Μελέτη της επιρροής της αντιμετώπισης της κεφαλαλγίας σε ασθενείς με συνυπάρχουσες Κρανιογναθικές Διαταραχές

Εισαγωγή: Ως Κρανιογναθικές διαταραχές (ΚρΓΔ) ορίζουμε ένα σύνολο καταστάσεων στο Στοματογναθικό Σύστημα (ΣΣ) που χαρακτηρίζονται από πόνο, ήχους από τις Κροταφογναθικές Διαρθρώσεις (ΚΓΔ), αφύσικη ή παρεκκλίνουσα πορεία της κάτω γνάθου καθώς και κεφαλαλγίες. Αναφέρεται συχνά ότι οι ασθενείς που πάσχουν από κεφαλαλγίες, παρουσιάζουν και σημειολογία ΚρΓΔ και ,σε πολλές περιπτώσεις, η αντιμετώπιση των ΚρΓΔ επιδρά θετικά στις κεφαλαλγίες. Σκοπός: Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η διερεύνηση της επίδρασης της φαρμακευτικής αντιμετώπισης της επεισοδιακής ημικρανίας (ΕΗ) και της επεισοδιακής κεφαλαλγίας τύπου τάσεως (ΕΚΤΤ) στην βελτίωση της σημειολογίας των ΚρΓΔ. Υλικό και Μέθοδος: Πρόκειται για μια τυχαιοποιημένη, κλινική μελέτη παρατήρησης, διάρκειας 3 μηνών. Στην μελέτη συμμετείχαν 46 ασθενείς από τα Ειδικά Ιατρεία της Α’ Πανεπιστημιακής Νευρολογικής Κλινικής του Αιγινήτειου Νοσοκομείου Αθηνών, εκ των οποίων οι 35 διαγνώσθηκαν με ΕΗ και και οι υπόλοιποι 11 με ΕΚΤΤ , μετά από νευρολογική εκτίμηση με βάση τα αναθεωρημένα κριτήρια της τρίτης διεθνούς κατάταξης κεφαλαλγιών του 2018 (ICΗD-3). Όλα τα άτομα του δείγματος εξετάσθηκαν με βάση τον κλινικό διαγνωστικό δείκτη Helkimo και διαπιστώθηκε ότι έπασχαν από ΚρΓΔ. Σε όλους τους ασθενείς δόθηκε φαρμακευτική αγωγή για την αντιμετώπιση της κεφαλαλγίας τους, από τον νευρολόγο του τμήματος, μετά την αρχική εξέταση και η επανεξέταση τους έγινε τρείς μήνες μετά, με την προυπόθεση ότι ακολούθησαν κανονικά τη φαρμακευτική τους αγωγή. Η φαρμακευτική αγωγή που δόθηκε από τον νευρολόγο ανήκε σε μια από τις παρακάτω κατηγορίες φαρμάκων: αντικαταθλιπτικά, αντιεπιληπτικά ή αντιυπερτασικά. Αποτελέσματα: Από την στατιστική επεξεργασία που ακολουθήθηκε, προέκυψε ότι η φαρμακευτική αγωγή για την κεφαλαλγία, δεν επιδρά στην εξέλιξη των ΚρΓΔ σε βαθμό στατιστικά σημαντικό.74 Συμπεράσματα: Στα υπο μελέτη άτομα, δεν επιβεβαιώνεται η επίδραση της φαρμακευτικής αγωγής για την αντιμετώπιση της κεφαλαλγίας στην εξέλιξη των ΚρΓΔ. Αντίθετα, θετική ανταπόκριση σημειώθηκε στην αναφερόμενη κεφαλαλγία τους, μετά την λήψη της φαρμακευτικής αγωγής. Λέξεις-Κλειδιά: Στοματοπροσωπικός πόνος, Κρανιογναθικές διαταραχές, Κεφαλαλγία, Επεισοδιακή ημικρανία, Επεισοδιακή κεφαλαλγία τύπου τάσεως.Introduction: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a heterogeneous group of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular conditions which includes pain in the temporomandibular joint complex and the masticatory muscles,as well as abnormal mandibular movement and headaches. Researchers have found high rates of comorbidities between headaches and TMD and it is shown that treating TMD conditions has a positive effect in the treatment of headaches. Aim: The aim of our study is to investigate whether the pharmacological treatment of episodic migraine and episodic tension type headache has a positive effect to the treatment of TMD. Material and Methods: The present study is a randomized controlled clinical trial , with a 3-month duration. Patients were collected from A Neurological Clinic of Eginition Hospital of Athens Medical School. Data was consisted of 35 patients who were diagnosed with episodic migraine and 11 patients who were diagnosed with episodic tension type headache, according to the 3rd edition of International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3). All patients were examined according to Helkimo clinical diagnostic criteria and were diagnosed with TMD conditions. All patients were given pharmacological treatment for their headaches, by the neurologist of the department and they were re-examined 3 months later. The pharmacotherapy included either antidepressant, or antihypertensive or anticonvulsant medicines. Results: The statistical analysis showed that pharmacological treatment of headaches , had no effect on the progress of TMD. Conclusion: The present study concluded that pharmacological therapy of episodic migraine and episodic tension type headache, didn’t have a positive effect on the management of TMD, in a statistically significant level. However, it had a positive outcome in reducing the frequency and intensity of headaches.75 Keywords: Orofacial pain, Temporomandibular disorders, Cephalalgia, Headaches, Episodic migraine, Episodic tension type headache

