Discursos presidenciales en Uruguay enfoque desde el análisis estadístico de texto

The textual data analysis origin is based on the analyzes carried out mainly on literary works, which include a recount of all Bible’s words and the presentation of the first catalog of book classification of a library. At the beginning of 1900 these ideas are extended, giving rise to summaries generation of long texts, based on the analysis of frequencies and measures of relative significance of each term within a given text. From a formal statistical perspective, the text data processing takes hold when the Factorial Correspondence Analysis arises, developed for linguistic databases treatment. Now a day, the textual data statistical analysis has been sold and has increased its implementation. Among the main fields of application are: market analysis, web searches and journalistic studies, studies of psychology, education and sociology. The analyzed texts are organized and structured together in a single element. Thus, the textual data statistical analysis is defined as the process of extracting information from that element. This paper analyzes, from this perspective, of four presidential speeches in Uruguay, corresponding to Julio María Sanguinetti and Tabaré Vázquez. Both come from different ideological / political sectors, traditionally opposed / rivals and each has been part of the opposition government, during the mandate of each other. The presented results are multidimensional descriptive and are complemented by visualization elements, a tool typically used in textual data statistical analysis. The main results obtained show the difference that exists in the speeches, both at the level of the candidate and the period.El origen del análisis de datos textuales se remonta a los análisis realizados sobre obras literarias, destacándose un recuento de las palabras de la Biblia y el primer catálogo de clasificación de libros de una biblioteca. A principios de 1900 estas ideas se extienden dando lugar a la generación de resúmenes de largos textos, mediante análisis de frecuencias y medidas de significación relativa de cada término dentro de un texto. Desde una perspectiva estadística, el tratamiento de datos textuales se afianza cuando surge el Análisis Factorial de Correspondencias, desarrollado para el trato de datos lingüísticos. Actualmente, el análisis estadístico de textos se ha expendido y ha ido incrementando su implementación, dejando de lado las aplicaciones únicamente a obras literarias. Los principales ámbitos de aplicación son: análisis de mercado, búsquedas web, periodismo, psicología y educación, sociología y politología. Los textos analizados se estructuran de forma conjunta en un único elemento. Así, el análisis estadístico de datos textuales se define como el proceso de extraer información de dicho elemento. En este trabajo se realiza un análisis, desde esta perspectiva, de cuatro discursos presidenciales de Uruguay, correspondientes a Julio María Sanguinetti y Tabaré Vázquez. Ambos provienen de sectores ideológicos/políticos distintos, tradicionalmente opuestos/rivales y cada uno ha formado parte del gobierno como oposición, durante el mandato del otro. Los resultados son de carácter descriptivo multidimensional y se complementan con elementos de visualización. Los principales resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto la diferencia que existe en los discursos, a nivel tanto de candidato como de período

The effects of native shrub, fencing, and acorn size on the emergence of contrasting co-occurring oak in Mediterranean grazed areas

Producción CientíficaResearch Highlights: The regeneration of Quercus species is usually very difficult in many oak woodlands transformed by livestock farming. Some studies have reported that shrubs can facilitate regeneration. However, the strength of interaction may vary depending on, among other factors, the shrub species and the stress tolerance of the oak species. Moreover, further studies are necessary to clarify the relative importance of the two facilitation mechanisms in the same community. Background and Objectives: Cytisus multiflorus (L’Her.) Sweet is a predominant shrub species in the Mediterranean grazed open-oak-woodlands found in the central west of the Iberian Peninsula (bioclimatic limit) and is present with Quercus pyrenaicaWilld and Quercus ilex subsp. ballota Samp trees. Thus, we assessed the effect of these native shrubs and acorn size, and the effect of excluding large herbivores, on the seedling emergence of two contrasting co-occurring Quercus species under a bioclimatic limit. Materials and Methods: A manipulative field experiment was carried out considering four treatments as a combination of shrubs (shrub/no-shrub) and fence (fenced/open) factors. A total of twenty plots, five replicates for each treatment were available. In each plot, 20 acorns were sown: 10 acorns (5 small and 5 large) for each Quercus species. Acorn emergence was recorded during the first four years following the sowing. Results: Seedling emergence took place mostly in the spring of the first year after sowing. The presence of shrub was the main significant factor and incremented the emergence of both Q. ilex and Q. pyrenaica. The effect of the fence depended on the Quercus species considered, improving only the emergence of Q. pyrenaica. A negative effect with the small acorns was detected but only for Q. pyrenaica. In all treatments, Q. ilex emerged more than Q. pyrenaica. Conclusions: C. multiflorus had a clear facilitative effect on the seedling emergence of Q. ilex and Q. pyrenaica, which was much greater than the physical effect that acorn size and excluding large herbivores had. As such, this native shrub may have a key role in oak regeneration in Mediterranean grazed areas. Furthermore, in these areas of contact between marcescent and sclerophyllous Quercus species, Q. ilex currently emerges more than Q. pyrenaica. This could be indicative of a shift towards more xeric climatic conditions, which could lead to a change in the dominant tree species in the future. However, this change could be modulated by the effects of native shrub and large herbivores.Junta de Castilla y León - (Project SA013G19)Universidad de Salamanca - (Programa de financiación de grupos de investigación (2014/00165/001)

