14 research outputs found

    Mitochondrial physiology

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    As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

    Mitochondrial physiology

    Get PDF
    As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

    Le projet ACTION : Accompagnement au Changement vers la TransitION agro-Ă©cologique pour une performance globale des exploitations agricoles, Rapport final scientifique

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    This report corresponds to the final report of the ACTION project (Accompagnement au Changement vers la TransitION agro-Ă©cologique pour une performance globale des exploitations agricoles) supported by the French Ministry of Agriculture and Food Sovereignty under CASDAR funding (APP N° 5727, CASDAR 2017-2022 - programme 776 recherche appliquĂ©e et innovation en agriculture) over the period 2017 to 2022. The ACTION project addressed three main objectives: 1) the scientific development of the IDEA method in its new version 4 (IDEA4) in its two evaluative approaches to sustainability (the approach based on the three dimensions of sustainable development and the approach based on the five properties of sustainable agricultural systems), 2) the validation through use of the IDEA4 method by testing its ability to support changes linked to the agro-ecological transition in different activities (agricultural advice, support for farmers and agricultural education) and 3) the development of computerised tools and technical guides to ensure the full use of the method. The main results of this project are as follows. Firstly, the IDEA4 method has been finalised both in its theoretical framework and in its operational framework, with its two functional evaluation approaches. Validation of the method was based on use tests carried out on 531 farms by 311 signatory organisations to the CGU (136 of which were not involved in technical or higher education), enabling validation of the methodological choices and the four tools developed. Four computerised tools have been developed to support the various uses of the method: the method's website (https://methode-idea.org/), the IDEA Excel calculator, the IDEATools R package and the WEB-IDEA platform (https://web-idea.inrae.fr). The Excel calculator performs five essential functions. It collects data on the farm, organises this data using dedicated tabs, calculates the 53 indicators, outputs the results of the dimensional approach in the form of a table and simple graphs, and transfers the data to the WEB-IDEA platform. It comes with a printable survey document. IDEATools is the engine that enables the WEB-IDEA platform to offer the data analyses proposed by the WEB-IDEA platform. The WEB-IDEA platform provides three types of output: (i) automated output on the sustainability of a farm in the two approaches to sustainability (dimensions and properties), (ii) analysis of the sustainability of groups of farms within the same organisation/company, and (iii) access to "benchmark" data on the sustainability of farms that have used the IDEA method4. Secondly, a comprehensive book on the IDEA4 method has been published, describing the theoretical framework, the 53 indicators presented in the form of standardised sheets (calculation methodology, arguments, details and bibliography) and providing recommendations for use. It is supplemented by four dedicated technical guides to support its various uses (advice / support and teaching). Thirdly, four differentiated teaching paths for IDEA4 have been developed with teaching teams for use in agricultural technical education. Finally, the training aspect of the method has been very significant, with 114 staff trained in 61 agricultural technical schools and just over 1,100 students, most of them in Agricultural Engineering Schools (9 out of 10 schools). It also enabled the professional training of 145 professionals, mainly development agents.Ce rapport correspond au rapport final du projet ACTION (Accompagnement au Changement vers la TransitION