Biology and control of Rhizoctonia solani on rapeseed : A Review

Le Rhizoctonia solani AG2-1 est le principal agent pathogène causant la fonte des semis chez les plantules et les plantes matures (dessèchement prématuré des pieds) sur le colza et le canola (Brassica napus et B. râpa) dans l'Ouest canadien et aux États-Unis; les isolats du groupe AG4 affectent surtout les plantes adultes en causant le rhizoetone commun. L'infection des plantules par AG2-1 est favorisée par les températures fraîches au moment du semis, alors que les températures chaudes survenant tard au cours de la saison de croissance favorisent davantage l'infection des plantes matures par les isolats de AG4. Des données d'enquête montrent que le développement de la maladie est favorisé par une humidité du sol élevée, de bas niveaux d'azote, de phosphore et de potassium, ainsi que par des teneurs élevées en cuivre dans les sols à texture fine. Une résistance modérée chez la moutarde (Sinapis alba) et quelques autres espèces semblables semble être d'origine génétique et elle devrait être utilisée dans des programmes d'amélioration génétique. La carboxine et l'iprodione en mélange avec des insecticides gamma-HCH sont homologués au Canada comme traitements de semence afin de réprimer la fonte des semis et la pourriture racinaire des plantules, mais ce traitement ne réprime pas le dessèchement prématuré des pieds.Rhizoctonia solani AG2-1 is the principal pathogen causing damping-off and seedling and mature plant root rot (brown girdling root rot) in oilseed rape and canola (Brassica napus and B. rapa) in western Canada and the United States; AG4 isolates mainly attack adult plants and cause basai stem rot. Seedling infection by AG2-1 is favoured by cool weather atthe time of planting, whereas warm weather late in the growing season is more conducive for infection of mature plants by AG4 isolates. Survey data show that disease development is favoured by high soil moisture, low levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and high levels of copper in fine-textured soils. Moderate resistance in condiment mustard (Sinapis alba) and some other species appears to be genetically controlled and should be utilised in breeding programmes. Carboxin and iprodione in mixtures with insecticide gamma-HCH are recommended in Canada as seed treatments to control damping-off and seedling root rot, but do not control brown girdling root rot

Influence of soil moisture, seeding date, and Rhizoctonia solani isolates (AG2-1 and AG4) on disease incidence and yield in canola

Non-Peer Reviewe

The Use of Inhaled Nitric Oxide in the Management of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Patients\u27 Lung Function (PLF), Morbidity (M), and Death were the primary outcomes the researchers were interested in examining. The standard therapy, or the inhaled nitric oxide inhNO treatment, was administered to 30 ARDS patients divided into two groups. It has been shown that 0.5 to 40 ppm of inhNO is the ideal daily dosage. All treatment methods were standard. In 25% of ARDS Patients, sepsis was the underlying cause. In the first 24 hours after inhNO, patients had a considerable increase in their hypoxia score, from 114.2 to 170.4 mm Hg. Similar decreases in venous admixture also occurred in the inhNO group to the control group. InhNO did not continue to have any positive effects beyond the first day of therapy. Forty percent of the inhNO group remained alive and weaned off mechanical ventilation thirty days following randomization, whereas only 33.3% of the control group did so.  With Multiple Organ Failure Syndrome (MOFS) as the primary cause of death, the 30-day mortality rate for both groups was comparable. According to the research, inhNO might improve gas exchange but did not lower mortality in this group

Rhizobacterial influence on healthy stand establishment of canola grown in Rhizoctonia solani infested fields of Saskatchewan

Non-Peer ReviewedPre-emergence seedling damping-off, seedling blight, and brown girdling root rot caused by R. solani are important diseases of canola/rape seed in western Canada. Annual yield losses in excess of 20-30% have been reported in several infected fields. Cultural control methods or resistant cultivars are currently unavailable for these diseases. Chemical fungicides have been developed for use to control the disease, but the success rate has been varied. However, the use of chemicals is becoming less acceptable from an environmental point of view. Several studies indicated that biological control using plant growth promoting rhizobacteria may also be effective in controlling R. solani. Field plots were established in Saskatoon, Regina and Melfort, SK, in 1990, 1991 and 1992 to evaluate the potential of rhizobacterial strains as seed treatments to increase the healthy stand of canola CV. Westar grown in R. solani infested field. The bacteria were formulated either in sterile peat or in a liquid carrier and applied to seed just before planting. Bacterized seed were mechanically planted in replicated field plots artificially infested with R. solani. Final healthy stand was measured 30 days after planting. Grain yields were determined by harvesting the plots. Seed bacterization significantly increased the final healthy stand compared to non-bacterized controls. Strains which increased stand showed in vitro antagonistic activity to not only R. solani but also other pathogens such as Pythium ultimum, Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum. Some of these strains induced root elongation of canola under laboratory conditions. Rhizosphere colonization, chemical compatibility and shelf-life of the important bacteria will be discussed

