Utilidade do estudo da flora espontânea nos reconhecimentos agrológicos

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Toxicidade de filtrados de cultura de Alternaria euphorbiicola em folhas de Euphorbia heterophylla

A espécie fúngica Alternaria euphorbiicola é agente causal de severas necroses de inflorescência, queimas de folhas e cancros da haste em Euphorbia heterophylla (leiteiro ou amendoim-bravo), importante planta daninha responsável por grandes prejuízos à agricultura brasileira. A aplicação de suspensões de esporos do fungo sobre populações da planta hospedeira resulta em rápida produção de necrose dos tecidos das plantas (24 a 48 horas após aplicação). Essas observações levaram à conjectura de que o fungo possa produzir fitotoxinas in vitro capazes de causar lesão às plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar preliminarmente a produção in vitro de fitotoxinas por A. euphorbiicola sob diferentes condições de cultivo. Os resultados mostraram que a composição do meio de cultura e as condições de cultivo influenciaram a fitotoxicidade de filtrados de cultura, tendo o cultivo sob agitação e na ausência de luz favorecido a produção de metabólitos fitotóxicos pelo fungo. O filtrado da cultura em meio de Jenkins-Prior modificado, crescida sob agitação, no escuro e a 28 oC, apresentou a maior atividade fitotóxica, tendo produzido extensas necroses foliares e desfolha em plantas de E. heterophylla. Esse filtrado de cultura foi submetido a extração seguida por fracionamento guiado por bioensaios. Uma fração cromatográfica constituída majoritariamente por ácidos graxos de cadeia longa produziu halos cloróticos e necrose de folhas, assim como observado após a inoculação de E. heterophylla com o fungo. Esses resultados sugerem a participação de ácidos graxos no processo infeccioso na associação A. euphorbiicola x E. heterophylla.The fungal species Alternaria euphorbiicola was identified as causal agent of inflorescence necrosis, leaf blight, and stem cancer in Euphorbia heterophylla (wild poinsettia), a major weed responsible for great agricultural losses in Brazil. The application of spore suspensions of the fungus on specimens of the host plant resulted in production of disseminated necrosis at short time intervals (24 to 48 hours) after application. These observations led to the hypothesis that the fungus could produce phytotoxins capable of causing damage to the plant. The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro production of phytotoxins by A. euphorbiicola under different growth conditions. The results showed that the culture medium and growth conditions influenced the phytotoxicity of the culture filtrates. Growing the fungus under agitation in the dark resulted in higher production of phytotoxic metabolites. The filtrate from the culture formed in modified Jenkins-Prior medium, under agitation, at 28 oC in the dark showed the highest phytotoxic activity. This filtrate produced foliar necrosis and defoliation in E. heterophylla and was subjected to extraction followed by bioassay-guided fractionation. A chromatographic fraction consisting mainly of long-chain fatty acids produced bleached lesions and necrosis of the leaves, the same symptoms observed after inoculation of the fungus in the host plant. These results suggest the involvement of these phytotoxic fatty acids in the process of tissue invasion of E. heterophylla by A. euphorbiicola

Spectral Classification; Old and Contemporary

Beginning with a historical account of the spectral classification, its refinement through additional criteria is presented. The line strengths and ratios used in two dimensional classifications of each spectral class are described. A parallel classification scheme for metal-poor stars and the standards used for classification are presented. The extension of spectral classification beyond M to L and T and spectroscopic classification criteria relevant to these classes are described. Contemporary methods of classifications based upon different automated approaches are introduced.Comment: To be published in "Principles and Perspectives in Cosmochemistry" Lecture Notes on Kodai School on Synthesis of Elements in Stars: Ed Aruna Goswami & Eswar Reddy, Springer Verlag, 2009, 17 pages, 10 figure

Avalanches in the Weakly Driven Frenkel-Kontorova Model

A damped chain of particles with harmonic nearest-neighbor interactions in a spatially periodic, piecewise harmonic potential (Frenkel-Kontorova model) is studied numerically. One end of the chain is pulled slowly which acts as a weak driving mechanism. The numerical study was performed in the limit of infinitely weak driving. The model exhibits avalanches starting at the pulled end of the chain. The dynamics of the avalanches and their size and strength distributions are studied in detail. The behavior depends on the value of the damping constant. For moderate values a erratic sequence of avalanches of all sizes occurs. The avalanche distributions are power-laws which is a key feature of self-organized criticality (SOC). It will be shown that the system selects a state where perturbations are just able to propagate through the whole system. For strong damping a regular behavior occurs where a sequence of states reappears periodically but shifted by an integer multiple of the period of the external potential. There is a broad transition regime between regular and irregular behavior, which is characterized by multistability between regular and irregular behavior. The avalanches are build up by sound waves and shock waves. Shock waves can turn their direction of propagation, or they can split into two pulses propagating in opposite directions leading to transient spatio-temporal chaos. PACS numbers: 05.70.Ln,05.50.+q,46.10.+zComment: 33 pages (RevTex), 15 Figures (available on request), appears in Phys. Rev.

