220 research outputs found

    Vocal tract growth from birth to adulthood, applications for articulatory studies in infants and biomechanical modeling of the vocal apparatus

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    International audienceThe growth of the vocal apparatus is far from linear, and reflects several important changes during ontogeny. How are children able to reach acoustic targets in such a context? To counterbalance the nonuniform growth of the vocal tract, adequate motor control of the supra-laryngeal articulators is crucial. Therefore, prior to understand the development of speech production, not only in the acoustic space, but in respect with the articulatory-to-acoustic relationships evolution, it is crucial to study vocal tract morphology

    L’École de la mĂ©diation, un projet multi-partenarial pour les professionnels de la mĂ©diation scientifique

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    L’École de la mĂ©diation – dont les responsables prĂ©sentent ici la dĂ©marche et les diffĂ©rentes Ă©tapes de mise en place – a pour principaux objectifs de proposer une offre Ă©volutive de formations adaptĂ©e aux besoins, de faire connaĂźtre et reconnaĂźtre le mĂ©tier de mĂ©diateur et de constituer un rĂ©seau de professionnels de la mĂ©diation et de la formation Ă  la mĂ©diation

    Adaptation mĂ©thodologique de l’indicateur PH2 - Phytoplancton en MĂ©diterranĂ©e - 1Ăšre partie. SynthĂšse des spĂ©cificitĂ©s de la MĂ©diterranĂ©e : paramĂštres abiotiques et biomasse phytoplanctonique totale (chl a).

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    L’évaluation DCSMM de l’état Ă©cologique des Habitats pĂ©lagiques repose sur le seul critĂšre D1C6 dans les 4 sous-rĂ©gions marines françaises (Manche - Mer du Nord, Mers Celtiques, Golfe de Gascogne et MĂ©diterranĂ©e Occidentale). Les 3 indicateurs utilisĂ©s (PH1, PH2 et PH3) ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©s par OSPAR pour l’Atlantique Nord-Est. Ils ciblent les caractĂ©ristiques des communautĂ©s phyto- et zooplanctoniques dont l’organisation est contrĂŽlĂ©e par les facteurs abiotiques et biotiques propres Ă  chaque sous-rĂ©gion marine. Les fortes spĂ©cificitĂ©s du milieu pĂ©lagique mĂ©diterranĂ©en n’ont pas Ă©tĂ© prises en compte lors de l’évaluation 2018. Cette note synthĂ©tise les principales caractĂ©ristiques abiotiques de la MĂ©diterranĂ©e et leurs impacts sur le dĂ©veloppement de la biomasse phytoplanctonique totale (chl a). Il est rappelĂ© en particulier que : ‱ La MĂ©diterranĂ©e est un bassin d’évaporation, oĂč les apports d’eau douce ne compensent pas les pertes dues Ă  l’évaporation. Le dĂ©ficit en eau (≈ 1 m par an) est comblĂ© par une entrĂ©e d’Eau Atlantique qui pĂ©nĂštre en surface en MĂ©diterranĂ©e par le dĂ©troit de Gibraltar. Le flux entrant d’Eau Atlantique, le stress liĂ© aux vents et la bathymĂ©trie contrĂŽlent la circulation de surface de toute la MĂ©diterranĂ©e. ‱ Les forçages hydrodynamiques contraignent les distributions horizontale et verticale de la biomasse phytoplanctonique. La distribution horizontale du phytoplancton est caractĂ©risĂ©e par une hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© spatiale importante. ‱ L’oligotrophie de la MĂ©diterranĂ©e augmente d’Ouest en Est. En MĂ©diterranĂ©e Occidentale, elle est modulĂ©e par une sĂ©rie de processus physiques (gyres, systĂšmes frontaux, ondes internes, 
) qui agissent Ă  diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles spatiales et temporelles et enrichissent la couche de surface en nutriments. ‱ Dans la ZEE française, et Ă  l’exception de la rĂ©gion du delta du RhĂŽne, les eaux du large sont plus riches en nutriments et en phytoplancton que les eaux cĂŽtiĂšres. ‱ Du printemps Ă  la fin de l’automne, une thermocline saisonniĂšre isole les eaux chaudes de surface des eaux froides prĂ©sentes en profondeur. Durant cette pĂ©riode, les eaux situĂ©es au-dessus de la thermocline sont Ă©puisĂ©es en nutriments et en phytoplancton dans toutes les zones du large. ‱ Une caractĂ©ristique majeure du phytoplancton mĂ©diterranĂ©en est la prĂ©sence d’un maximum profond de chlorophylle (« Deep Chlorophyll Maximum », DCM) pendant toute la pĂ©riode stratifiĂ©e. Le DCM est observĂ© dans toute la MĂ©diterranĂ©e. Il est situĂ© sous la thermocline et n’est pas dĂ©tectĂ© par les satellites. Le DCM est une entitĂ© dynamique dont les caractĂ©ristiques sont contrĂŽlĂ©es par les variables abiotiques du milieu. Il constitue la source de nourriture principale pour le zooplancton 6 Ă  8 mois par an, et attire une partie de l’ichtyoplancton qui s’y rassemble pour profiter de l’agrĂ©gation de nourriture. Le DCM a donc un rĂŽle essentiel dans le fonctionnement du milieu pĂ©lagique mĂ©diterranĂ©en. Les Ă©lĂ©ments prĂ©sentĂ©s dans ce travail montrent la nĂ©cessitĂ© : (i) d’intĂ©grer la dimension verticale de la colonne d’eau dans l’évaluation DCSMM de l’état Ă©cologique des Habitats pĂ©lagiques mĂ©diterranĂ©ens, (ii) d’adapter l’indicateur PH2-Phytoplancton en intĂ©grant la dimension verticale afin de tendre vers une Ă©valuation rĂ©aliste de l’état des Habitats pĂ©lagiques mĂ©diterranĂ©ens

    Croissance du conduit vocal de la naissance à l'ùge adulte : données morphologiques longitudinales et modélisation articulatoire

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    National audienceThe growth of the vocal tract is far from linear and is particularly important during the first years of life. How are children able to reach acoustic targets in such a context? To understand the development of speech production, not only in the acoustic space, but with respect to the evolution of articulatory-to-acoustic relationships, it is crucial to study vocal tract morphology. This study aims at proposing specific measurements on the vocal apparatus, not only to study vocal tract growth during ontogeny, but in order to improve the accuracy of articulatory phonetic tools, such as ultrasonography or biomechanical modeling of the vocal tract

    Plankton community structure in response to hydrothermal iron inputs along the Tonga-Kermadec arc

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    The Western Tropical South Pacific (WTSP) basin has been identified as a hotspot of atmospheric dinitrogen fixation due to the high dissolved iron ([DFe]) concentrations (up to 66 nM) in the photic layer linked with the release of shallow hydrothermal fluids along the Tonga-Kermadec arc. Yet, the effect of such hydrothermal fluids in structuring the plankton community remains poorly studied. During the TONGA cruise (November-December 2019), we collected micro- (20-200 Όm) and meso-plankton (>200 Όm) samples in the photic layer (0-200 m) along a west to east zonal transect crossing the Tonga volcanic arc, in particular two volcanoes associated with shallow hydrothermal vents (< 500 m) in the Lau Basin, and both sides of the arc represented by Melanesian waters and the South Pacific Gyre. Samples were analyzed by quantitative imaging (FlowCam and ZooScan) and then coupled with acoustic observations, allowing us to study the potential transfer of phytoplankton blooms to higher planktonic trophic levels. We show that micro- and meso-plankton exhibit high abundances and biomasses in the Lau Basin and, to some extent, in Melanesian waters, suggesting that shallow hydrothermal inputs sustain the planktonic food web, creating productive waters in this otherwise oligotrophic region. In terms of planktonic community structure, we identified major changes with high [DFe] inputs, promoting the development of a low diversity planktonic community dominated by diazotrophic cyanobacteria. Furthermore, in order to quantify the effect of the shallow hydrothermal vents on chlorophyll a concentrations, we used Lagrangian dispersal models. We show that chlorophyll a concentrations were significantly higher inside the Lagrangian plume, which came into contact with the two hydrothermal sites, confirming the profound impact of shallow hydrothermal vents on plankton production

    Animations en librairie et en bibliothÚque : Quelles synergie ? Quelle complémentarité ?