Green Medium for the Hydrolysis of 5-Cyanovaleramide

Hydrolysis of 5-cyanovaleramide (5-CVAM) in near-critical water without the addition of any catalyst has been demonstrated. The results demonstrated that the cyano group at one end of the carbon of 5-CVAM is more reactive than the amide group at the other end, under the same experimental conditions. The relations between 5-CVAM concentration and residence time revealed that hydrolysis of 5-CVAM shows second-order reaction kinetics in the investigated temperature range. The rate constants, average apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factor were evaluated according to the Arrhenius equation. Based on the experimental results, a carbon balance was calculated, and a hydrolysis reaction scheme of 5-CVAM was proposed.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/62148/1/771_ftp.pd

Effects of dietary supplementation with a laminarin-rich extract on the growth performance and gastrointestinal health in broilers

Restriction in antimicrobial use in broiler chicken production is driving the exploration of alternative feed additives that will support growth through the promotion of gastrointestinal health and development. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary inclusion of laminarin on growth performance, the expression of nutrient transporters, markers of inflammation and intestinal integrity in the small intestine and composition of the caecal microbiota in broiler chickens. Two-hundred-and-forty day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks (40.64 (3.43 SD) g) were randomly assigned to: (T1) basal diet (control); (T2) basal diet + 150 ppm laminarin; (T3) basal diet + 300 ppm laminarin (5 bird/pen; 16 pens/treatment). The basal diet was supplemented with a laminarin-rich Laminaria spp. extract (65% laminarin) to achieve the two laminarin inclusion levels (150 and 300 ppm). Chick weights and feed intake was recorded weekly. After 35 days of supplementation, one bird per pen from the control and best performing (300 ppm) laminarin groups were euthanized. Duodenal, jejunal and ileal tissues were collected for gene expression analysis. Caecal digesta was collected for microbiota analysis (high-throughput sequencing and QPCR). Dietary supplementation with 300 ppm laminarin increased both final body weight (2033 vs. 1906 ± 30.4, P < 0.05) and average daily gain (62.3 vs. 58.2 ± 0.95, P < 0.05) compared to the control group and average daily feed intake (114.1 vs. 106.0 and 104.5 ± 1.77, P < 0.05) compared to all other groups. Laminarin supplementation at 300 ppm increased the relative and absolute abundance of Bifidobacterium (P < 0.05) in the caecum. Laminarin supplementation increased the expression of interleukin 17A (IL17A) in the duodenum, claudin 1 (CLDN1) and toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in the jejunum and IL17A, CLDN1 and SLC15A1/peptide transporter 1 (SLC15A1/PepT1) in the ileum (P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation with laminarin is a promising dietary strategy to enhance growth performance and 300 ppm was the optimal inclusion level with which to promote a beneficial profile of the gastrointestinal microbiota in broiler chickens