Soil organisms in organic and conventional cropping systems.

Apesar do crescente interesse pela agricultura orgânica, são poucas as informações de pesquisa disponíveis sobre o assunto. Assim, num Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico foram comparados os efeitos de sistemas de cultivo orgânico e convencional, para as culturas do tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum) e do milho (Zea mays), sobre a comunidade de organismos do solo e suas atividades. As populações de fungos,bactérias e actinomicetos, determinadas pela contagem de colônias em meio de cultura, foram semelhantes para os dois sistemas de produção. A atividade microbiana, avaliada pela evolução de CO2, manteve-se superior no sistema orgânico, sendo que em determinadas avaliações foi o dobro da evolução verificada no sistema convencional. O número de espécimes de minhoca foi praticamente dez vezes maior no sistema orgânico. Não foi observada diferença na taxa de decomposição de matéria orgânica entre os dois sistemas. De modo geral, o número de indivíduos de microartrópodos foi superior no sistema orgânico do que no sistema convencional, refletindo no maior índice de diversidade de Shannon. As maiores populações de insetos foram as da ordem Collembola, enquanto para os ácaros a maior população foi a da superfamília Oribatuloidea. Indivíduos dos grupos Aranae, Chilopoda, Dyplopoda, Pauropoda, Protura e Symphyla foram ocasionalmente coletados e de forma similar entre os sistemas

Superconductivity in the SU(N) Anderson Lattice at U=\infty

We present a mean-field study of superconductivity in a generalized N-channel cubic Anderson lattice at U=\infty taking into account the effect of a nearest-neighbor attraction J. The condition U=\infty is implemented within the slave-boson formalism considering the slave bosons to be condensed. We consider the $f$-level occupancy ranging from the mixed valence regime to the Kondo limit and study the dependence of the critical temperature on the various model parameters for each of three possible Cooper pairing symmetries (extended s, d-wave and p-wave pairing) and find interesting crossovers. It is found that the d- and p- wave order parameters have, in general, very similar critical temperatures. The extended s-wave pairing seems to be relatively more stable for electronic densities per channel close to one and for large values of the superconducting interaction J.Comment: Seven Figures; one appendix. Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

Variability in oxidative degradation of charcoal: influence of production variables and environmental exposure

<p>Charcoal is a key component of the Black Carbon (BC) continuum, where BC is characterized as a recalcitrant, fire-derived, polyaromatic material. Charcoal is an important source of palaeoenvironmental data, and of great interest as a potential carbon sink, due to its high apparent environmental stability. However, at least some forms of charcoal are clearly susceptible to environmental alteration and degradation over relatively short timescales. Although these processes have importance for the role of charcoal in global biogeochemistry, they remain poorly understood.</p> <p>Here we present results of an investigation into the susceptibility of a range of charcoal samples to oxidative degradation in acidified potassium dichromate. The study examines both freshly-produced charcoal, and charcoal exposed to environmental conditions for up to 50,000 years. We compare the proportion of carbon present in different forms between the samples, specifically with respect to the relative chemical resistance of these forms. This was undertaken in order to improve understanding of the post-depositional diagenetic changes affecting charcoal within environmental deposits.</p> <p>A wide range in chemical compositions are apparent both within and between the sample groups. In freshly-produced charcoal, material produced at 300 °C contains carbon with more labile forms than charcoal produced at ≥400 °C, signifying a key chemical change over the 300–400 °C temperature range. Charcoal exposed to environmental depositional conditions is frequently composed of a highly carboxylated aromatic structure and contains a range of carbon fractions of varying oxidative resistance. These findings suggest that a significant number of the environmental charcoals have undergone post-depositional diagenetic alteration. Further, the data highlight the potential for the use of controlled progressive oxidative degradation as a method to characterize chemical differences between individual charcoal samples.</p&gt