agro-Ă©cologique pour une performance globale des exploitations agricoles) soutenu par le ministĂšre de l’Agriculture et de la SouverainetĂ© alimentaire au titre des crĂ©dits CASDAR (APP N° 5727, CASDAR 2017-2022 - programme 776 recherche appliquĂ©e et innovation en agriculture) sur la pĂ©riode 2017 Ă  2022. Le projet ACTION a rĂ©pondu Ă  trois objectifs principaux : 1) le dĂ©veloppement scientifique de la mĂ©thode IDEA dans sa nouvelle version 4 (IDEA4) dans ses deux approches Ă©valuatives de la durabilitĂ© (l’approche par les trois dimensions du dĂ©veloppement durable et l’approche par les cinq propriĂ©tĂ©s des systĂšmes agricoles durables), 2) la validation par l’usage de la mĂ©thode IDEA4 en testant sa capacitĂ© Ă  accompagner les changements liĂ©s Ă  la transition agroĂ©cologique dans diffĂ©rentes activitĂ©s (conseil agricole, accompagnement des agriculteurs et enseignement agricole) et 3) le dĂ©veloppement des outils informatisĂ©s et guides techniques pour assurer l’usage complet de la mĂ©thode. Les principaux rĂ©sultats acquis lors de ce projet sont les suivants. PremiĂšrement, la mĂ©thode IDEA4 a Ă©tĂ© finalisĂ©e Ă  la fois dans son cadre thĂ©orique mais aussi dans son cadre opĂ©rationnel avec ses deux approches Ă©valuatives qui sont fonctionnelles. La validation de la mĂ©thode s’est appuyĂ©e sur la rĂ©alisation de tests d’usage auprĂšs de 531 exploitations agricoles rĂ©alisĂ©s par 311 organismes signataires des CGU (dont 136 hors enseignements technique ou supĂ©rieur) permettant Ă  la fois de contrĂŽler la validation des choix mĂ©thodologiques, des quatre outils dĂ©veloppĂ©s. Quatre outils informatisĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©s pour accompagner les diffĂ©rents usages de la mĂ©thode : le site internet de la mĂ©thode (https://methode-idea.org/), le calculateur Excel IDEA, le package R IDEATools et la plateforme WEB-IDEA (https://web-idea.inrae.fr). Le calculateur au format Excel assure cinq fonctions essentielles. Il collecte des donnĂ©es sur l’exploitation agricole, organise ces donnĂ©es au travers d’onglets dĂ©diĂ©s, calcule les 53 indicateurs, Ă©dite les rĂ©sultats de l’approche par les dimensions sous la forme d’un tableau et de graphiques simples et permet de transfert des donnĂ©es vers la plateforme WEB-IDEA. Il est dotĂ© d’un document d’enquĂȘte imprimable. IDEATools est le moteur qui permet Ă  la plateforme WEB-IDEA de proposer les analyses de donnĂ©es proposĂ©es par la plateforme WEB-IDEA. La plateforme WEB-IDEA permet la sortie de trois types de rĂ©sultats : i) l’édition de sorties automatisĂ©es sur la durabilitĂ© d’une exploitation agricole dans les deux approches de la durabilitĂ© (dimensions et propriĂ©tĂ©s), (ii) l’analyse de la durabilitĂ© groupes d’exploitations agricoles au sein d’un mĂȘme organisme et (iii) l’accĂšs Ă  des donnĂ©es « repĂšres » sur la durabilitĂ© des exploitations agricoles ayant mobilisĂ© la mĂ©thode IDEA4. DeuxiĂšmement, un ouvrage complet sur la mĂ©thode IDEA4 a Ă©tĂ© publiĂ© dĂ©crivant le cadre thĂ©orique, les 53 indicateurs prĂ©sentĂ©s sous forme de fiches standardisĂ©es (mĂ©thodologie de calcul, argumentaires, prĂ©cisions et bibliographie) et apportant des recommandations d’usage. Il est complĂ©tĂ© par quatre guides techniques dĂ©diĂ©s pour accompagner ses diffĂ©rents usages (conseil / accompagnement et enseignement). TroisiĂšmement, quatre parcours pĂ©dagogiques diffĂ©renciĂ©s d’enseignement Ă  IDEA4 ont Ă©tĂ© construits avec les Ă©quipes pĂ©dagogiques pour ses usages dans l'enseignement technique agricole. Enfin, la dimension formation Ă  la mĂ©thode a Ă©tĂ© trĂšs marquĂ©e avec la formation de 114 personnels dans 61 Ă©tablissements de l’enseignement technique agricole, un peu plus de 1100 Ă©tudiants majoritairement prĂ©sents dans les Ă©tablissements supĂ©rieurs agronomiques (9 sur 10 Ă©tablissements). Il a Ă©galement permis la formation professionnelle de 145 professionnels, principalement des agents du dĂ©veloppement (conseillers agricoles, animateurs, chargĂ©s de mission, etc..) issus de 68 structures professionnelles