In vitro and in vivo investigation of the potential of dietary natural bioactives to improve parameters of the gastrointestinal health in weaned pigs and broiler chickens

The main research objective of this thesis was to evaluate the potential of candidate dietary supplements, namely casein hydrolysate (CH) and its 5 kDa retentate (5kDaR), yeast ß-glucan and crude fucoidan- and laminarin-rich seaweed extracts, to promote growth and gastrointestinal health in weaned pigs with a focus on modulating the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota. The first three experimental chapters (Chapter 2-4) involved an initial assessment of the different dietary candidates for their antibacterial and prebiotic effects using two in vitro GIT microbiota models: 1) a batch fermentation assay inoculated with faeces from weaned pigs, and; 2) a panel of pure culture growth assays with selected beneficial (Lactobacillus plantarum, L. reuteri, Bifidobacterium thermophilum) and pathogenic (Salmonella Typhimurium, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli) bacterial strains. Chapter 2 focused on CH, 5kDaR and yeast ß-glucan and whether CH could substitute 5kDaR, whereas Chapters 3 and 4 investigated how seaweed species, harvest season and extraction methodologies/conditions influenced the antibacterial and prebiotic potential of the whole biomass samples and extracts of Ascophyllum nodosum and Laminaria spp., respectively. During the in vitro assessment of the dietary candidates, an A. nodosum extract (ANE1) produced using the E1 extraction conditions of a novel hydrothermal-assisted extraction (HAE) methodology exhibited a strong antibacterial activity against S. Typhimurium and ETEC and, thus, was selected for further in vivo investigation. In Chapter 5, a new fucoidan-rich A. nodosum extract (ANE) produced using the above-mentioned extraction protocol, was evaluated at two inclusion levels (high and low) as a dietary intervention to control Salmonella infection in naturally infected weaned pigs and improve parameters of gastrointestinal health. ANE exhibited similar in vitro antibacterial activity to the ANE1. High ANE supplementation reduced Salmonella shedding during the post-weaning period; however, no benefits were observed in Salmonella shedding and intestinal colonisation following movement to the grower houses, regrouping and experimental re-infection with S. Typhimurium. High ANE supplementation led to a more beneficial colonic microbiota, characterised by reduced Enterobacteriaceae counts and increased Bifidobacterium spp. counts, and reduced expression of inflammatory markers that facilitate Salmonella colonisation and persistence. Fucoidan was considered the bioactive component, as it was the major constituent of ANE. The second research objective of this thesis was to evaluate the potential of a laminarin-rich extract as a dietary supplement in broiler chickens based on its previous beneficial effects on growth and gastrointestinal health in pigs, as these two animal species share similarities in terms of gastrointestinal ecosystem and production and intestinal challenges. In Chapter 6, dietary supplementation with 300 ppm laminarin improved performance, increased the caecal Bifidobacterium spp. population and enhanced nutrient absorption, intestinal integrity and protective immune responses indicating improved resistance to intestinal pathogens without compromising growth. Overall, seaweed extracts are promising dietary supplements to enhance performance and gastrointestinal health in broiler chickens and, potentially under challenging conditions in pigs, thus, meriting further exploration. Nevertheless, prior in vitro evaluation and purification of the bioactive components are required to improve their efficacy in in vivo conditions

In Vitro Evaluation of Brown Seaweed Laminaria spp. as a Source of Antibacterial and Prebiotic Extracts That Could Modulate the Gastrointestinal Microbiota of Weaned Pigs

