Evaluación de andropogon gayanus, centrosema acutifolium y pueraria phaseoloides en la cría de terneros destetados precozmente en los llanos orientales de colombia

Se midió el desarrollo corporal de terneros destetados a los tres meses de edad en pasturas de Andropogon gayanus, A. gayanus + Centrosema acutifolium y A. gayanus + Pueraria phaseoloides. Se utilizaron 10 terneros/tratamiento (70.3 ± 1.73 kg). El ensayo empezó en plena temporada de lluvias, que en este año fueron excesivas y afectaron negativamente la recuperación de las praderas. El desarrollo de los animales se redujo seriamente por la falta de forraje. Se hicieron algunas comparaciones subjetivas con un grupo de terneros que permaneció con sus madres en sabana nativa, hasta los nueve meses de edad, en la cual se realiza el destete tradicional. La cantidad de lluvia no permitió hacer comparaciones entre las pasturas. Los terneros destetados precozmente mostraron un desempeño muy pobre con respecto a los que permanecieron con sus madres; sin embargo, el grupo que pastoreó A. gayanus presentó los peores resultados en ganancia de peso vivo, porcentaje de proteína y minerales en suero, hematocrito, etc., muriendo tres animales por efecto del tratamiento. El destete precoz redujo el anestro posparto de las vacas y mejoró la recuperación de peso de las mismas.The development of early-weaned calves (three months old) in Andropogon gayanus, A. gayanus, Centrosema acutifolium and A. gayanus + Pueraria phaseoloides was investigated. Ten animals were used per treatment; the experiment beginning at the start of the rainy season. In this year 100 % and 45 % more rain fell in may and june respectively than the yearly average for these months. Several subjective comparison were made between the calves in the improved and group maintaned with their mothers in the native savannah until traditional early weaning occurs. The abnormally high rain-fall adverselty affected pasture recovery to the extent that it was impossible to make comparisons between the three pasture treatments. In general, however, all early-weaned calves did not perform as well as those remaining with their mothers. Results from the group in the pure stand of A. gayanus were the worst overall (live weight gains, protein and minerals in serum red blood cell), with three animals dying during the course of the trial. Early-weaning reduced anestrum pospartum and improved weight recovery of the cows

Efecto de la carga sobre la productividad de diferentes clases de animales en la asociación andropogon gayanus, melinis minutiflora y stylosanthes capitata

En el Centro Carimagua (ICA-CIAT) se investigaron los efectos de la disponibilidad de forraje y de la carga en praderas mejoradas sobre la productividad de diferentes clases de animales representativos de los sistemas de producción ganadera del área. Así mismo, se evaluó un sistema de pastoreo continuo donde se relacionaron las tasas de crecimiento de novillos de destete con otras clases de animales, tales como novillas de destete adultos machos para ceba y vacas viejas de descarte. E I diseño experimental fue completamente al azar. Para las estaciones de lluvias las cargas fueron 1.38, 1.85 Y 2.32 animales/ha y de 0.64, 0.85 y 1.07 para la estación seca. En la estación de lluvia I (1983), se detectó interacción significativa (P and lt; 0.05) de carga por clase de animal, con una media general de ganancia de peso de 379 q/an/día. En la estación lluviosa II (1984), el análisis de varianza presentó efecto significativo de las cargas y de las clases de animales. Las ganancias de peso tendieron a aumentar al disminuír la carga. Los machos tuvieron las mayores ganancias de peso. En la estación seca no se presentaron diferencias significativas (P and gt;0.05) ni entre carga ni entre clases de animales. Y la media general de ganancia de peso fue de 137 g/an/día.Experiments were carried out at Carimagua with the aim of investigating the effects of forage availability and stocking rate on the productivity of different classes of animal with in representative improved pasture beef production systems. In addition, a continuos grazing system was evaluated in an attemp to relate steer calf growth rates to other animal classes, such as weaned heifers, adult steers for fattening and cull cows.The experimental desings was completely randomized. The stocking rates were 1.38, 1.85 and 2.32 animals per ha and 0_64, 0.85 and 1.07 animals/ha for the wet dry seasons respectively. F or the first, a significant interaction (P and lt; 0.05) was found between stocking rate an class of animal, with an overall average of 379 g/animal/día. During the second rainy season, the average gain was 513 g/animal/ day. A significant interaction between stocking rates and animal classes was founded. Weight gains tended to increase as stocking rate decreased. Steers exhibited the heighest weight gains. During the dry season no significant differences (P and gt; 0.05) were found either between stocking rates of between animal classes; average weight gain was 137 g/animal/día for this season