Large-Eddy Simulations of Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence in Heliophysics and Astrophysics

We live in an age in which high-performance computing is transforming the way we do science. Previously intractable problems are now becoming accessible by means of increasingly realistic numerical simulations. One of the most enduring and most challenging of these problems is turbulence. Yet, despite these advances, the extreme parameter regimes encountered in space physics and astrophysics (as in atmospheric and oceanic physics) still preclude direct numerical simulation. Numerical models must take a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approach, explicitly computing only a fraction of the active dynamical scales. The success of such an approach hinges on how well the model can represent the subgrid-scales (SGS) that are not explicitly resolved. In addition to the parameter regime, heliophysical and astrophysical applications must also face an equally daunting challenge: magnetism. The presence of magnetic fields in a turbulent, electrically conducting fluid flow can dramatically alter the coupling between large and small scales, with potentially profound implications for LES/SGS modeling. In this review article, we summarize the state of the art in LES modeling of turbulent magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) ows. After discussing the nature of MHD turbulence and the small-scale processes that give rise to energy dissipation, plasma heating, and magnetic reconnection, we consider how these processes may best be captured within an LES/SGS framework. We then consider several special applications in heliophysics and astrophysics, assessing triumphs, challenges,and future directions

Desempenho de cultivares de couve-flor de verão em Ipameri

Com o propósito de avaliar o comportamento de seis cultivares de couve-flor de verão, quanto à produção e resistência à podridão negra (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris), instalou-se um experimento em campo, em Ipameri-GO, com o delineamento experimental em blocos completos casualizados com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Cada parcela experimental, de 10m², constou de 20 plantas distribuídas no espaçamento de 1,0m entre linhas e 0,5m entre plantas. Foram avaliadas as cultivares: híbridos 'Cindy', 'Sarah AF-1169', 'Sharon', 'Verona', 'Lisvera' e a variedade Piracicaba precoce. Os híbridos Verona e Sharon mostraram-se promissores para cultivo nas condições edafoclimáticas em que foram avaliados, com produtividades de 34,17 e 30,64t ha-1, respectivamente, e com moderados níveis de resistência à podridão negra. A variedade Piracicaba precoce apresentou produção inferior às dos melhores híbridos avaliados e moderada resistência à podridão negra. O híbrido Sarah não é recomendado para plantio na região de Ipameri-GO por apresentar baixa produção e baixa resistência à podridão negra.In order to evaluate the behavior of six cultivars of cauliflower summer, as production and resistance to black rot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris), installed a field experiment in Ipameri-GO, with the experimental in randomized complete blocks with six treatments and four replications. Each plot of 10m², consisting of 20 plants distributed at a spacing of 1.0m between rows and 0.5m between plants. We evaluated the cultivars: hybrids 'Cindy', 'Sarah AF-1169', 'Sharon', 'Verona', 'Lisvera' and the variety Piracicaba precoce. Hybrids Verona and Sharon proved promising for cultivation in the environmental conditions that were evaluated, with yields of 34.17 and 30.64t ha-1 respectively, and moderate levels of resistance to black rot. The variety Piracicaba precoce showed lower production of the best hybrids and moderate resistance to black rot. The hybrid Sarah is not recommended for planting in the region of Ipameri-GO due to its low production and low resistance to black rot.Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) Departamento de Melhoramento de PlantasUniversidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU) Departamento de Produção VegetalUNESP Departamento de Produção e Tecnologia de SementesUniversidade Estadual de Goiás (UEG)UNESP Departamento de Produção e Tecnologia de Semente

Pancreatic beta cell protection/regeneration with phytotherapy

Although currently available drugs are useful in controlling early onset complications of diabetes, serious late onset complications appear in a large number of patients. Considering the physiopathology of diabetes, preventing beta cell degeneration and stimulating the endogenous regeneration of islets will be essential approaches for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The current review focused on phytochemicals, the antidiabetic effect of which has been proved by pancreatic beta cell protection/regeneration. Among the hundreds of plants that have been investigated for diabetes, a small fraction has shown the regenerative property and was described in this paper. Processes of pancreatic beta cell degeneration and regeneration were described. Also, the proposed mechanisms for the protective/regenerative effects of such phytochemicals and their potential side effects were discussed