The Effects of Native Shrub, Fencing, and Acorn Size on the Emergence of Contrasting Co-Occurring Oak in Mediterranean Grazed Areas

[ENG]Research Highlights: The regeneration of Quercus species is usually very difficult in many oak woodlands transformed by livestock farming. Some studies have reported that shrubs can facilitate regeneration. However, the strength of interaction may vary depending on, among other factors, the shrub species and the stress tolerance of the oak species. Moreover, further studies are necessary to clarify the relative importance of the two facilitation mechanisms in the same community. Background and Objectives: Cytisus multiflorus (L’Her.) Sweet is a predominant shrub species in the Mediterranean grazed open-oak-woodlands found in the central west of the Iberian Peninsula (bioclimatic limit) and is present with Quercus pyrenaicaWilld and Quercus ilex subsp. ballota Samp trees. Thus, we assessed the effect of these native shrubs and acorn size, and the effect of excluding large herbivores, on the seedling emergence of two contrasting co-occurring Quercus species under a bioclimatic limit. Materials and Methods: A manipulative field experiment was carried out considering four treatments as a combination of shrubs (shrub/no-shrub) and fence (fenced/open) factors. A total of twenty plots, five replicates for each treatment were available. In each plot, 20 acorns were sown: 10 acorns (5 small and 5 large) for each Quercus species. Acorn emergence was recorded during the first four years following the sowing. Results: Seedling emergence took place mostly in the spring of the first year after sowing. The presence of shrub was the main significant factor and incremented the emergence of both Q. ilex and Q. pyrenaica. The effect of the fence depended on the Quercus species considered, improving only the emergence of Q. pyrenaica. A negative effect with the small acorns was detected but only for Q. pyrenaica. In all treatments, Q. ilex emerged more than Q. pyrenaica. Conclusions: C. multiflorus had a clear facilitative effect on the seedling emergence of Q. ilex and Q. pyrenaica, which was much greater than the physical effect that acorn size and excluding large herbivores had. As such, this native shrub may have a key role in oak regeneration in Mediterranean grazed areas. Furthermore, in these areas of contact between marcescent and sclerophyllous Quercus species, Q. ilex currently emerges more than Q. pyrenaica. This could be indicative of a shift towards more xeric climatic conditions, which could lead to a change in the dominant tree species in the future. However, this change could be modulated by the effects of native shrub and large herbivores

Una Alternativa al Algoritmo Chaid de Segmentación Basada en Entropía.

