENENNAAM et al. 2007). The objective of this research was to determine the existence of polymorphisms and to assess the effect of the reported SNP in the bovine CAPN1 gene on tenderness from a sample of Angus and Brangus steers fattened on pasture.Fil: Soria, Liliana A.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Corva, Pablo Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Sica, Andrea Branda. Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria; UruguayFil: Schor, Alejandro. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomia. Departamento de Producción Animal. Cátedra de Bovinos de Carne; ArgentinaFil: Melucci, Lilia Magdalena. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Villarreal, Edgardo L.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Área de Investigación en Producción y Sanidad Animal; ArgentinaFil: Mezzadra, Carlos Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Área de Investigación en Producción y Sanidad Animal; ArgentinaFil: Cantet, Rodolfo Juan Carlos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario; ArgentinaFil: Miquel, Maria Cristina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentin

Medicinal plants in the southern region of the State of Nuevo León, México

Background: Although the flora of the State of Nuevo León is well known, there are few records of ethnobotancial information. An ethnobotanical study was undertaken in order to know the medicinal plants used by people living at the scrublands and oak-pine forest areas in the southern Nuevo León. Collection of plants specimens and interviews were carried out among the people of the municipalities of Aramberri, Galeana, and Zaragoza. Since former studies in the region are scarce, the aim of this work was to record the medicinal species and their uses in the scrublands and oak-pine forest areas, of southern Nuevo León, Mexico, and also to know if there are differences in the number of species and number of uses knowledge by people. Methods: Field work was carried out over a 2 years period; useful plants were collected and a total of 105 people from 46 different villages were interviewed. A database was compiled using data collected by means of semi structured interviews. The data were analyzed by means of non-parametric statistics, using goodness-of-fit test (Chi-squared) (number of species known by people of each municipality, number of uses known by people of each municipality), Chi-squared modified to incorporate the Yates Correction (number of species known by people living at scrublands and oak-pine forest); the Kruskall-Wallis test (number of species known by women and men of the three municipalities), and the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (age and number of species known, and age and number of uses). Results: A total of 163 medicinal plant species were recorded in the study area, comprising 108 wild and 55 cultivated plants. A total of 117 species were recorded in the oak-pine forest, and 111 in the scrublands area, a total of 68 were recorded in both areas; 68 medicinal species are used in all three municipalities, 40 wild and 28 cultivated. We documented 235 different medicinal uses. The most common plant parts used for medicinal purposes were found to be leaves (123 species), stems (55), fruits (28), roots (17), and bark (14). No differences were noted in the number of medicinal plant species identified among people, but differences were significant in their knowledge with respect to the number of uses among people of the three municipalities studied; people from both, scrublands and oak-pine forest know similar number of species and number of uses. Men and women of the three different municipalities knew statistically the same number of species and number of uses. There was no correlation between resident’s age and number of species known and resident’s age and number of uses either in Galeana or in Aramberri, but, there was high correlation among these variables in Zaragoza Conclusion: In southern Nuevo León people use at least 5% of the total State flora as medicinal plants, and most of these species are included in few plant families. Most of medicinal species are wild and indigenous to the region. The two most important major plant communities, scrublands and oak-pine forest provide almost the same number of medicinal species. A third of the medicinal flora recorded are used in all three municipalities, most of them are wild. Leaves, stems and fruits are the plant parts most commonly used for healing, and boiling is the most common method used for this purpose. Men and women from the three municipalities are familiar with nearly the same number of species; however, their knowledge of the number of uses varies significantly. In Galeana and Aramberri there was no correlation between a person’s age and number of species recognized, however, in Zaragoza, there existed a high correlation between these two factors

Alimentary and anti-methanogenic potential of four tropical species in domestic ruminants

Objective: To describe some considerations about the nutritional and antimetanogenic potential of four tropical leguminous plants present in Campeche, Mexico: Bauhinia divaricata, Dalbergia glabra, Piscidia piscipula and Caesalpinia vesicaria, in domestic ruminants. Design/methodology/approach: The information was obtained from databases and repositories available on the internet, as well as from official websites of national and international organizations. Results: Although there is vast information of several leguminous species, data still is limited for B. divaricata, D. glabra, P. piscipula and C. vesicaria, despite they are consumed by domestic ruminants. The few available studies report that these species have between 11 and 18% of crude protein (PC) and the presence of some secondary metabolites; however, there is no information regarding their antimetanogenic potential and animal productivity. Limitations of the study/implications: This study provides an overview of the nutritional and antimethanogenic potential of four species of tropical leguminous plants in domestic ruminants in Campeche. Findings/conclusions: B. divaricata, D. glabra, P. piscipula and C. vesicaria are leguminous plans that grow in the Yucatan Peninsula, are found in grazing areas and consumed by domestic ruminants; however, there are few reports that determine the nutritional value of their edible components and none that evaluate their effect on animal productivity and their ability to decrease rumen production of methane (CH4).OObjective: To describe some considerations about the alimentary and anti- methanogenic potential of Bauhinia divaricata, Dalbergia glabra, Piscidia piscipula and Caesalpinia vesicaria (Fabaceae) present in Campeche, Mexico, in domestic ruminants.Design/methodology/approach: The information was obtained from databases and archives in the internet, as well as official pages of national and international organizations.Results: Although there is vast information about some Fabaceae species, it is still limited for B. divaricata, D. glabra, P. piscipula and C. vesicaria, although they are consumed by domestic ruminants. The few studies available report between 11 and 18% of raw protein (RP) and some secondary metabolites; however, there are nostudies that allow understanding their anti-methanogenic potential and their effects on productivity.Limitations on study/implications: This study offers a panorama of the alimentary and anti-methanogenic potential of four tropical species in domestic ruminants.Findings/conclusions: B. divaricata, D. glabra, P. piscipula and C. vesicaria grow in the Yucatan Peninsula, they are found in grazing zones and are consumed by animals; however, there are few reports that determine the nutritional value of their edible components and no reports that evaluate their effect on productivity of domestic ruminants or their capacity to decrease the ruminal production of methane (CH 4 )

Cambio Rural fue muchas cosas al mismo tiempo

Hay una constante institucional a rehuirle a todo aquello que no sea el futuro inmediato. El Programa Cambio Rural, que fue concebido en los 90 pero después “quedó”, nunca tuvo un cierre formal a nivel regional, ni siquiera de su período más esplendoroso en INTA Alto Valle, que ocurrió entre 1993 y 1997. Esta nota pretende aportar distintas miradas de aquellos que, entonces, encarnamos algún rol y hoy pretendemos un rescate de la experiencia. Diría Larralde: “…disgraciado el que se calla, pobrecito el silencioso”EEA Alto ValleFil: Gallina, Mario Fabian. Instituto Nacional Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Alto Valle; ArgentinaFil: Nievas, Walter Ernesto. Instituto Nacional Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Alto Valle; ArgentinaFil: Segatori, Aldo Lorenzo. Instituto Nacional Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Alto Valle; ArgentinaFil: Villarreal, Patricia Liliana. Instituto Nacional Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Alto Valle; ArgentinaFil: Magdalena, Jorge Carlos. Instituto Nacional Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Centro Regional Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: De Rossi, Rafael Pablo. Instituto Nacional Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Alto Valle. Agencia De Extensión Rural Río Colorado; Argentin