Laminaria spp. and their extracts have preventative potential as dietary supplements during weaning in pigs. The first objective of this study was to evaluate increasing concentrations of four whole seaweed biomass samples from two different Laminaria species harvested in two different months in a weaned pig faecal batch fermentation assay. Particularly, February and November whole seaweed biomass samples of L. hyperborea (LHWB-F and LHWB-N) and L. digitata (LDWB-F and LDWB-N) were used. In the next part of the study, the increasing concentrations of four extracts produced from L. hyperborea (LHE1&ndash;4) and L. digitata (LDE1&ndash;4) were evaluated in individual pure-culture growth assays using a panel of beneficial and pathogenic bacterial strains (second objective). The LHE1&ndash;4 and LDE1&ndash;4 were obtained using different combinations of temperature, incubation time and volume of solvent within a hydrothermal-assisted extraction methodology (E1&ndash;4). In the batch fermentation assay, the L. hyperborea biomass samples, LHWB-F and LHWB-N, lowered Bifidobacterium spp. counts compared to the L. digitata biomass samples, LDWB-F and LDWB-N (p &lt; 0.05). LHWB-F and LDWB-N reduced Enterobacteriaceae counts (p &lt; 0.05). LHWB-F and LDWB-F were selected as the most and least promising sources of antibacterial extracts from which to produce LHE1&ndash;4 and LDE1&ndash;4. In the pure-culture growth assays, E1- and E4-produced extracts were predominantly associated with antibacterial and bifidogenic activities, respectively. LHE1 reduced both Salmonella Typhimurium and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli with LDE1 having a similar effect on both of these pathogenic strains, albeit to a lesser extent (p &lt; 0.05). Both LHE1 and LDE1 reduced B. thermophilum counts (p &lt; 0.05). LDE4 exhibited strong bifidogenic activity (p &lt; 0.05), whereas LHE4 increased Bifidobacterium thermophilum and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum counts (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, antibacterial and bifidogenic extracts of Laminaria spp. were identified in vitro with the potential to alleviate gastrointestinal dysbiosis in newly weaned pigs

In vitro και in vivo διερεύνηση της δυνατότητας των διατροφικών βιοδραστικών συστατικών φυσικής προελεύσεως να βελτιώσουν παραμέτρους υγείας του γαστρεντερικού συστήματος των απογαλακτισμένων χοιριδίων και κρεοπαραγωγών ορνίθων