The CHAID (Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detection) treebased segmentation technique has been found to be an effective approach for obtaining meaningful segments that are predictive of a K-category (nominal or ordinal) criterion variable. CHAID was designed to detect, in an automatic way, the  nteraction between several categorical or ordinal predictors in explaining a categorical response, but, this may not be true when Simpson’s paradox is present. This is due to the fact that CHAID is a forward selection algorithm based on the marginal counts. In this paper we propose a backwards elimination algorithm that starts with the full set of predictors (or full tree) and eliminates predictors progressively. The elimination procedure is based on Conditional Independence contrasts using the concept of entropy. The proposed procedure is compared to CHAID.La técnica de segmentación basada en árboles CHAID (Detección Automática de Interacción basada en el Chi Cuadrado, o Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detection, por sus siglas en inglés) ha mostrado ser útil para obtener segmentos significativos que sean predictivos de una variable criterio de K categorías (nominal u ordinal).CHAID fue diseñado para detectar, de manera automática, la interacción entre  varios predictores categóricos u ordinales para explicar una respuesta categórica,  pero esto puede no ser cierto cuando se presenta la paradoja de Simpson. Esto se debe al hecho de que CHAID es un algoritmo de selección hacia adelante basado en conteos marginales. En este artículo proponemos un algoritmo de eliminación hacia atrás que empieza con el conjunto completo de predictores (o árbol completo) y elimina progresivamente predictores. El procedimiento de eliminación está basado en contrastes de independencia condicional usando el concepto de entropía. El procedimiento propuesto es comparado con CHAID

A Statistical Approach to Macrofungal Diversity in a Mediterranean Ecosystem of the Iberian Peninsula Dominated by the Holm Oak (Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.)

The fungal biodiversity associated with a stable plant community appears to vary from year to year. To analyse the annual behaviour in the formation of fruiting bodies, a statistical study of the data obtained for 4 years (2009–2012) in an apparently undisturbed Mediterranean ecosystem dominated by the holm oak (Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.), located in the Midwest of the Iberian Peninsula, was carried out. These data were related to the main meteorological variables. The 150 species collected showed a significant annual, monthly, and weekly difference in their fruiting during the collection period. All this implies a variation in the annual fungal fruiting which can modify the moment of when maximum peaks of fruiting appear, their duration, and the number of species that compose them. In addition, the results make it possible to establish an annual behaviour pattern, with sporocarp formation throughout the year and four fruiting groups (two of them in the dry season). They also allow for inferring a possible response to climate change, with a delay in the fruiting of the autumn-winter group and earlier fruit bearing in the winter-spring group.macrofungifield samplingfungal fruitingMediterranean forestsQuercus ilexPublishe

Memory and Executive Dysfunction Predict Complex Activities of Daily Living Impairment in Amnestic Multi-Domain Mild Cognitive Impairment

[EN]Background: Specific cognitive alterations could be one of the predictors that lead to the complex activities of daily living (CADL) impairment in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and, hence, help to explain the continuum between MCI and dementia. Objective: We aimed to reevaluate the existing uncertainty regarding the impact of memory and executive functions on CADL in patients with MCI. Methods: Caregivers of 161 patients with amnestic multi-domain MCI and of 150 patients with incipient Alzheimer’s disease as well as 100 age-, sex-, and education-matched controls, completed the Interview for Deterioration in Daily Living Activities in Dementia, a suitable instrument for the description and discrimination of CADL. In addition, all patients and controls were assessed with a neuropsychological battery to measure explicit memory and executive functions performance. Results: Multiple regression analyses showed that in the group of patients with amnestic multi-domain MCI, 67.4% of the variability of the CADL impairment was explained by worse performance on executive functions tests (p < 0.0001) and 41.8% by different explicit memory components impairment (p < 0.0001). Further, in patients with incipient AD, 44.0% of the variability of CADL impairment was explained by worse performance on executive functions tests (p < 0.0001) and 39.9% by different explicit memory components worsening (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Memory and executive functions alterations impact similarly on the CADL in both amnestic multi-domain MCI and incipient Alzheimer’s disease. Given the continuum that exists between both conditions, we conclude that CADL impairment may be an important early step in the evolution towards Alzheimer’s disease from amnestic multi-domain MCI

Evolución de Studium. Despliegue de la plataforma moodle 2.x

Memoria ID-2012.001. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2012-2013

Caracterización multivariante de los perfiles de las mujeres en situación laboral irregular: el caso de Salamanca

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de un estudio, el primero de estas características a nivel de la Comunidad de Castilla y León, cuyo objetivo es identificar los perfiles socioeconómicos de las mujeres salmantinas, en situación de irregularidad laboral, en comparación con las características de las mujeres que desarrollan su actividad en un marco laboral regular