    Le projet ACTION : Accompagnement au Changement vers la TransitION agro-Ă©cologique pour une performance globale des exploitations agricoles, Rapport final scientifique

    No full text
    This report corresponds to the final report of the ACTION project (Accompagnement au Changement vers la TransitION agro-Ă©cologique pour une performance globale des exploitations agricoles) supported by the French Ministry of Agriculture and Food Sovereignty under CASDAR funding (APP N° 5727, CASDAR 2017-2022 - programme 776 recherche appliquĂ©e et innovation en agriculture) over the period 2017 to 2022. The ACTION project addressed three main objectives: 1) the scientific development of the IDEA method in its new version 4 (IDEA4) in its two evaluative approaches to sustainability (the approach based on the three dimensions of sustainable development and the approach based on the five properties of sustainable agricultural systems), 2) the validation through use of the IDEA4 method by testing its ability to support changes linked to the agro-ecological transition in different activities (agricultural advice, support for farmers and agricultural education) and 3) the development of computerised tools and technical guides to ensure the full use of the method. The main results of this project are as follows. Firstly, the IDEA4 method has been finalised both in its theoretical framework and in its operational framework, with its two functional evaluation approaches. Validation of the method was based on use tests carried out on 531 farms by 311 signatory organisations to the CGU (136 of which were not involved in technical or higher education), enabling validation of the methodological choices and the four tools developed. Four computerised tools have been developed to support the various uses of the method: the method's website (https://methode-idea.org/), the IDEA Excel calculator, the IDEATools R package and the WEB-IDEA platform (https://web-idea.inrae.fr). The Excel calculator performs five essential functions. It collects data on the farm, organises this data using dedicated tabs, calculates the 53 indicators, outputs the results of the dimensional approach in the form of a table and simple graphs, and transfers the data to the WEB-IDEA platform. It comes with a printable survey document. IDEATools is the engine that enables the WEB-IDEA platform to offer the data analyses proposed by the WEB-IDEA platform. The WEB-IDEA platform provides three types of output: (i) automated output on the sustainability of a farm in the two approaches to sustainability (dimensions and properties), (ii) analysis of the sustainability of groups of farms within the same organisation/company, and (iii) access to "benchmark" data on the sustainability of farms that have used the IDEA method4. Secondly, a comprehensive book on the IDEA4 method has been published, describing the theoretical framework, the 53 indicators presented in the form of standardised sheets (calculation methodology, arguments, details and bibliography) and providing recommendations for use. It is supplemented by four dedicated technical guides to support its various uses (advice / support and teaching). Thirdly, four differentiated teaching paths for IDEA4 have been developed with teaching teams for use in agricultural technical education. Finally, the training aspect of the method has been very significant, with 114 staff trained in 61 agricultural technical schools and just over 1,100 students, most of them in Agricultural Engineering Schools (9 out of 10 schools). It also enabled the professional training of 145 professionals, mainly development agents.Ce rapport correspond au rapport final du projet ACTION (Accompagnement au Changement vers la TransitION agro-Ă©cologique pour une performance globale des exploitations agricoles) soutenu par le ministĂšre de l’Agriculture et de la SouverainetĂ© alimentaire au titre des crĂ©dits CASDAR (APP N° 5727, CASDAR 2017-2022 - programme 776 recherche appliquĂ©e et innovation en agriculture) sur la pĂ©riode 2017 Ă  2022. Le projet ACTION a rĂ©pondu Ă  trois objectifs principaux : 1) le dĂ©veloppement scientifique de la mĂ©thode IDEA dans sa nouvelle version 4 (IDEA4) dans ses deux approches Ă©valuatives de la durabilitĂ© (l’approche par les trois dimensions du dĂ©veloppement durable et l’approche par les cinq propriĂ©tĂ©s des systĂšmes agricoles durables), 2) la validation par l’usage de la mĂ©thode IDEA4 en testant sa capacitĂ© Ă  