La Seguridad no tradicional en la ASEAN: límites y oportunidades

Non-traditional security threats (NTS) has been included on ASEAN’s regional security agenda. Among these NTS threats, defined by transnational and non-military nature, we found transnational crimes, migrations, environment threats, infectious diseases, people smuggling or food shortages. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the relevance of non-traditional security threats in the international system. ASEAN reassertedits commitment to NTS approach in 2015 with APSC Blueprint 2025 publication. This paper analyzes ASEAN’s non-traditional security agenda, including its background and principal effects. NTS inclusion on Security Community as recurrent practice is becoming a part of ASEAN’s identity.En la última década, la ASEAN ha apostado por incluir asuntos de seguridad no tradicional (NTS) en su agenda de seguridad regional. Las amenazas no tradicionales de seguridad se caracterizan por tener una naturaleza transnacional y no militar, y entre ellas se encuentran las enfermedades infecciosas, las migraciones, las amenazas medioambientales, y la delincuencia transnacional entre otras. La reciente pandemia del COVID-19 no ha hecho más que resaltar el impacto de estas amenazas en el sistema internacional. Ya en 2015, la ASEAN reafirmó su compromiso con el abordaje de la NTS aprobando el documento APSC Blueprint 2025. Esta investigación se propone analizar los orígenes y los principales efectos de la incorporación de la NTS en la estrategia de seguridad regional de la ASEAN, así como los límites de su implementación. La integración de la NTS como práctica recurrente dentro de la ASEAN nos conduce a determinar qué esta se está convirtiendo en una característica de la identidad de la organización

A Multilevel Magnetic Synapse Based on Voltage-Tuneable Magnetism by Nitrogen Ion Migration

Altres ajuts: acords transformatius de la UABAltres ajuts: European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR (grant CNS2022-135230)Advanced synaptic devices with simultaneous memory and processor capabilities are envisaged as core elements of neuromorphic computing (NC) for low-power artificial intelligence. So far, most synaptic devices are based on resistive memories, where the device resistance is tuned with applied voltage or current. However, the use of electric current in such resistive devices causes significant power dissipation due to Joule heating. Higher energy efficiency has been reported in materials exhibiting voltage control of magnetism (VCM). In particular, voltage-driven ion motion to modulate magnetism (magneto-ionics) is an emerging VCM mechanism that can offer new prospects for low-power implementation of NC. In the present work, voltage-driven nitrogen ion motion is exploited in transition metal nitride (CoFeN) thin films (i.e., nitrogen magneto-ionics) to emulate biological synapses. In the proposed device, distinct multilevel non-volatile magnetic states for analog computing and multi-state storage are realized. Moreover, essential synaptic functionalities of the human brain are successfully simulated. The device exhibits an excellent synapse with a remarkable retention time (≈6 months), high switching ratio and large endurance (≈103), for hardware implementation of NC. This research provides new insight into exploiting magneto-ionic-based synaptic devices for spin-based neuromorphic systems

'Formiguers', a historical system of soil fertilization (and biochar production?)

'Formiguers' are structures similar to charcoal-kilns that were used to burn piles of biomass with a soil cover in order to produce fertilizers for agricultural plots. Their use was widespread in Spain up to the 1960s and similar structures are still in use in India and Bhutan. Our objective was to study the effects of the 'formiguer' on its soil cover in terms of changes in nutrient availability. We built an experimental 0.5 m3-'formiguer' with 68 kg of plant material with a 12% moisture content and 550 kg of soil with a 16% moisture content. The content of organic carbon and mineral nitrogen decreased in the soil cover as a result of burning. After aerobic incubation all samples had a similar content of mineral nitrogen. Exchangeable potassium and total and labile phosphorus increased after burning as a result of the soil cover mixing with the ashes of the biomass as the 'formiguer' collapsed during burning in the first two cases, while mineralization of organic compounds produced the increase in labile phosphorus. This input of nutrients for the agricultural plots occurs at a net loss of 0.4-2.5 Mg organic C.ha-1. Very small amounts of charcoal were produced and this may be the reason for their low occurrence in soils today. Burning of 'formiguers' required the harvest of vegetation from a considerable forest area (10-25 ha per hectare of agricultural land) and represented a significant disturbance of these systems

