The humanitarian emergency in Burundi: evaluation of the operational strategy for management of nutritional crisis

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the impact and appropriateness of programmes for the management and treatment of severe malnutrition in emergency situations.DesignA central unified database was set up with all data and statistics provided by nutritional centres (NC) active in Burundi.SettingThe paper describes the case of Burundi as an example of the response of the humanitarian community to nutritional crisis.SubjectsSince 1999, more than one million (1 054 210) severely malnourished patients were treated in NC established in Burundi.ResultsPeaks of beneficiaries were registered in 2000 and 2001; the admission rate started to decrease in 2002. In 2004, twenty therapeutic feeding centres (TFC) and 224 supplementary feeding centres (SFC) were active for the treatment of 127 420 beneficiaries. Nutritional programmes were present in every province with a coverage rate of 55 %. The most convincing impact of the nutritional programme in Burundi was the reduction of mortality rate in children under 5 years of age; an impact on the prevalence of acute malnutrition could not be demonstrated. Children under 5 years old accounted for 62 % of beneficiaries in TFC and 76 % in SFC. TFC performance indicators fulfilled the minimum standards in disaster response; the performance of SFC was not so optimal with a low recovery rate (69 % v. >80 %) and a high non-respondent rate (16 % v. <5 %). With the combination of coverage and cure rate, the programme met 44 % of the assessed needs in 2004.ConclusionsIn Burundi the stabilisation of security conditions permitted a combination of humanitarian responses ranging from emergency activities to strengthening of community-based initiatives that could correct the coverage and impact limitations

Search for the genome of bovine herpesvirus types 1, 4 and 5 in bovine semen

Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) causes respiratory and reproductive disorders in cattle. Recently, bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) and bovine herpesvirus type 4 (BoHV-4) have been identified to be associated with genital disease. In this study, the presence of the genome of BoHV-1, BoHV-4 and BoHV-5 in bovine semen of Argentinean and international origin was analyzed by PCR assays. The most important finding of this study is the detection of the genome of BoHV-1 and BoHV-4 in semen of bulls maintained at artificial insemination centers. It is particularly relevant that BoHV-1 DNA was also identified in one sample of international origin suggesting the need for extensive quality control measures on international transport of bovine semen.Fil: Moran, P. E.. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires.. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Favier, P. A.. Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva. Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica. Fondo para la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica; ArgentinaFil: Lomonaco, M.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Catena, María. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires.. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Chiapparrone, María Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tandil. Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires.. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Odeon, Anselmo Carlos. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Verna, Andrea Elizabeth. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Perez, Sandra. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tandil. Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentin

Molecular Characterization of the First Bovine Herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) Strains Isolated from In Vitro Bovine Embryos production in Argentina

Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) is increasingly considered as responsible for various problems of the reproductive tract. The virus infects mainly blood mononuclear cells and displays specific tropism for vascular endothelia, reproductive and fetal tissues. Epidemiological studies suggest its impact on reproductive performance, and its presence in various sites in the reproductive tract highlights its potential transmission in transfer-stage embryos. This work describes the biological and genetic characterization of BoHV-4 strains isolated from an in vitro bovine embryo production system. BoHV-4 strains were isolated in 2011 and 2013 from granulosa cells and bovine oocytes from ovary batches collected at a local abattoir, used as “starting material” for in vitro production of bovine embryos. Compatible BoHV-4-CPE was observed in the co-culture of granulosa cells and oocytes with MDBK cells. The identity of the isolates was confirmed by PCR assays targeting three ORFs of the viral genome. The phylogenetic analyses of the strains suggest that they were evolutionary unlinked. Therefore it is possible that BoHV-4 ovary infections occurred regularly along the evolution of the virus, at least in Argentina, which can have implications in the systems of in vitro embryo production. Thus, although BoHV-4 does not appear to be a frequent risk factor for in vitro embryo production, data are still limited. This study reveals the potential of BoHV-4 transmission via embryo transfer. Moreover, the high variability among the BoHV-4 strains isolated from aborted cows in Argentina highlights the importance of further research on the role of this virus as an agent with the potential to cause reproductive disease in cattle. The genetic characterization of the isolated strains provides data to better understand the pathogenesis of BoHV-4 infections. Furthermore, it will lead to fundamental insights into the molecular aspects of the virus and the means by which these strains circulate in the herds.EEA BalcarceFil: Gonzalez Altamiranda, Erika Analia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; ArgentinaFil: Manrique, Julieta Marina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ciencias Naturales - Sede Trelew; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Perez, Sandra. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Rios, Glenda Laura. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; ArgentinaFil: Odeón, Anselmo Carlos. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; ArgentinaFil: Leunda, Maria Rosa. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; ArgentinaFil: Jones, Leandro Roberto. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ciencias Naturales - Sede Trelew; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Verna, Andrea Elizabeth. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentin

A assistência farmacêutica básica numa Comissão Intergestores Regional: avaliação e ação compartilhada para organização

ABSTRACT - Introduction: Determining how primary pharmaceutical assistance is structured allows us to establish situational diagnoses and to visualize possible implications for an essential part of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Methods: We evaluated pharmaceutical services of all municipalities that compose the Regional Inter-Agency Committee on Health of Ourinhos-São Paulo (CIR-Ourinhos-SP) through structure, process, and outcome indicators, and, in a shared way, we proposed actions to qualify the practice. We conducted direct observations of drugs, records, documents, interviews with pharmacists, and visits to health care centers, totaling 12 municipalities, 41 health care centers, and 3 pharmaceutical supply services. Results: In the thematic workshop carried out with municipal representatives, we found that 68.33% of health care centers and 70% of pharmaceutical supply services met good storage practices. We verified an average of 0.85 pharmacists per unit and the presence of 88.91% of marker drugs. Workshop proposals were sent to managers and pharmacists responsible for pharmaceutical assistance of 12 municipalities. Conclusions: Most indicators were below the established standards, demonstrating the need for adjustments in the infrastructure and provision of training for professionals.RESUMO - Introdução: A apuração de como as Assistências Farmacêuticas Básicas (AFB) municipais estão estruturadas permite o delineamento do diagnóstico situacional e visualização de possíveis implicações em parte essencial do Sistema Único de Saúde. Métodos: Avaliamos as AFB de todos os municípios que compõem a Comissão Intergestores Regional de Saúde de Ourinhos-SP (CIR-Ourinhos- SP), por meio de indicadores de estrutura, processo e resultado, e propôs-se, de forma compartilhada, ações para qualificar a prática. Foram realizadas observações diretas em medicamentos, cadastros, documentos, entrevistas com farmacêuticos, visitas às unidades de saúde (US), perfazendo 12 municípios, 41 US e 03 Centrais de Abastecimento Farmacêutico (CAF). Resultados: Na oficina temática realizada com os representantes municipais verificou- se, entre outras coisas, que 68,33% das US e 70% das CAF, cumpriam as boas práticas de armazenamento. Foi encontrada a média de 0,85 farmacêutico por unidade e presença de 88,91% de medicamentos marcadores. As propostas da Oficina foram encaminhadas aos gestores e farmacêuticos responsáveis pelas AFB dos 12 municípios. Conclusões: A maioria dos indicadores ficou abaixo dos padrões estabelecidos, demonstrando a necessidade de adequações na infraestrutura e de oferta de capacitações para as os profissionais.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mosquito-Borne Diseases and ‘One Health’: The Northwestern Italian Experience

In Italy, the surveillance of Mosquito-Borne Diseases (MBDs) is regulated by two national preparedness plans: (1) for West Nile and Usutu viruses, integrating human and veterinary surveillance in order to early detect viruses circulation and to quickly apply control measures aimed at reducing the risk of transmission through blood and blood components and (2) for Arbovirosis transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, mainly Chikungunya, Dengue and Zika viruses, based on surveillance of both imported and autochthonous human cases. This chapter reports the results of the application of these National Plans in Northwestern Italy and their impact for human health. In detail, we present the coordinated activities enforced in Piemonte and Liguria Regions, as a good example of the ‘One Health approach’ to control MBDs and prevent human transmission

Ectrodactilia en un perro ovejero alemán

The authors report a case of ectrodactyly in a 5-month-old German Shepherd. It is a description of the pathology aspects and the radiological characteristics of it. The limited information we have about this type of deformations contribute to disclose the different aspects of ectrodactyly while discussing the therapeutic management to adopt.Los autores informan la presentación de un caso de ectrodactilia en un cachorro ovejero alemán de 5 meses de edad. Se hace descripción de los aspectos de la anatomía patológica y características radiológicas de la misma. La escasa información que se posee de este tipo de deformaciones contribuye en divulgar los distintos aspectos de la ectrodactilia y a la vez discutir la conducta terapéutica a adoptar DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.19137/cienvet2013-1511

Factors associated with preventable infant death: a multiple logistic regression

OBJECTIVE: To identify and analyze factors associated with preventable child deaths. METHODS: This analytical cross-sectional study had preventable child mortality as dependent variable. From a population of 34,284 live births, we have selected a systematic sample of 4,402 children who did not die compared to 272 children who died from preventable causes during the period studied. The independent variables were analyzed in four hierarchical blocks: sociodemographic factors, the characteristics of the mother, prenatal and delivery care, and health conditions of the patient and neonatal care. We performed a descriptive statistical analysis and estimated multiple hierarchical logistic regression models. RESULTS: Approximatelly 35.3% of the deaths could have been prevented with the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases during pregnancy and 26.8% of them could have been prevented with better care conditions for pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS: The following characteristics of the mother are determinant for the higher mortality of children before the first year of life: living in neighborhoods with an average family income lower than four minimum wages, being aged ≤ 19 years, having one or more alive children, having a child with low APGAR level at the fifth minute of life, and having a child with low birth weight