accompagner les changements liĂ©s Ă  la transition agroĂ©cologique dans diffĂ©rentes activitĂ©s (conseil agricole, accompagnement des agriculteurs et enseignement agricole) et 3) le dĂ©veloppement des outils informatisĂ©s et guides techniques pour assurer l’usage complet de la mĂ©thode. Les principaux rĂ©sultats acquis lors de ce projet sont les suivants. PremiĂšrement, la mĂ©thode IDEA4 a Ă©tĂ© finalisĂ©e Ă  la fois dans son cadre thĂ©orique mais aussi dans son cadre opĂ©rationnel avec ses deux approches Ă©valuatives qui sont fonctionnelles. La validation de la mĂ©thode s’est appuyĂ©e sur la rĂ©alisation de tests d’usage auprĂšs de 531 exploitations agricoles rĂ©alisĂ©s par 311 organismes signataires des CGU (dont 136 hors enseignements technique ou supĂ©rieur) permettant Ă  la fois de contrĂŽler la validation des choix mĂ©thodologiques, des quatre outils dĂ©veloppĂ©s. Quatre outils informatisĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©s pour accompagner les diffĂ©rents usages de la mĂ©thode : le site internet de la mĂ©thode (https://methode-idea.org/), le calculateur Excel IDEA, le package R IDEATools et la plateforme WEB-IDEA (https://web-idea.inrae.fr). Le calculateur au format Excel assure cinq fonctions essentielles. Il collecte des donnĂ©es sur l’exploitation agricole, organise ces donnĂ©es au travers d’onglets dĂ©diĂ©s, calcule les 53 indicateurs, Ă©dite les rĂ©sultats de l’approche par les dimensions sous la forme d’un tableau et de graphiques simples et permet de transfert des donnĂ©es vers la plateforme WEB-IDEA. Il est dotĂ© d’un document d’enquĂȘte imprimable. IDEATools est le moteur qui permet Ă  la plateforme WEB-IDEA de proposer les analyses de donnĂ©es proposĂ©es par la plateforme WEB-IDEA. La plateforme WEB-IDEA permet la sortie de trois types de rĂ©sultats : i) l’édition de sorties automatisĂ©es sur la durabilitĂ© d’une exploitation agricole dans les deux approches de la durabilitĂ© (dimensions et propriĂ©tĂ©s), (ii) l’analyse de la durabilitĂ© groupes d’exploitations agricoles au sein d’un mĂȘme organisme et (iii) l’accĂšs Ă  des donnĂ©es « repĂšres » sur la durabilitĂ© des exploitations agricoles ayant mobilisĂ© la mĂ©thode IDEA4. DeuxiĂšmement, un ouvrage complet sur la mĂ©thode IDEA4 a Ă©tĂ© publiĂ© dĂ©crivant le cadre thĂ©orique, les 53 indicateurs prĂ©sentĂ©s sous forme de fiches standardisĂ©es (mĂ©thodologie de calcul, argumentaires, prĂ©cisions et bibliographie) et apportant des recommandations d’usage. Il est complĂ©tĂ© par quatre guides techniques dĂ©diĂ©s pour accompagner ses diffĂ©rents usages (conseil / accompagnement et enseignement). TroisiĂšmement, quatre parcours pĂ©dagogiques diffĂ©renciĂ©s d’enseignement Ă  IDEA4 ont Ă©tĂ© construits avec les Ă©quipes pĂ©dagogiques pour ses usages dans l'enseignement technique agricole. Enfin, la dimension formation Ă  la mĂ©thode a Ă©tĂ© trĂšs marquĂ©e avec la formation de 114 personnels dans 61 Ă©tablissements de l’enseignement technique agricole, un peu plus de 1100 Ă©tudiants majoritairement prĂ©sents dans les Ă©tablissements supĂ©rieurs agronomiques (9 sur 10 Ă©tablissements). Il a Ă©galement permis la formation professionnelle de 145 professionnels, principalement des agents du dĂ©veloppement (conseillers agricoles, animateurs, chargĂ©s de mission, etc..) issus de 68 structures professionnelles

    The risk of COVID-19 death is much greater and age dependent with type I IFN autoantibodies

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    International audienceSignificance There is growing evidence that preexisting autoantibodies neutralizing type I interferons (IFNs) are strong determinants of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia. It is important to estimate their quantitative impact on COVID-19 mortality upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, by age and sex, as both the prevalence of these autoantibodies and the risk of COVID-19 death increase with age and are higher in men. Using an unvaccinated sample of 1,261 deceased patients and 34,159 individuals from the general population, we found that autoantibodies against type I IFNs strongly increased the SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rate at all ages, in both men and women. Autoantibodies against type I IFNs are strong and common predictors of life-threatening COVID-19. Testing for these autoantibodies should be considered in the general population
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