Sustentabilidade de Brachiaria dictyoneura em três solos contrastantes do planalto colombiano. II. Experimentação com um modelo de simulação

Se utilizó un modelo de simulación validado para evaluar durante un período de 10 años, los niveles de N, P y K y el grado de compactación del suelo, el crecimiento de B. dictyoneura y la ganancia de peso de los novillos, bajo un sistema de producción típico de Colombia. llanuras altas. El experimento de simulación utilizó un diseño factorial de 10 × 3, siendo un factor los años y el otro la textura del suelo. Este último se definió como arcilloso, franco o arenoso según el contenido de arena (20, 38 y 70%, respectivamente). Se simuló un sistema de manejo en el cual los novillos se ponen a pasto al inicio de la estación seca (diciembre) por al menos cuatro meses, a una carga equivalente a un animal por hectárea (hasta fines de marzo), y luego hasta fines de la temporada de lluvias a dos animales / ha. Los resultados indican que, con base en el aumento de peso, la estabilidad de los nutrientes del suelo y el grado de compactación del suelo, los pastos de B. dictyoneura se adaptan mejor a suelos con 38% de arena. Esta textura se asocia con una mejor estabilidad de la pastura después de 10 años y una reducción menos progresiva del crecimiento de la pastura que los otros tipos de suelo simulados.A validated simulation model was used to evaluate over a 10-year period, the levels of N, P, and K and degree of soil compaction, growth of B. dictyoneura, and weight gain of steers, under a production system typical of the Columbian high plains. The simulation experiment used a 10 × 3 factorial design, one factor being years and the other soil texture. The latter was defined as clayey, loamy or sandy according to sand content (20, 38, and 70%, respectively). A management system was simulated in which steers are put on pasture at the beginning of the dry season (December) for at least four months, at a stocking rate equivalent to one animal per hectare (until late March), and then until the end of the rainy season at two animals/ha. The results indicate that, based on weight gain, stability of soil nutrients, and degree of soil compaction, B. dictyoneura pastures are best suited to soils with 38% sand. This texture is associated with better pasture stability after 10 years, and less progressive reduction in pasture growth, than the other soil types simulated.Um modelo de simulação validado foi usado para avaliar ao longo de um período de 10 anos, os níveis de N, P e K e o grau de compactação do solo, o crescimento de B. dictyoneura e o ganho de peso de novilhos, em um sistema de produção típico da região colombiana. planícies altas. O experimento de simulação usou um planejamento fatorial 10 × 3, sendo um fator os anos e o outro a textura do solo. Este último foi definido como argiloso, argiloso ou arenoso de acordo com o teor de areia (20, 38 e 70%, respectivamente). Foi simulado um sistema de manejo em que os novilhos são colocados a pasto no início da estação seca (dezembro) por pelo menos quatro meses, a uma taxa de lotação equivalente a um animal por hectare (até final de março), e daí até o final de a estação chuvosa em dois animais / ha. Os resultados indicam que, com base no ganho de peso, estabilidade dos nutrientes do solo e grau de compactação do solo, as pastagens de B. dictyoneura são mais adequadas para solos com 38% de areia. Essa textura está associada a melhor estabilidade da pastagem após 10 anos e menor redução progressiva no crescimento da pastagem do que os outros tipos de solo simulados

Efecto de la carga en el crecimiento y aparición de celos en novillas de levante en pastos Brachiaria humidicola, Melinis minutiflora y Desmodium ovalifolium.

