PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD Pinus caribaea var. caribaea, Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis AND Pinus oocarpa FOR PENCIL PRODUCTION

The behavior of the physical properties of wood is important for its use in the industrial sector. Manufacturing for pencil production requires raw material with low specific mass and high dimensional stability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the properties of the physical specific basic mass properties, anhydrous and green, as well as the retractability of the 14 years old Pinus caribaea var. caribaea, 25 years old Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis and 35 years old Pinus oocarpa in the medulla sense of the bark, base and top of the trees. All species come from the Brazilian Cerrado region afforestation. As for dimensional stability, the Pinus caribaea var. caribaea and Pinus oocarpa had similar behaviors to the volumetric contraction, when evaluating the coefficient of anisotropy of wood species of Pinus caribaea var. caribaea had higher values of anisotropy coefficient, however, all tropical pine studied, qualify as a raw material for the pencil industry, being an alternative species traditionally used

EFFICIENCY OF IMPREGNATION WITH SALT SOLUTIONS IN THE RESISTANCE OF Corymbia torelliana AND Eucalyptus cloeziana WOODS TO DECAY FUNGY Postia placenta

The research aimed to evaluate the efficiency of salt solutions (sodium chloride, lithium chloride, sodium carbonate, magnesium sulfate, zinc sulfate, and cupric sulphate = copper sulphate II) impregnated in the woods of Corymbia torelliana and Eucalyptus cloeziana on biological resistance to fungy of brown rot (Postia placenta) under laboratory conditions. From each species were taken samples of 2.0 x 2.0 x 3.0 cm (tangential x radial x longitudinal), over the large planks in the heartwood region on base-top direction. The samples were impregnated with 5% concentration of solutions and submitted for 16 weeks to the Postia placenta fungy under laboratory conditions. The wood of Eucalyptus cloeziana was more resistant to decay than Corymbia torelliana, both impregnated with salt solutions as not impregnated (natural). The treatments with saline solutions were satisfactory as regards resistance of wood degradation, being classified as very resistant, serving as a parameter for the evaluation of the wood, the xylophagous tested fungy

Produção de chapas de partículas de madeira de duas espécies nativas da Mata Atlântica e suas combinações.

The aim of this work was to manufacture strand and shaving particleboards from Schizolobium parahyba and Erytrina verna and their combinations. The parameters of manufacture were: nominal density 0,65 g/cm³, press temperature 180 ºC, pressing time 14 minutes, resin content 8% (phenol-formaldehyde), particle moisture content 5% (dry weight basis). The best results of static bending tests were found when guapuruvu pure and/or in the face layer was used, although the majority of the treatments presented superior values to when to campared the Canadian Standard (CSA O437-0, 1993). In relation to internal band, 50% of the treatments presented larger values than established by the Canadian Standard. The values of water absorption and thickness swelling were considered high for all the treatments, having to consider that paraffin was not used during board manufacturing.O objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir chapas de partículas "Strand" e maravalhas partindo de Schizolobium parahyba e Erytrina verna e suas combinações. Os parâmetros de manufatura foram: densidade nominal de 0,65 g/cm³, temperatura de prensagem de 180ºC, tempo de prensagem de 14 minutos, resina fenol-formaldeído a 8% e umidade das partículas a 5%. Os melhores resultados para o ensaio de flexão estática foram encontrados quando se utilizou guapuruvu puro e/ou na capa, embora a maioria dos tratamentos tenha apresentado valores superiores aos estabelecidos pela norma canadense (CSA O437-0, 1993). Em relação à ligação interna, 50% dos tratamentos apresentaram valores superiores aos estabelecidos pela norma canadense. Os valores de absorção de água e inchamento em espessura foram considerados altos para todos os tratamentos, devendo-se considerar que não foi utilizado parafina para a confecção das chapas

Operational performance of a small sawmill of the city of Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil.

