Las normas de garantía y el derecho penal

El derecho penal es una modalidad de control social, cuya característica particular es la formalización, lo cual significa básicamente que las actividades que se llevan a cabo en sus campos de operatividad concreta son controlable, previsible y vinculada a principios o criterios establecidos por normas.La formalización es muy importante para quienes deben intervenir en un conflicto pues permite su orientación, la selección de estrategias sobre la base de las posibles acciones a seguir, el distanciamiento entre autores y víctimas y la consiguiente reducción de emotividad, la protección del más débil y las opciones más eficientes y racionales para la elaboración del conflicto generado por el delito.Además, la formalización integra toda cultura y configura las formas institucionalizadas y admitidas de socialización. Su aprendizaje se lleva a cabo a través de la intemalización de mandatos como los de cortesía, moderación, consideración y juego limpio (fairplay) para actuar en determinadas situaciones conflictivas. Actuar dentro de los parámetros de la formalización asegura reglas claras, no solo respecto de intervenciones concretas, sino también de sus modalidades, tiempos y consecuencias

El sistema penal y sus operadores

La observación continua y cotidiana de las prácticas penales, que abarcan tanto aquellas que se llevan a cabo en el ámbito judicial, como en el policial y penitenciario, entre otros campos, como operadora del sistema primero en el ámbito privado y luego en el público, lleva a la necesidad de reflexionar sobre el rol que los operadores desempeñamos en el mismo. Nuestra formación profesional como abogados tiende a la adquisición y la intemalización de una determinada tradición jurídica, lo que explica que haya ciertas cuestiones centrales que son admitidas sin discusión por todo aquel que haya transitado con éxito alguna Facultad de Derecho. Las garantías constitucionales y los principios generales del derecho son dos de estas cuestiones centrales

A new small-bodied azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of England and its implications for pterosaur anatomy, diversity and phylogeny

BACKGROUND: Pterosaurs have been known from the Cretaceous sediments of the Isle of Wight (southern England, United Kingdom) since 1870. We describe the three-dimensional pelvic girdle and associated vertebrae of a small near-adult pterodactyloid from the Atherfield Clay Formation (lower Aptian, Lower Cretaceous). Despite acknowledged variation in the pterosaur pelvis, previous studies have not adequately sampled or incorporated pelvic characters into phylogenetic analyses. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The new specimen represents the new taxon Vectidraco daisymorrisae gen. et sp. nov., diagnosed by the presence of a concavity posterodorsal to the acetabulum and the form of its postacetabular process on the ilium. Several characters suggest that Vectidraco belongs to Azhdarchoidea. We constructed a pelvis-only phylogenetic analysis to test whether the pterosaur pelvis carries a useful phylogenetic signal. Resolution in recovered trees was poor, but they approximately matched trees recovered from analyses of total evidence. We also added Vectidraco and our pelvic characters to an existing total-evidence matrix for pterosaurs. Both analyses recovered Vectidraco within Azhdarchoidea. CONCLUSIONS/ SIGNIFICANCE: The Lower Cretaceous strata of western Europe have yielded members of several pterosaur lineages, but Aptian pterosaurs from western Europe are rare. With a pelvis length of 40 mm, the new animal would have had a total length of c. 350 mm, and a wingspan of c. 750 mm. Barremian and Aptian pterodactyloids from western Europe show that small-bodied azhdarchoids lived alongside ornithocheirids and istiodactylids. This assemblage is similar in terms of which lineages are represented to the coeval beds of Liaoning, China; however, the number of species and specimens present at Liaoning is much higher. While the general phylogenetic composition of western European and Chinese communities appear to have been approximately similar, the differences may be due to different palaeoenvironmental and depositional settings. The western Europe pterodactyloid record may therefore be artificially low in diversity due to preservational factors

Intra-trackway morphological variations due to substrate consistency: the El Frontal dinosaur tracksite (Lower Cretaceous, Spain).

An ichnological and sedimentological study of the El Frontal dinosaur tracksite (Early Cretaceous, Cameros basin, Soria, Spain) highlights the pronounced intra-trackway variation found in track morphologies of four theropod trackways. Photogrammetric 3D digital models revealed various and distinct intra-trackway morphotypes, which reflect changes in footprint parameters such as the pace length, the track length, depth, and height of displacement rims. Sedimentological analyses suggest that the original substrate was non-homogenous due to lateral changes in adjoining microfacies. Multidata analyses indicate that morphological differences in these deep and shallow tracks represent a part of a continuum of track morphologies and geometries produced by a gradient of substrate consistencies across the site. This implies that the large range of track morphologies at this site resulted from similar trackmakers crossing variable facies. The trackways at the El Frontal site present an exemplary case of how track morphology, and consequently potential ichnotaxa, can vary, even when produced by a single trackmaker

Manus track preservation bias as a key factor for assessing trackmaker identity and quadrupedalism in basal ornithopods.

BACKGROUND: The Las Cerradicas site (Tithonian-Berriasian), Teruel, Spain, preserves at least seventeen dinosaur trackways, some of them formerly attributed to quadrupedal ornithopods, sauropods and theropods. The exposure of new track evidence allows a more detailed interpretation of the controversial tridactyl trackways as well as the modes of locomotion and taxonomic affinities of the trackmakers. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Detailed stratigraphic analysis reveals four different levels where footprints have been preserved in different modes. Within the tridactyl trackways, manus tracks are mainly present in a specific horizon relative to surface tracks. The presence of manus tracks is interpreted as evidence of an ornithopod trackmaker. Cross-sections produced from photogrammetric digital models show different depths of the pes and manus, suggesting covariance in loading between the forelimbs and the hindlimbs. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Several features (digital pads, length/width ratio, claw marks) of some ornithopod pes tracks from Las Cerradicas are reminiscent of theropod pedal morphology. This morphological convergence, combined with the shallow nature of the manus tracks, which reduces preservation potential, opens a new window into the interpretation of these tridactyl tracks. Thus, trackmaker assignations during the Jurassic-Cretaceous interval of purported theropod trackways may potentially represent ornithopods. Moreover, the Las Cerradicas trackways are further evidence for quadrupedalism among some basal small- to medium-sized ornithopods from this time interval

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution over a 15 km multi-core fiber

The secure transfer of information is critical to the ever-increasing demands of the digital world. Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) is a promising technology that can provide high secret key rates over metropolitan areas, using conventional telecom components. In this study, we demonstrate the utilization of CV-QKD over a 15 km multi-core fiber (MCF), in which we take advantage of one core to remotely frequency lock Bobs local oscillator with Alices transmitter. We also demonstrate the capacity of the MCF to boost the secret key rate by parallelizing CV-QKD across multiple cores. Our results indicate that MCFs are promising for the metropolitan deployment of QKD systems.Funding Agencies|Horizon 2020 Framework Programme [820466]; H2020 Marie Skodowska-Curie Actions [713729]; Ceniit Linkoping University; Swedish Research Council [2017-04470]; QuantERA grant SECRET [2019-00392]; MCIN; European Union NextGenerationEU [PRTR-C17.I1]; DGR-Next Generation Catalonia [CEX2019-000910-S]; Fundacio Cellex; Fundacio Mir-Puig; Generalitat de Catalunya through CERCA</p