En el presente trabajo se investigan los efectos de la disponibilidad de forraje y carga animal en las diferentes etapas del comportamiento reproductivo. Se estudió el efecto de la tasa de crecimiento sobre la edad del primer celo y la regularidad de los celos posteriores en novillas de levante en los pastos B. humidicola, M. minutiflora, D. oralifolium, con cargas ponderadas de 1.72, 2.35 y 3.23 animales/ha. Las cargas afectaron significativamente (P menor que 0.05) las ganancias de peso e interacturaon significativamente con la estación. La edad del primer celo estuvo relacionado con la edad y el peso de modo que las novillas de menor edad y mayor peso presentaron el primer celo antes que las demás. El estado de los ovarios dependió de la carga (P menor que 0.05) cuando las novillas se agruparon con la edad para el análisis de CHI2Pastos y forraje

The carbon footprint of young-beef cattle finishing systems in the Eastern Plains of the Orinoco River Basin of Colombia

Introduction: Previous research has shown increased productivity amongst sown grass pastures compared to native savanna pastures by year-round grazing for fattening of adult and young Brahman (Bos indicus)-bred cattle in the well-drained native savanna ecosystem of the Colombian Orinoquía. But there is limited information on the carbon footprint (CF) of commercial young-Brahman heifers and steers reared throughout life on well-managed Brachiaria decumbens Stapf pastures. Methods: The present study characterized growth, lifetime enteric methane (CH4) emissions, carcass carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-eq) CH4 efficiency intensities (i.e., emissions per kg of product), and estimated the overall CF of young cattle grazing B. decumbens pastures subject to a range of daily liveweight gains (DLWGs; 0.428 – 0.516 kg) and fattening framework (405 – 574 kg). Weaning data from seven consecutive calving seasons in a commercial Brahman breeding herd continuously grazed on B. decumbens were integrated with a Microsoft Excel® dynamic greenhouse gas emission (GHGE) simulation of stockers-yearlings, and seven fattening, and processing scenarios. Results: The model predicted that heifers subject to low and high DLWGs (0.428 vs 0.516 kg) and steers (0.516 kg) may be successfully fattened without supplementation assuming that animals had access to a well-managed grass pasture. Depending on the fattening strategy, kg CO2-eq CH4/kg edible protein values ranged from 66.843 to 87.488 ± 0.497 for heifers and from 69.689 to 91.291 ± 0.446 for steers. Discussion: Assuming that forage on offer is at least 1,500-2,000 kg of dry matter/ha during the rainy season, all the simulated systems showed potential for C neutrality and net-zero C emission when considering GHGEs from the soil, pasture, and animal components vs the estimated soil C capture over seven seasons. However, under a more optimistic scenario, these beef systems could accomplish substantial net gains of soil C, over the period for which field data are available. Overall, this study projects the positive impact of the design of plausible fattening strategies on grasslands for improving cattle productivity and reducing emission intensities with concomitant increases in technical efficiency

Relationship between olive oil consumption and ankle-brachial pressure index in a population at high cardiovascular risk

The aim of this study was to ascertain the association between the consumption of different categories of edible olive oils (virgin olive oils and olive oil) and olive pomace oil and ankle-brachial pressure index (ABI) in participants in the PREDIMED-Plus study, a trial of lifestyle modification for weight and cardiovascular event reduction in individuals with overweight/obesity harboring the metabolic syndrome. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the PREDIMED-Plus trial. Consumption of any category of olive oil and olive pomace oil was assessed through a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Multivariable linear regression models were fitted to assess associations between olive oil consumption and ABI. Additionally, ABI ≤1 was considered as the outcome in logistic models with different categories of olive oil and olive pomace oil as exposure. Results: Among 4330 participants, the highest quintile of total olive oil consumption (sum of all categories of olive oil and olive pomace oil) was associated with higher mean values of ABI (beta coefficient: 0.014, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.002, 0.027) (p for trend = 0.010). Logistic models comparing the consumption of different categories of olive oils, olive pomace oil and ABI ≤1 values revealed an inverse association between virgin olive oils consumption and the likelihood of a low ABI (odds ratio [OR] 0.73, 95% CI [0.56, 0.97]), while consumption of olive pomace oil was positively associated with a low ABI (OR 1.22 95% CI [1.00, 1.48]). Conclusions: In a Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk, total olive oil consumption was associated with a higher mean ABI. These results suggest that olive oil consumption may be beneficial for peripheral artery disease prevention, but longitudinal studies are needed

Global patient outcomes after elective surgery: prospective cohort study in 27 low-, middle- and high-income countries.