Unraveling the origin of magnetism in mesoporous Cu-doped SnO₂ magnetic semiconductor

The origin of magnetism in wide-gap semiconductors doped with non-ferromagnetic 3d transition metals still remains intriguing. In this article, insights in the magnetic properties of ordered mesoporous Cu-doped SnO₂ powders, prepared by hard-templating, have been unraveled. Whereas, both oxygen vacancies and Fe-based impurity phases could be a plausible explanation for the observed room temperature ferromagnetism, the low temperature magnetism is mainly and unambiguously arising from the nanoscale nature of the formed antiferromagnetic CuO, which results in a net magnetization that is reminiscent of ferromagnetic behavior. This is ascribed to uncompensated spins and shape-mediated spin canting effects. The reduced blocking temperature, which resides between 30 and 5 K, and traces of vertical shifts in the hysteresis loops confirm size effects in CuO. The mesoporous nature of the system with a large surface-to-volume ratio likely promotes the occurrence of uncompensated spins, spin canting, and spin frustration, offering new prospects in the use of magnetic semiconductors for energy-efficient spintronics

Reversible, electric-field induced magneto-tonic control of magnetism in mesoporous cobalt ferrite thin films

The magnetic properties of mesoporous cobalt ferrite films can be largely tuned by the application of an electric field using a liquid dielectric electrolyte. By applying a negative voltage, the cobalt ferrite becomes reduced, leading to an increase in saturation magnetization of 15% (M) and reduction in coercivity (H) between 5-28%, depending on the voltage applied (−10 V to −50 V). These changes are mainly non-volatile so after removal of −10 V M remains 12% higher (and H 5% smaller) than the pristine sample. All changes can then be reversed with a positive voltage to recover the initial properties even after the application of −50 V. Similar studies were done on analogous films without induced porosity and the effects were much smaller, underscoring the importance of nanoporosity in our system. The different mechanisms possibly responsible for the observed effects are discussed and we conclude that our observations are compatible with voltage-driven oxygen migration (i.e., the magneto-ionic effect)

Structural and magnetic properties of FexCu1-x sputtered thin films electrochemically treated to create nanoporosity for high-surface-area magnetic components

Sputter deposition is a facile and widely used technique for fabricating thin-film materials. Electrochemical dealloying, on the other hand, is a promising method for creating nanoporosity, and therefore increasing surface area, in metallic materials. Surprisingly, little work has been done on the application of electrochemical dealloying to sputter-deposited thin films. Here, we prepare FexCu1-x thin films by sputter deposition to be then electrochemically treated to create porosity. We investigate the structural and magnetic properties of as-sputtered and electrochemically treated films. We find that the morphology, crystal structure, and magnetic properties are highly dependent on initial film composition. For high copper content films (Fe29Cu71), relative Cu content is found to decrease during the dealloying process. For these films, the crystal structure is not greatly affected by the induced porosity and the porous films show increased saturation magnetization. However, for the more Fe-rich compositions (Fe63Cu37), we find that Fe is preferentially lost and making the films nanoporous induces a crystal structure change from body-centered cubic (bcc) to a mixture of face-centered cubic (fcc) and bccphases. These same porous films show a decrease in saturation magnetization and a large increase in coercivity compared to the as-sputtered films. These films are attractive as high-surface-area magnetic components because of the tunability of their magnetic properties and their high surface area due to porosity. To the best of our knowledge, these results constitute the first example of nanoporous, magnetic thin films by prepared by sputtering and subsequent electrochemical treatment

