Making milpa, making life in La Mera Selva: a testimony of how Tzeltal peasants perform maize cultivation practices in the Lacandon Jungle, Mexico

This PhD thesis is a testimony of how Tzeltal peasants make milpa in the Lacandon Jungle, Chiapas, Mexico. It describes how they alternate maize cultivation practices with other activities in their lives through different juggling performances. These performances show how these indigenous peasants consider maize cultivation practices not only as agronomic activities but also as political, social and cultural actions. Therefore slash-and-mulch becomes a variant of land preparation and a response to a landownership conflict. Sowing becomes a negotiation with the environmental, technological and social circumstances of living in this tropical rainy forest. Weeding and bending are control practices and postponing/delegating them become peasant strategies to cope with the lack of basic services. Finally, harvesting is cutting the cobs from plants and strengthening the reasons and meanings to continue cultivating maize. These performances show how in the making of the milpa, Tzeltal peasants are making their lives. </p

Control químico de antracnosis (Colletotrichum spp.) en flor y fruto en lima "Persa"

"El experimento se desarrolló en 2019, en el rancho 'San Antonio' localidad el Diamante, municipio de Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz, con el objetivo de evaluar la aplicación de fungicidas químicos en el control de Colletotrichum spp, en flor y fruto amarrado en lima 'Persa'. Se utilizaron árboles de lima 'Persa' de 8 años injertados en limón 'Volkameriana'. Los tratamientos utilizados fueron Trifloxistrobin 0.3 mL·L-1, Oxicloruro de cobre 3 g·L-1 y Benomil 2 g·L-1, las aplicaciones se realizaron al follaje cada 30 días de enero al mes de abril de 2019 y el tratamiento Testigo (sin aplicación). El mayor número de flores sanas acumuladas fue con Benomil superando estadísticamente (P ≤ 0.05) a los demás tratamientos, el número de flores enfermas y cáliz no mostró diferencias estadísticas (P ≤ 0.05), el mayor número por metro cuadrado de frutos cosechados por rama fue con Benomil con diferencias estadísticas (P ≤ 0.05), las características físicas de fruto dependieron del tratamiento utilizado y el porcentaje de fruto de exportación osciló de 80 a 90. Con base en los resultados obtenidos se concluye que el mejor tratamiento en rendimientos y calidad de fruto fue con la aplicación de Benomil cada 30 días.

Influence of nutritional and environmental factors on ethanol and endopolygalacturonase co-production by Kluyveromyces marxianus CCEBI 2011

Ethanol and endopolygalacturonase (endoPG) are simultaneously produced by the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianusCCEBI 2011. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal combination of seven environmental and nutritional variables, as well as the influence of each one, with respect to the fermentation process in yeast cultures in which sugarcanejuice was the substrate. Simplex sequential optimization showed that after 15 runs the optimal conditions were: pH, 4.6; temperature, 31&ordm;C; total reducing sugars (TRS), 125 g/l; (NH4)2SO4, 2.48 g/l; (NH4)2HPO4, 2.73 g/l; CaCl2, 0.33 g/l andMgSO4&middot;7H2O, 0.54 g/l. Under these conditions, the ethanol concentration was 47.6 g/l and endoPG concentration was 9.8 U/ml, which represented increases of 22% and 10%, respectively, over the concentrations obtained under suboptimal conditions. Temperature and (NH4)2SO4 supplementation were the most significant factors influencing the co-production process. [Int Microbiol 2011; 14(1):41-49

Five-Factor Model and alcohol outcomes: Mediating and moderating role 4 of alcohol expectancies

The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between the Five-Factor Model of personality and alcohol expectancies (AEs) with different alcohol outcomes. The sample was composed of 738 participants (63.7% females). Path and regression analyses were performed to test the mediation and moderation effects. The results indicated that Neuroticism was related to alcohol consumption through Positive Alcohol Expectancies, and that Negative Alcohol Expectancies, but also Positive Alcohol Expectancies, partially mediated the relationship of Neuroticism to alcohol-related problems. In addition, Positive Alcohol Expectancies partially mediated the associations of extraversion and low conscientiousness with weekend Standard Drink Units (SDUs), and they completely mediated the associations of these personality variables with alcohol-related problems. Additional direct paths were found from low agreeableness to weekly SDUs and alcohol-related problems; and from low openness to weekend SDUs. Moderation effects of alcohol expectancies on personality and both alcohol use and alcohol-related problems were also found. The present research contributes new evidence on the influence of the five factors of personality on alcohol outcomes, and the mediation/moderation role of alcohol expectancies. These findings can be useful to develop prevention/intervention programmes.Funding for this study has been provided by research projects 386 PNSD2009-019 from the Spanish Ministry of Health, P1·1B2010- 387 40 and P1·1B2011-47 from Bancaixa-Universitat Jaume I

An Investigation of Five Types of Personality Trait Continuity: A Two-Wave Longitudinal Study of Spanish Adolescents from Age 12 to Age 15

The present study investigated five types of personality trait continuity using two measurement waves of Spanish adolescents (N = 234). Personality traits were measured with the short form of the Junior Spanish NEO-PI-R (JS NEO-S) at ages 12 and 15. The results showed stability in the personality trait structure, as well as decreases in the mean levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness. The results also showed moderate rank-order consistency. Individual-level changes were more pronounced for neuroticism and conscientiousness. Approximately 90% of the participants showed ipsative consistency. The findings showed some personality trait changes occurred from age 12 to 15, but the changes were less marked than expected during this period of biological and social development. Our results also support the disruption hypothesis, as we found dips in conscientiousness and, to a lesser degree, agreeableness.This research has been funded by grant PSI2008-05988 from the Spanish Ministry of Science

Alcohol expectancies mediate and moderate the associations between Big Five personality traits and adolescent alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems

Personality and expectancies are relevant psychological factors for the development of adolescent alcohol use and misuse. The present study examined their direct, mediated and moderated effects on different drinking behaviors in adolescence. Personality domains of the Five-Factor Model, positive and negative alcohol expectancies, alcohol use during the week and the weekend, and alcohol-related problems were assessed in a sample of 361 adolescents. Different personality dimensions were directly associated with specific alcohol outcomes: Extraversion, low Conscientiousness and low Openness were associated with weekend alcohol use; low Agreeableness was related to weekday use; whereas low Agreeableness, low Conscientiousness and Extraversion were associated with alcohol related problems. In addition, positive alcohol expectancies mediated the relationship between Extraversion and alcohol use, whereas both positive and negative expectancies mediated the association between Neuroticism and alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. Finally, both types of expectancies interacted with Extraversion to predict alcohol problems. Our results highlight the importance of examining the complex interplay of comprehensive personality models and alcohol expectancies to gain a better understanding of the development of different alcohol use and misuse patterns in adolescence

Productive response of lambs fed Crescentia alata and Guazuma ulmifolia fruits in a tropical region of Mexico

polyethylene glycol (PEG) of the fruits of Crescentia alata and Guazuma ulmifolia was evaluated, the degradation kinetics of lamb diets with added fruit of the tree was determined, and the ration intake and growth rate of lambs fed these diets were measured. Twenty-five entire male lambs of 23.5± 0.44 kg body weight were used and distributed in treatments: T0 (control without fruit); T1 and T2, 15 and 30 % of the fruit of C. alata; and T3 and T4, 15 and 30 % of the fruit of G. ulmifoli