BACKGROUND: As global initiatives increase patient access to surgical treatments, there remains a need to understand the adverse effects of surgery and define appropriate levels of perioperative care. METHODS: We designed a prospective international 7-day cohort study of outcomes following elective adult inpatient surgery in 27 countries. The primary outcome was in-hospital complications. Secondary outcomes were death following a complication (failure to rescue) and death in hospital. Process measures were admission to critical care immediately after surgery or to treat a complication and duration of hospital stay. A single definition of critical care was used for all countries. RESULTS: A total of 474 hospitals in 19 high-, 7 middle- and 1 low-income country were included in the primary analysis. Data included 44 814 patients with a median hospital stay of 4 (range 2-7) days. A total of 7508 patients (16.8%) developed one or more postoperative complication and 207 died (0.5%). The overall mortality among patients who developed complications was 2.8%. Mortality following complications ranged from 2.4% for pulmonary embolism to 43.9% for cardiac arrest. A total of 4360 (9.7%) patients were admitted to a critical care unit as routine immediately after surgery, of whom 2198 (50.4%) developed a complication, with 105 (2.4%) deaths. A total of 1233 patients (16.4%) were admitted to a critical care unit to treat complications, with 119 (9.7%) deaths. Despite lower baseline risk, outcomes were similar in low- and middle-income compared with high-income countries. CONCLUSIONS: Poor patient outcomes are common after inpatient surgery. Global initiatives to increase access to surgical treatments should also address the need for safe perioperative care. STUDY REGISTRATION: ISRCTN5181700

Assessing performance of the Healthcare Access and Quality Index, overall and by select age groups, for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Health-care needs change throughout the life course. It is thus crucial to assess whether health systems provide access to quality health care for all ages. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019), we measured the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index overall and for select age groups in 204 locations from 1990 to 2019. Methods: We distinguished the overall HAQ Index (ages 0–74 years) from scores for select age groups: the young (ages 0–14 years), working (ages 15–64 years), and post-working (ages 65–74 years) groups. For GBD 2019, HAQ Index construction methods were updated to use the arithmetic mean of scaled mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs) and risk-standardised death rates (RSDRs) for 32 causes of death that should not occur in the presence of timely, quality health care. Across locations and years, MIRs and RSDRs were scaled from 0 (worst) to 100 (best) separately, putting the HAQ Index on a different relative scale for each age group. We estimated absolute convergence for each group on the basis of whether the HAQ Index grew faster in absolute terms between 1990 and 2019 in countries with lower 1990 HAQ Index scores than countries with higher 1990 HAQ Index scores and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. SDI is a summary metric of overall development. Findings: Between 1990 and 2019, the HAQ Index increased overall (by 19·6 points, 95% uncertainty interval 17·9–21·3), as well as among the young (22·5, 19·9–24·7), working (17·2, 15·2–19·1), and post-working (15·1, 13·2–17·0) age groups. Large differences in HAQ Index scores were present across SDI levels in 2019, with the overall index ranging from 30·7 (28·6–33·0) on average in low-SDI countries to 83·4 (82·4–84·3) on average in high-SDI countries. Similarly large ranges between low-SDI and high-SDI countries, respectively, were estimated in the HAQ Index for the young (40·4–89·0), working (33·8–82·8), and post-working (30·4–79·1) groups. Absolute convergence in HAQ Index was estimated in the young group only. In contrast, divergence was estimated among the working and post-working groups, driven by slow progress in low-SDI countries. Interpretation: Although major gaps remain across levels of social and economic development, convergence in the young group is an encouraging sign of reduced disparities in health-care access and quality. However, divergence in the working and post-working groups indicates that health-care access and quality is lagging at lower levels of social and economic development. To meet the needs of ageing populations, health systems need to improve health-care access and quality for working-age adults and older populations while continuing to realise gains among the young. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation