Advanced analytics pricing for the calculation of post-covid19 scenarios in automobile insurance

The reduction in mobility during the COVID19 pandemic has led to a reduction in the accident claims rate in motor insurance. Insurance companies will need to calculate pricing scenarios for possible changes in transportation habits, using data from 2020. We show how some Machine Learning methods (decision trees and gradient boosting) can be used to evaluate pricing scenarios and we propose a strategy to correct the circumstances of exposure to risk that have occurred during the pandemic. We conclude that it is possible to use the existing information during the lockdown period provided that changes in the portfolios can be identified and corrected, and assessing whether or not the impact is homogeneous by risk group

Notas sobre la construcción del proyecto arquitectónico en Enric Miralles

Se intentará ofrecer una visión global del método de trabajo de Enric Miralles analizando los diferentes ámbitos de actuación en los que se sumerge al idear la arquitectura, así como describir las diferentes concepciones y «técnicas de trabajo» utilizadas en el proceso.Peer Reviewe

Navigating in Time. Notes on Enric Miralles’ Approach to Work

[EN] After winning his first contest, Cemetery Nuevo de Igualada, Enric Miralles travels to Stockholm to visit the Woodland Cemetery, where he comes in contact with the work of Asplund.  He then develops an extraordinary interest for the architect’s personal approach, the local landscape and Nordic architecture at large. He feels attracted to the way Asplund’s work relates to the more subtle and psychological aspects of architecture as well as his apparent awareness of time and natural rhythms as key players in it - always from a place of radical subjectivity and an essential human feeling which strives to confer sense upon constructed space. Another fundamental and inseparable basic value to add to the aforementioned would be the importance of approaching the project with absolute honesty and a pure spirit -ingenious, generous, receptive to each situation and alert to the voice of intuition. By this means, a unique and original response is generated by each circumstance - and the arena of preconceived automatisms altogether avoided. Reading the words of Miralles, Asplund, Aalto, Peter Smithson as well as their analogies with other disciplines gives one a better understanding of such projecting methodology.[ES] Tras ganar su primer concurso, el Cementerio Nuevo de Igualada, Enric Miralles viaja a Estocolmo para visitar el Cementerio del Bosque, entrando así en contacto con la obra de Asplund. Miralles se interesa extraordinariamente por su enfoque arquitectónico, por el propio personaje y por la arquitectura nórdica en general. De Asplund le atrae el cuidado con que su trabajo se relaciona con los aspectos psicológicos más sutiles de la arquitectura, y su consciencia del papel clave del tiempo y de  los ritmos de la naturaleza como lo único capaz -siempre desde la radical subjetividad de la mirada y sentimiento humano- de generar y dar sentido al espacio construido. A estos valores básicos se suma otro fundamental e indisociable de ellos: abordar el proyecto desde la más absoluta honestidad, con espíritu limpio -ingenuo, generoso-, receptivo a cada situación y atento a las respuestas de la propia intuición. Se genera así una respuesta única y original  en cada circunstancia, evitando todo automatismo o artificio preconcebido. Las palabras de Miralles, Asplund, Aalto, Peter Smithson y las analogías con otras disciplinas permitirán un mejor entendimiento de esta forma de proyectar.Bigas Vidal, M.; Bravo Farré, L. (2020). Navegar en el tiempo. Apuntes sobre enfoques de trabajo en Enric Miralles. EN BLANCO. Revista de Arquitectura. 12(29):120-132. https://doi.org/10.4995/eb.2020.14271OJS1201321229Alto, Alvar. "The Stockholm Exhibition I ." En Göran Schildt, Sketches, 15-17. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978.Alto, Alvar. "E.G. Asplund in memorian." En Göran Schildt, Sketches, 66-67. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978.Bravo, Luís y Gustavo Contepomi. "Conversación con Enric Miralles." En "El País Fértil. Notas para una Pedagogía del Proyecto." Tesis doctoral, Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, 2009.Deren, Maya. An Anagram of Ideas on Art, Form, and Film. New York: The Alicat Book Press, 1946. Citado por Josep Quetglas, en Breviario de Ronchamp. Madrid: Ediciones asimétricas, 2017.Miralles, Enric. "Una conversación con Enric Miralles." Entrevistado por Alejandro Zaera. El Croquis no. 72, Madrid 1995.Miralles, Enric. "Apuntes de una conversación informal con Enric Miralles." Entrevistado por Tuñon, E. y Moreno Mansilla, L. El Croquis no. 100-101, (2002): 8-21.Miralles, Enric. "Miralles Tagliabue. Arquitecturas del tiempo." Entrevistado por Anatxu Zabalbeascoa. Time Architecture 4, Barcelona, 1999.Miralles, Enric. Obras y proyectos. Milan: Skyra, 2002.Miralles, Enric. "Es aixó de Jujol?." Quaderns no. 179-180, COAC (1988): 52-55.Ruskin, John. Praeterita. Oxford: University Press, 1978.Sánchez Ferlosio, Rafael. Las semanas del jardín. Barcelona: Ediciones Destino, 2003.Smithson, Peter. "Peter Smithson." Entrevistado por Anatxu Zabalbeascoa. El País, Arquitectura, 8 abril, 2000

Modulació del canvi d'isotip de les immunoglobulines per senyals del sistema immunitari innat

Els limfòcits B madurs emergeixen del moll de l'os i continuen diversificant el seu repertori genètic d'immunoglobulines a través de dos processos que depenen de la presència d'antigen, la hipermutació somàtica (SHM, per les seves sigles en anglès) i el canvi d'isotip (CSR). Ambdós processos requereixen AID, un enzim capaç d'editar el DNA, i tenen lloc predominantment als centres germinals, on els limfòcits B interaccionen amb antígens peptídics presentats per limfòcits T (respostes dependents de limfòcits T, TD). Estudis recents demostren com els limfòcits B reben ajuda addicional de cèl·lules del sistema immunitari innat, com són cèl·lules NKT, cèl·lules dendrítiques, i granulòcits, com neutròfils, eosinòfils i basòfils. Aquestes cèl·lules del sistema immunitari innat milloren les respostes TD, ja que aporten senyalització que ajuda als limfòcits B en diferents compartiments, com el centre germinal, centres postgerminals o el moll de l'os. A més de complementar l'activitat dels limfòcits B en respostes TD, les cèl·lules del sistema immunitari innat poden iniciar respostes independents de T en zones específiques com la mucosa i la zona marginal de la melsa. En aquests casos els limfòcits B inicien respostes que donen lloc a una ràpida generació d'anticossos. En aquesta revisió discutirem els avenços recents en la modulació del canvi d'isotip en limfòcits B produïts per cèl·lules del sistema immunitari innat.Mature B cells emerging from bone marrow further diversify their Ig genes through two antigen-dependent processes known as somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). These processes require AID, a DNA-editing enzyme. B cells are engaged in a T-cell-dependent (TD) antibody response against protein antigens predominantly in germinal centres. Recent evidence shows that B cells receive additional help from invariant natural killer T cells, dendritic cells and various granulocytes, including neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. These innate immune cells enhance T-cell-dependent antibody responses by delivering B-cell helper signals both in the germinal centre and at postgerminal centre lymphoid sites such as the bone marrow. In addition to enhancing and complementing the B-cell helper activity of canonical T cells, invariant natural killer T cells, dendritic cells and granulocytes can deliver T-cell-independent B-cell helper signals at the mucosal interface and in the marginal zone of the spleen to initiate rapid innate-like antibody responses. In this paper we discuss recent advances in the role of innate cells in B-cell helper signals and in antibody diversification and production

A correlation sensitivity analysis of non-life underwriting risk in solvency capital requirement estimation [WP]

This paper analyses the impact of using different correlation assumptions between lines of business when estimating the risk-based capital reserve, the Solvency Capital Requirement -SCR-, under Solvency II regulations. A case study is presented and the SCR is calculated according to the Standard Model approach. Alternatively, the requirement is then calculated using an Internal Model based on a Monte Carlo simulation of the net underwriting result at a one-year horizon, with copulas being used to model the dependence between lines of business. To address the impact of these model assumptions on the SCR we conduct a sensitivity analysis. We examine changes in the correlation matrix between lines of business and address the choice of copulas. Drawing on aggregate historical data from the Spanish non-life insurance market between 2000 and 2009, we conclude that modifications of the correlation and dependence assumptions have a significant impact on SCR estimation

A correlation sensitivity analysis of non-life underwriting risk in solvency capital requirement estimation

This paper analyses the impact of using different correlation assumptions between lines of business when estimating the risk-based capital reserve, the solvency capital requirement (SCR), under Solvency II regulations. A case study is presented and the SCR is calculated according to the standard model approach. Alternatively, the requirement is then calculated using an internal model based on a Monte Carlo simulation of the net underwriting result at a one-year horizon, with copulas being used to model the dependence between lines of business. To address the impact of these model assumptions on the SCR, we conduct a sensitivity analysis. We examine changes in the correlation matrix between lines of business and address the choice of copulas. Drawing on aggregate historical data from the Spanish non-life insurance market between 2000 and 2009, we conclude that modifications of the correlation and dependence assumptions have a significant impact on SCR estimation