AbstractSawmills are the most important wood industries in the Southern of the Espírito Santo State. The aim of this research was to analyze the operational performance of a small sawmill in Alegre, Espírito Santo state, Brazil, which process Eucalyptus sp. logs. The analysis was based on the study of lumber yield, operational efficiency and work delay ratio. The average lumber yield was 53.6% ranked as good for a small log hardwood sawmill, according to the literature. The average operational efficiency was 2.77 m³/worker/shift, and was ranked as low, even for small Brazilian sawmills, due to not classified logs, layout inadequacies, machinery bad conservation and low automation level. The average productive work was 69.6% and did not achieve the minimum rank of 75% suggested by the literature, because of the referred problems, and other ones. In general, for such sawmill the operational situation was considered poor, but it has potential to be improved. As serrarias são as principais indústrias madeireiras do sul do estado do Espírito Santo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o desempenho operacional de uma serraria de pequeno porte processadora da madeira de Eucalyptus sp. no município de Alegre, região sul do estado do Espírito Santo. Para tanto, a análise consistiu do estudo do rendimento em madeira serrada, eficiência operacional e amostragem do trabalho. O rendimento médio foi igual a 53,6% e foi considerado bom, para uma serraria que processa madeira de folhosas, quando comparado com dados da literatura. A eficiência operacional média foi igual a 2,77 m³/operário/dia, e foi considerada baixa, mesmo para serrarias brasileiras de pequeno porte, em consequência da falta de classificação da matéria-prima, inadequações de layout, mau estado de conservação do maquinário e baixo nível de automação. O trabalho produtivo médio foi de 69,6% e não atingiu o valor mínimo de 75% sugerido pela literatura, resultado dos problemas referidos, dentre outros fatores. De uma maneira geral, o desempenho operacional da serraria foi considerado ruim, de acordo com os índices avaliados, porém possui potencial para ser melhorado.AbstractOperational performance of a small sawmill of the city of Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Sawmills are the most important wood industries in the Southern of the Espírito Santo State. The aim of this research was to analyze the operational performance of a small sawmill in Alegre, Espírito Santo state, Brazil, which process Eucalyptus sp. logs. The analysis was based on the study of lumber yield, operational efficiency and work delay ratio. The average lumber yield was 53.6% ranked as good for a small log hardwood sawmill, according to the literature. The average operational efficiency was 2.77 m³/worker/shift, and was ranked as low, even for small Brazilian sawmills, due to not classified logs, layout inadequacies, machinery bad conservation and low automation level. The average productive work was 69.6% and did not achieve the minimum rank of 75% suggested by the literature, because of the referred problems, and other ones. In general, for such sawmill the operational situation was considered poor, but it has potential to be improved.Keywords: Log breakdown; lumber yield; operational efficiency; productive work

RESISTÊNCIA DE DUAS ESPÉCIES DE BAMBU TRATADAS COM CCB CONTRACUPINS E COLEÓPTEROS XILÓFAGOS

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509818462 The research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of CCB preservative in improving the resistance of two bamboo species (Bambusa vulgaris and Dendrocalamus giganteus) the action of termites and xylophagous beetles. The bamboo stems collected in the vicinity of Alegre and Jerônimo Monteiro, towns of southern Espírito Santo state, Brazil, were transformed into culms of 2.0 m long and treated in a solution of 1 or 3% active ingredient (a.i.) of the commercial product "MOQ OX 50", based on copper, chromium and boron (CCB).The treatment methods used were the sap displacement (intact and ruptured diaphragm), long-term immersion and Boucherie modified. In the methods by sap displacement and the long-term immersion the stems were exposed in solutions for periods of 5, 10 or 15 days, and in Boucherie’s modified method of treatment there was no segregation between treatment times. To assess the efficiency of the methods, test samples were taken at the position of 50 cm from the base of the stems. In the tests, the termite genus Nasutitermes sp. and the beetle Dinoderus minutus were used. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, it was found that the two species of bamboo treated showed high resistance to attack by termites and beetles, and including untreated samples showed low mass loss when subjected to the tests.http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509818462O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a eficiência do preservativo CCB na melhoria da resistência de duas espécies de bambu (Bambusa vulgaris e Dendrocalamus giganteus) à ação de cupins e coleópteros xilófagos. As hastes de bambu coletadas nas proximidades dos municípios de Alegre e Jerônimo Monteiro, sul do Espírito Santo, foram transformadas em colmos de 2,0 m de comprimento e tratadas em solução de 1 ou 3% de ingredientes ativos (i.a.) do produto comercial “MOQ OX 50”, à base de cobre, cromo e boro (CCB). Os métodos de tratamento empregados foram os de transpiração radial (diafragma integro e rompido), imersão prolongada e Boucherie modificado. Nos métodos por transpiração radial e imersão prolongada, os colmos foram expostos nas soluções por períodos de 5, 10 ou 15 dias, já no método de Boucherie modificado não houve segregação entre os tempos de tratamento. Para avaliar a eficiência dos métodos, foram retiradas amostras na posição a 50 cm da base dos colmos. Nos ensaios foram utilizados térmitas do gênero Nasutitermes sp. e o coleóptero Dinoderus minutus. A partir das análises dos resultados obtidos, foi verificado que, as duas espécies de bambu tratadas apresentaram alta resistência ao ataque dos cupins e coleópteros, e inclusive as amostras não tratadas apresentaram baixa perda de massa quando submetidas aos ensaios