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    Des pratiques similaires, complémentaires, voire concurrentielles, sont observables dans ces deux lieux du livre. Face aux contraintes propres à chaque métier et aux préjugés tenaces sur les pratiques des uns et des autres, comment bibliothÚques et librairies construisent-elles leurs programmes d\u27animation pour répondre à un public exigeant et trÚs sollicité ? Comment pourraient-elles travailler mieux ensemble

    Skutecznoƛć i bezpieczeƄstwo leczenia toksyną botulinową typu A (abobotulinum toxin A) pacjentów ze spastycznoƛcią koƄczyny dolnej. Randomizowane badanie kliniczne

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    Cel: Wykazanie skutecznoƛci jednorazowego wstrzyknięcia toksy­ny botulinowej typu A (abobotulinum toxin A [Dysport]) podawanej do mięƛni koƄczyny dolnej w porĂłwnaniu z placebo u dorosƂych z przewlekƂym niedowƂadem poƂowiczym. Ocena dƂugotrwaƂego bezpieczeƄstwa i skutecznoƛci wielokrotnych wstrzyknięć. Metody: W wielooƛrodkowym badaniu klinicznym prowadzonym metodą podwĂłjnie ƛlepej prĂłby, z randomizacją, kontrolą placebo i pojedynczym cyklem leczenia doroƛli uczestnicy po co najmniej 6 miesiącach od udaru/uszkodzenia mĂłzgu otrzymali pojedynczą iniekcję badanego leku (abobotulinum toxin A 1000 j., 1500 j., placebo) do mięƛni koƄczyny dolnej. Po badaniu zasadniczym badanie przedƂuĆŒono o rok w fazie otwartej, w trakcie ktĂłrej uczestnicy otrzymywali nie więcej niĆŒ 4 cykle leczenia (1000 j., 1500 j.) podawane w co najmniej 12-tygodniowych odstępach. Skutecznoƛć leczenia oceniano wedƂug zmodyfikowanej skali Ashwortha (MAS, Modified Ashworth Scale) dla kompleksu mięƛnia trĂłjgƂowego Ƃydki (GSC, gastrocnemius-soleus complex; pierwszorzędowy punkt koƄcowy badania metodą podwĂłjnie ƛle­pej prĂłby). W badaniu okreƛlono rĂłwnieĆŒ odpowiedĆș na leczenie w Ƃącznej ocenie lekarzy (PGA, physician global assessment), a takĆŒe szybkoƛć swobodnego chodu boso. BezpieczeƄstwo leczenia stanowiƂo pierwszorzędowy punkt koƄcowy badania prowadzonego metodą prĂłby otwartej. Wyniki: ƚrednia zmiana (95-proc. przedziaƂ ufnoƛci) wartoƛci MAS GSC w okresie od początku do 4. tygodnia (faza leczenia metodą podwĂłjnie ƛlepej prĂłby, n = 381) po jednokrotnym podaniu leku wyniosƂa: –0,5 (od –0,7 do –0,4) (placebo, n = 128), –0,6 (od –0,8 do –0,5) (toksyna botulinowa typu A 1000 j., n = 125; p = = 0,28 wobec placebo) i –0,8 (od –0,9 do –0,7) (toksyna abobotu­linowa typu A 1500 j., n = 128; p = 0,009 wobec placebo). ƚrednie wartoƛci oceny PGA w 4. tygodniu byƂy następujące: 0,7 (0,5–0,9) (placebo), 0,9 (0,7–1,1) (1000 j.; p = 0,067 wobec placebo) i 0,9 (0,7–1,1) (1500 j.; p = 0,067). Szybkoƛć chodu nie poprawiƂa się statystycznie znamiennie w porĂłwnaniu z placebo. W 4. tygodniu 4. cyklu leczenia (faza otwarta) ƛrednia zmiana oceny MAS GSC wyniosƂa –1,0. W cyklach badania w fazie otwartej odnotowano stopniową poprawę oceny PGA i szybkoƛci chodu. W 4. tygodniu 4. cyklu leczenia ƛrednia ocena PGA wyniosƂa 1,9, a szybkoƛć chodu wzrosƂa o 25,3% (17,5–33,2), przy czym 16% uczestni­kĂłw badania osiągnęƂo szybkoƛć ponad 0,8 m/s (odpowiadającą chodowi samodzielnemu; 0% na początku badania). Tolerancja leczenia byƂa dobra i zgodna ze znanym profilem bezpieczeƄstwa toksyny abobotulinowej typu A. Wnioski: WƛrĂłd pacjentĂłw z przewlekƂym niedowƂadem po­Ƃowiczym jednokrotne podanie toksyny abobotulinowej typu A (Dysport, Ipsen) spowodowaƂo obniĆŒenie napięcia mięƛniowego. Wielokrotne podanie leku w fazie rocznego przedƂuĆŒenia badania zasadniczego byƂo dobrze tolerowane oraz przyczyniƂo się do zwiększenia szybkoƛci chodu i prawdopodobieƄstwa osiągnięcia chodu samodzielnego. Numery identyfikacyjne na portalu Clinicaltrial.gov: NCT01249404, NCT01251367. Klasyfikacja dowodu naukowego: z fazy badania prowadzonej metodą podwĂłjnie ƛlepej prĂłby uzyskano dane naukowe klasy I, na podstawie ktĂłrych stwierdza się, ĆŒe jednokrotne wstrzyknięcie toksyny botulinowej typu A u dorosƂych z przewlekƂym niedowƂadem spastycznym zmniejsza napięcie mięƛniowe w koƄczynie dolnej. NeurologyÂź 2017; 89: 2245–225