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGRF) in lung cancer

Altres ajuts: Work in Dr Rosell's laboratory is partially supported by a grant from Fundació La CaixaIn the last decade, important advances have been made in understanding of cancer biology, particularly non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with the discovery of oncogenic drivers of the disease. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene and its pathways was the first oncogenic driver discovered to be mutated and treatable in lung cancer. Treatment with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is the standard of care for molecularly selected EGFR -mutant patients, while its role in unselected lung cancer patients is nowadays controversial. This review will provide an overview of the EGFR pathway and options for its treatment of lung cancer

Tras la cámara de la yihad : análisis y evolución de la proyección exterior del Estado Islámico a través de su contenido video gráfico (2014-2017)

Desde que en septiembre de 2015 el Estado Islámico (EI) saltó a la arena mediática en Occidente, con el vídeo de la decapitación de James Foley, su maquinaria propagandística no ha hecho más que ir en aumento. Por lo menos hasta 2017. A nadie se le escapa que la puesta en escena y el tratamiento del contenido difundido por la organización yihadista se asimila a las grandes producciones de publicidad occidentales, incluso a los de la industria cinematográfica. Antes del surgimiento del EI, impulsado por la desestabilización en Oriente Próximo, especialmente en Siria e Irak, el uso que la entonces principal organización yihadista daba a la difusión visual consistía en un vídeo mal grabado de Bin Laden dentro de una cueva. El Estado Islámico le ha dado un vuelco a la lógica de Al Qaeda y ha usado este tipo de contenido como una de las piedras angulares de su proyección exterior. El presente trabajo se propone estudiar los elementos que caracterizan la proyección exterior del Estado Islámico en los vídeos difundidos entre mayo de 2014 y junio de 2017. El estudio año tras año permite observar la existencia de una progresión evolutiva en el contenido difundido por la organización yihadista

"Interruptor magnètic", inducció o supressió del ferromagnetisme mitjançant voltatge elèctric

La manipulació magnètica a través de camps elèctrics és una de les propostes més prometedores per reduir el consum energètic de la nostra societat. Investigadors del departament de física de la UAB juntament amb altres grups nacionals i internacionals han demostrat per primer cop la manera d'induir ferromagnetisme (alteració de propietats magnètiques) a temperatura ambient en una capa de 100 nm de gruix de Co3O4. Fins ara, s'havien utilitzat materials amb mobilitat iònica i per tant, les temperatures superaven l'ambient per tal d'incrementar la cinètica dels processos implicats. Aquest article descriu la possibilitat de tenir un "interruptor magnètic" simplement controlat a través de l'aplicació de voltatge elèctric. Aquesta nova perspectiva podria contribuir notablement al desenvolupament de tecnologies de baix consum.La manipulación magnética a través de campos eléctricos es una de las propuestas más prometedoras para reducir el consumo energético de nuestra sociedad. Investigadores del departamento de física de la UAB junto a otros grupos nacionales e internacionales han demostrado por primera vez la manera de inducir el ferromagnetismo (alteración de propiedades magnéticas) a temperatura ambiente en una capa de 100 nm de grosor de Co3O4. Hasta ahora, se tenían que utilizar materiales de movilidad iónica y por tanto, las temperaturas superaban la del ambiente incrementando así la cinética de los procesos implicados. Este artículo describe la posibilidad de un "interruptor magnético" controlado simplemente por la aplicación de voltaje eléctrico. Esta nueva perspectiva podría contribuir notablemente al desarrollo de tecnologías de bajo consumo.The magnetic manipulation through electric fields is one of the most promising approaches to reduce energy consumption of our society. Researchers from the department of physics at the UAB jointly with other national and international groups have proved for the first time the induction of ferromagnetism (alteration of magnetic properties) at ambient temperature in a layer of 100 nm thick of Co3O4. Until now, ionic mobility materials have been used and, therefore, the temperature exceeded the ambient temperature to increase the kinetics of the processes involved. This article describes the possibility of a "magnetic switch" controlled simply by the application of an electrical voltage. This new perspective could contribute significantly to the development of low consumption technologies