INFLUÊNCIA DO DIAFRAGMA NO TRATAMENTO PRESERVATIVO DE DUAS ESPÉCIES DE BAMBU POR SUBSTITUIÇÃO DE SEIVA

This research aimed to evaluate the influence of removing the diaphragm on the quality of the preservative treatment of bamboo culms of Dendrocalamus giganteus and Bambusa vulgaris submitted to sap displacement method. The bamboos were collected in clumps in Alegre and Jerônimo Monteiro, south of Espírito Santo state, Brazil. The stems were sectioned in culms of 2.0 m in length. One part of the culms had the diaphragm removed while in the other they were kept unbroken. The culms were treated in  soutions of 1% and 3% of active ingredients (a.i.) of a product based on copper, chromated copper borate (CCB). The culms were kept in the solution for 5, 10 and 15 days. The preservative treatment quality was evaluated by means of penetration and retention of CCB in culms. There was greater penetration of copper and boron at the base of the culms, the removing of the diaphragm provided greater movement of the solution in the culms and the retention was, for most treatment conditions, below than the one recommended by Brazilian standards for wood preservative treatment.RESUMOEsta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da remoção do diafragma na qualidade do tratamento preservativo de colmos de bambu das espécies Dendrocalamus giganteus e Bambusa vulgaris submetidos ao método de substituição de seiva. Os bambus foram colhidos em touceiras em Alegre e Jerônimo Monteiro, Sul do Espírito Santo. As hastes foram secionadas em colmos de 2,0 m de comprimento. Uma parte dos colmos teve o diafragma removido, enquanto na outra foram mantidos intactos. Os colmos foram tratados em soluções de 1 e 3% de ingredientes ativos (i.a.) de borato de cobre cromatado (CCB). Os colmos foram mantidos na solução por 5, 10 e 15 dias. Foi avaliada a qualidade do tratamento preservativo por meio da penetração e da retenção do CCB nos colmos. Houve maior penetração de cobre e boro na base dos colmos, a remoção do diafragma proporcionou maior movimentação da solução nos colmos e a retenção obtida ficou, para a maioria das condições testadas, abaixo daquela recomendada pelas normas brasileiras para o tratamento preservativo da madeira

INFLUENCE OF DIAPHRAGM IN THE PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT OF TWO BAMBOO SPECIES BY SAP DISPLACEMENT METHOD