    Mutations in sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase cause nephrosis with ichthyosis and adrenal insufficiency

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    Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) causes 15% of chronic kidney disease cases. A mutation in 1 of over 40 monogenic genes can be detected in approximately 30% of individuals with SRNS whose symptoms manifest before 25 years of age. However, in many patients, the genetic etiology remains unknown. Here, we have performed whole exome sequencing to identify recessive causes of SRNS. In 7 families with SRNS and facultative ichthyosis, adrenal insufficiency, immunodeficiency, and neurological defects, we identified 9 different recessive mutations in SGPL1, which encodes sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) lyase. All mutations resulted in reduced or absent SGPL1 protein and/or enzyme activity. Overexpression of cDNA representing SGPL1 mutations resulted in subcellular mislocalization of SGPL1. Furthermore, expression of WT human SGPL1 rescued growth of SGPL1-deficient dpl1. yeast strains, whereas expression of disease-associated variants did not. Immunofluorescence revealed SGPL1 expression in mouse podocytes and mesangial cells. Knockdown of Sgpl1 in rat mesangial cells inhibited cell migration, which was partially rescued by VPC23109, an S1P receptor antagonist. In Drosophila, Sply mutants, which lack SGPL1, displayed a phenotype reminiscent of nephrotic syndrome in nephrocytes. WT Sply, but not the disease-associated variants, rescued this phenotype. Together, these results indicate that SGPL1 mutations cause a syndromic form of SRNS

    The ARID1B spectrum in 143 patients: from nonsyndromic intellectual disability to Coffin–Siris syndrome

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    Purpose: Pathogenic variants in ARID1B are one of the most frequent causes of intellectual disability (ID) as determined by large-scale exome sequencing studies. Most studies published thus far describe clinically diagnosed Coffin–Siris patients (ARID1B-CSS) and it is unclear whether these data are representative for patients identified through sequencing of unbiased ID cohorts (ARID1B-ID). We therefore sought to determine genotypic and phenotypic differences between ARID1B-ID and ARID1B-CSS. In parallel, we investigated the effect of different methods of phenotype reporting. Methods: Clinicians entered clinical data in an extensive web-based survey. Results: 79 ARID1B-CSS and 64 ARID1B-ID patients were included. CSS-associated dysmorphic features, such as thick eyebrows, long eyelashes, thick alae nasi, long and/or broad philtrum, small nails and small or absent fifth distal phalanx and hypertrichosis, were observed significantly more often (p < 0.001) in ARID1B-CSS patients. No other significant differences were identified. Conclusion: There are only minor differences between ARID1B-ID and ARID1B-CSS patients. ARID1B-related disorders seem to consist of a spectrum, and patients should be managed similarly. We demonstrated that data collection methods without an explicit option to report the absence of a feature (such as most Human Phenotype Ontology-based methods) tended to underestimate gene-related features
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