Can the primary health care model affect the determinants of neonatal, post-neonatal and maternal mortality? A study from Brazil

The state of SAo Paulo recorded a significant reduction in infant mortality from 1990 to 2013, but the desired reduction in maternal mortality was not achieved. Knowledge of the factors with impact on these indicators would be of help in formulating public policies. The aims of this study were to evaluate the relations between socioeconomic and demographic factors, health care model and both infant mortality (considering the neonatal and post-neonatal dimensions) and maternal mortality in the state of SAo Paulo, Brazil.MethodsIn this ecological study, data from national official open sources were used to conduct a population-based study. The units analyzed were 645 municipalities in the state of SAo Paulo, Brazil. For each municipality, the infant mortality (in both neonatal and post-neonatal dimensions) and maternal mortality rates were calculated for every 1000 live births, referring to 2013. Subsequently, the association between these rates, socioeconomic variables, demographic models and the primary care organization model in the municipality were verified. For statistical analysis, we used the zero-inflated negative binomial model. Gross analysis was performed and then multiple regression models were estimated. For associations, we adopted p at 5%.ResultsThe increase in the HDI of the city and proportion of Family Health Care Strategy implemented were significantly associated with the reduction in both infant mortality (neonatal + post-neonatal) and maternal mortality rates. In turn, the increase in birth and caesarean delivery rates were associated with the increase in infant and maternal mortality rates.ConclusionsIt was concluded that the Family Health Care Strategy was a Primary Care organization model that contributed to the reduction in infant (neonatal + post-neonatal) and maternal mortality rates, and so did actors such as HDI and cesarean section. Thus, public health managers should prefer this model when planning the organization of Primary Care services for the population1

Parámetros biocinematicos del caballo criollo argentino

La biocinemática del caballo posee relevancia para diagnosticar y evaluar afecciones osteoarticulares, realizar terapia de rehabilitación, fisioterapia y contribuir con programas de selección de reproductores por la alta-media heredabilidad que poseen. La ausencia de información de estos parámetros del caballo de la raza Criollo Argentino y la amplia difusión que posee la raza en el país y en el medio en el que se encuentra inserta la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias de la UNLPam, motivó proceder a analizar las variables biocinemáticas del caballo de esta raza. Se emplearon 10 yeguas de un haras de Criollos Argentinos ubicado en el Departamento Maracó, La Pampa, Argentina. A los animales les fueron adheridos marcadores reflectantes en sitios anatómicos predeterminados y se los hizo marchar al trote llevados de la mano en pista de arena a la vez que eran grabados en video digital a una distancia de 15 metros. Cada caballo hizo tres pasadas frente a la cámara. Las imágenes fueron introducidas en el software ImageJ 1.50b para establecer los ángulos máximos de extensión y flexión y la amplitud angular (AA) producto de la diferencia de ambos, de los ángulos de protracción-retracción de los miembros torácico y pelviano, ángulos de inclinación escapular (AIE) y pelviano (AIP) y de las articulaciones del hombro, codo, carpo, coxofemoral, rodilla, tarso y nudos torácico y pelviano durante una batida. La información de los ángulos se analizaron con el software Infostat para establecer las medidas de resumen de media y desvío estándar. En el miembro torácico se registró que el ángulo de protracción fue 22,989º (min: 16,945º max 27,951º), el AIE min: 58,066º máx: 70,202 AA 12,136º; el ángulo de retracción fue min: 6,843º máx 15,191º AA 10,419º; hombro: máx extensión 122,629º máxima flexión 114,87º AA 7,753º; codo: máxima flexión 129,431º máxima extensión 159,328º AA 29,896º; carpo en protracción del miembro 175,802º y en retracción 173,724º AA 2,07; nudo en protracción 159,499º y en retracción 146,451º AA 12,998º. Los ángulos del miembro pelviano en protracción 21,398º (min 18,435º máx 24,905º) y el de retracción fue 16,05º (min 9,866º máx 24,482º); el AIP máximo 31,279º y mínimo 25,977º la AA 5,302º; articulación coxofemoral máxima extensión 75,405º máxima flexión 91,768º AA 16,363º; articulación de la rodilla: máxima extensión 130,321º máxima flexión 115,106º AA 15,216º; tarso: máxima flexión 130,321º, extensión 115,106º AA 15,216º; nudo: 147,883º con el miembro en protracción y 138,204º en retracción. Se obtuvieron de una batida los resultados parciales de las variaciones angulares de los miembros del caballo Criollo Argentino correspondientes a las articulaciones del hombro, codo, carpo y nudo en el miembro torácico anterior y para las articulaciones de la cadera, rodilla, tarso y nudo en el miembro pelviano. También se obtuvieron los valores de inclinación de la escápula y de la pelvi