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a influ\ueancia da remo\ue7\ue3o do diafragma na qualidade do tratamento preservativo de colmos de bambu das esp\ue9cies Dendrocalamus giganteus e Bambusa vulgaris submetidos aom\ue9todo de substitui\ue7\ue3o de seiva. Os bambus foram colhidos em touceiras em Alegre e Jer\uf4nimo Monteiro, Sul do Esp\uedrito Santo. As hastes foram secionadas em colmos de 2,0 m de comprimento. Uma parte dos colmos teve o diafragma removido, enquanto na outra foram mantidos intactos. Os colmos foram tratados em solu\ue7\uf5es de 1 e 3% de ingredientes ativos (i.a.) de borato de cobre cromatado (CCB). Os colmos foram mantidos na solu\ue7\ue3o por 5, 10 e 15 dias. Foi avaliada a qualidade do tratamento preservativo por meio da penetra\ue7\ue3o e da reten\ue7\ue3o do CCB nos colmos. Houve maior penetra\ue7\ue3o de cobre e boro na base dos colmos, a remo\ue7\ue3o do diafragma proporcionou maior movimenta\ue7\ue3o da solu\ue7\ue3o nos colmos e a reten\ue7\ue3o obtida ficou, para a maioria das condi\ue7\uf5es testadas, abaixo daquela recomendada pelas normas brasileiras para o tratamento preservativo da madeira.This research aimed to evaluate the influence of removing the diaphragm on the quality of the preservative treatment of bamboo culms of Dendrocalamus giganteus and Bambusa vulgaris submitted to sap displacement method. The bamboos were collected in clumps in Alegre and Jer\uf4nimo Monteiro, south of Esp\uedrito Santo state, Brazil. The stems were sectioned in culms of 2.0 m in length. One part of the culms had the diaphragm removed while in the other they were kept unbroken. The culms were treated in soutions of 1% and 3% of active ingredients (a.i.) of copper, chromated copper borate (CCB). The culms were kept in the solution for 5, 10 and 15 days. The preservative treatment quality was evaluated by means of penetration and retention of CCB in culms. There was greater penetration of copper and boron at the base of the culms, the removing of the diaphragm provided greater movement of the solution in the culms and the retention was, for most treatment conditions, below than the one recommended by Brazilian standards for wood preservative treatment

RESISTANCE OF TWO BAMBOO SPECIES TREATED WITH CCB AGAINST TERMITES AND XILOPHAGOUS BEETLES

O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a efici\ueancia do preservativo CCB na melhoria da resist\ueancia de duas esp\ue9cies de bambu ( Bambusa vulgaris e Dendrocalamus giganteus ) \ue0 a\ue7\ue3o de cupins e cole\uf3pteros xil\uf3fagos. As hastes de bambu coletadas nas proximidades dos munic\uedpios de Alegre e Jer\uf4nimo Monteiro, sul do Esp\uedrito Santo, foram transformadas em colmos de 2,0 m de comprimento e tratadas em solu\ue7\ue3o de 1 ou 3% de ingredientes ativos (i.a.) do produto comercial \u201cMOQ OX 50\u201d, \ue0 base de cobre, cromo e boro (CCB). Os m\ue9todos de tratamento empregados foram os de transpira\ue7\ue3o radial (diafragma integro e rompido), imers\ue3o prolongada e Boucherie modificado. Nos m\ue9todos por transpira\ue7\ue3o radial e imers\ue3o prolongada, os colmos foram expostos nas solu\ue7\uf5es por per\uedodos de 5, 10 ou 15 dias, j\ue1 no m\ue9todo de Boucherie modificado n\ue3o houve segrega\ue7\ue3o entre os tempos de tratamento. Para avaliar a efici\ueancia dos m\ue9todos, foram retiradas amostras na posi\ue7\ue3o a 50 cm da base dos colmos. Nos ensaios foram utilizados t\ue9rmitas da esp\ue9cie Nasutitermes corniger e o cole\uf3ptero Dinoderus minutus . A partir das an\ue1lises dos resultados obtidos, foi verificado que, as duas esp\ue9cies de bambu tratadas apresentaram alta resist\ueancia ao ataque dos cupins e cole\uf3pteros, e inclusive as amostras n\ue3o tratadas apresentaram baixa perda de massa quando submetidas aos ensaios.The research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of CCB preservative in improving the resistance of two bamboo species ( Bambusa vulgaris and Dendrocalamus giganteus ) the action of termites and xylophagous beetles. The bamboo stems collected in the vicinity of Alegre and Jer\uf4nimo Monteiro, towns of southern Esp\uedrito Santo state, Brazil, were transformed into culms of 2.0 m long and treated in a solution of 1 or 3% active ingredient (a.i.) of the commercial product \u201cMOQ OX 50\u201d, based on copper, chromium and boron (CCB).The treatment methods used were the sap displacement (intact and ruptured diaphragm), long-term immersion and Boucherie modified. In the methods by sap displacement and the long-term immersion the stems were exposed in solutions for periods of 5, 10 or 15 days, and in Boucherie\u2019s modified method of treatment there was no segregation between treatment times. To assess the efficiency of the methods, test samples were taken at the position of 50 cm from the base of the stems. In the tests, the termite species Nasutitermes corniger and the beetle Dinoderus minutus were used. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, it was found that the two species of bamboo treated showed high resistance to attack by termites and beetles, and including untreated samples showed low mass loss when subjected to the tests

EFFECT OF AGE ON HEARTWOOD / SAPWOOD RELATIONSHIP, EXTRACTIVE CONTENTE, AND PERMEABILITY OF TEAK WOOD

Due to the physiological differences in the juvenile and adult phases of teak wood, differentiation occurs in the impregnation by extractive materials along the heartwood regions, assuming that there is also a significant variation in the permeability of this material. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the influence of age on the heartwood / sapwood ratio (H/S), permeability, and extractives content of Tectona grandis L.f wood. Four ages (10, 12, 14, and 16 years) and four trees (repetitions) were evaluated, totaling 16 samples. The H/S ratio, extractive content, and wood permeability were determined, in addition to the average and maximum permeability among all ages selected for calculation of their porosity. The H/S ratio increased over the ages of 10 and 16, and the content of extractive materials increased until the age of 14. There was a high heterogeneity between the permeability values of the wood at all ages analyzed, and one of the possible explanations for this fact is the presence of tyloses in different places on the trunk and the arrangement of the pores around the growth rings

Physical and mechanical properties of juvenile schizolobium amazonicum wood

Growth in world demand for wood implies a search for new fast growing species with silvicultural potential, and in this scenario for native species such as Paricá . Thus, the objective of this study was determining the physical and mechanical wood properties of the Schizolobium amazonicum species (known as Paricá in Brazil). Trees were collected from commercial plantations located in the north of Brazil with ages of 5, 7, 9 and 11 years. Four logs from trees of each age in the longitudinal direction of the trees were obtained, and later a diametrical plank of each log was taken to manufacture the specimens which were used to evaluate some physical and mechanical properties of the wood. The basic density of Paricá was reduced in the basetop direction and no difference between the radial positions was observed, while the average basic density of this wood was characterized as low. The region close to the bark showed less longitudinal contraction and also greater homogeneity of this property along the trunk, while for tangential contraction the smallest variation was found in the region near the pith. Paricá wood contraction was characterized as low. Age influenced most of the mechanical properties, where logs from the base had the highest values of mechanical strength.O crescimento da demanda mundial por madeira implica na busca de novas espécies de rápido crescimento com potencial silvicultural e, nesse cenário, as espécies nativas como o paricá. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira da espécie Schizolobium amazonicum (paricá). As árvores foram coletadas em plantios comerciais localizados no norte do Brasil, com idades de 5, 7, 9 e 11 anos. Das árvores de cada idade foram obtidas quatro toras no sentido longitudinal das árvores e, posteriormente, um pranchão diametral de cada tora para fabricação dos corpos de prova, os quais foram utilizados para avaliar algumas propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira. A densidade básica do paricá reduziu no sentido base-topo e não houve diferença entre as posições radiais, em média, a densidade básica dessa madeira caracterizou-se como baixa. A região próxima da casca apresentou menor contração longitudinal, e também, maior homogeneidade dessa propriedade ao longo do tronco, enquanto para a contração tangencial a menor variação foi encontrada na região próxima à medula. A contração da madeira de paricá foi caracterizada como baixa. A idade influenciou a maioria das propriedades mecânicas, tendo a tora da base os maiores valores de resistência mecânica