The main research objective of this thesis was to evaluate the potential of candidate dietary supplements, namely casein hydrolysate (CH) and its 5 kDa retentate (5kDaR), yeast β-glucan and crude fucoidan- and laminarin-rich seaweed extracts, to promote growth and gastrointestinal health in weaned pigs with a focus on modulating the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota. The first three experimental chapters (Chapter 2 - 4) involved an initial assessment of the different dietary candidates for their antibacterial and prebiotic effects using two in vitro GIT microbiota models: 1) a batch fermentation assay inoculated with faeces from weaned pigs, and; 2) a panel of pure culture growth assays with selected beneficial (Lactobacillus plantarum, L. reuteri, Bifidobacterium thermophilum) and pathogenic (Salmonella Typhimurium, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli) bacterial strains. Chapter 2 focused on CH, 5kDaR and yeast β-glucan and whether CH could substitute 5kDaR, whereas Chapters 3 and 4 investigated how seaweed species, harvest season and extraction methodologies/conditions influenced the antibacterial and prebiotic potential of the whole biomass samples and extracts of Ascophyllum nodosum and Laminaria spp., respectively. During the in vitro assessment of the dietary candidates, an A. nodosum extract (ANE1) produced using the E1 extraction conditions of a novel hydrothermal-assisted extraction (HAE) methodology exhibited a strong antibacterial activity against S. Typhimurium and ETEC and, thus, was selected for further in vivo investigation. In Chapter 5, a new fucoidan-rich A. nodosum extract (ANE) produced using the above-mentioned extraction protocol, was evaluated at two inclusion levels (high and low) as a dietary intervention to control Salmonella infection in naturally infected weaned pigs and improve parameters of gastrointestinal health. ANE exhibited similar in vitro antibacterial activity to the ANE1. High ANE supplementation reduced Salmonella shedding during the post-weaning period; however, no benefits were observed in Salmonella shedding and intestinal colonisation following movement to the grower houses, regrouping and experimental re-infection with S. Typhimurium. High ANE supplementation led to a more beneficial colonic microbiota, characterised by reduced Enterobacteriaceae counts and increased Bifidobacterium spp. counts, and reduced expression of inflammatory markers that facilitate Salmonella colonisation and persistence. Fucoidan was considered the bioactive component, as it was the major constituent of ANE. The second research objective of this thesis was to evaluate the potential of a laminarin-rich extract as a dietary supplement in broiler chickens based on its previous beneficial effects on growth and gastrointestinal health in pigs, as these two animal species share similarities in terms of gastrointestinal ecosystem and production and intestinal challenges. In Chapter 6, dietary supplementation with 300 ppm laminarin improved performance, increased the caecal Bifidobacterium spp. population and enhanced nutrient absorption, intestinal integrity and protective immune responses indicating improved resistance to intestinal pathogens without compromising growth. Overall, seaweed extracts are promising dietary supplements to enhance performance and gastrointestinal health in broiler chickens and, potentially under challenging conditions in pigs, thus, meriting further exploration. Nevertheless, prior in vitro evaluation and purification of the bioactive components are required to improve their efficacy in in vivo conditions.Το κύριο ερευνητικό αντικείμενο της διδακτορικής διατριβής ήταν να αξιολογηθεί η δυνατότητα των υποψηφίων διατροφικών συμπληρωμάτων, συγκεκριμένα του υδρολύματος καζεΐνης (CH) και του 5 kDa κατακρατήματος (retentate) του (5kDaR), της β-γλυκάνης ζυμομύκητα και των ανεπεξέργαστων εκχυλισμάτων φυκιών πλούσιων σε fucoidan και laminarin (πολυσακχαρίτες), να προάγουν την ανάπτυξη και τη γαστρεντερική υγεία στα απογαλακτισμένα χοιρίδια, εστιάζοντας στις επιδράσεις τους στη σύσταση της εντερικής μικροχλωρίδας. Τα πρώτα τρία πειραματικά κεφάλαια (Κεφάλαιο 2 - 4) περιλάμβαναν μία αρχική αξιολόγηση των διάφορων υποψήφιων διατροφικών συμπληρωμάτων σχετικά με την αντιβακτηριδιακή και πρεβιοτική δράση τους, χρησιμοποιώντας δύο in vitro μοντέλα της εντερικής μικροχλωρίδας: 1) μία δοκιμή ζύμωσης κλειστού συστήματος (batch fermentation) ενoφθαλμισμένη με κοπρανα απογαλακτισμένων χοιριδίων και 2) ενός πάνελ δοκίμων ανάπτυξης καθαρής καλλιέργειας με επιλεγμένα ωφέλιμα (Lactobacillus plantarum, L. reuteri, Bifidobacterium thermophilum) και παθογόνα (Salmonella Typhimurium, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli) βακτήριακα στελέχη. Το Κεφάλαιο 2 εστίασε στα CH, 5kDaR και β-γλυκάνη ζυμομύκητα και στο αν το CH μπορεί να αντικαταστήσει το 5kDaR, ενώ τα Κεφάλαια 3 και 4 διερεύνησαν πως το είδος του φυκιού, η εποχή περισυλλογής και οι μεθοδολογίες και συνθήκες εκχύλισης επηρεάζουν την πιθανή αντιβακτηριδιακή και πρεβιοτική δράση των φυκιών Ascophyllum nodosum and Laminaria spp. ως συνολική βιομάζα και των εκχυλισμάτων τους, αντίστοιχα. Κατά την in vitro αξιολόγηση των υποψήφιων διατροφικών συμπληρωμάτων, ένα A. nodosum εκχύλισμα (ANE1), παραχθέν χρησιμοποιώντας τις E1 συνθήκες εκχύλισης μιας καινοτόμου μεθοδολογίας υδροθερμικά-βοηθούμενης εκχύλισης (hydrothermal-assisted extraction, HAE), έδειξε μια ισχυρή αντιβακτηριδιακή δράση κατά των S. Typhimurium και ETEC και, επομένως, επιλέχθηκε για περαιτέρω in vivo διερεύνηση. Στο κεφάλαιο 5, ένα καινούργιο πλούσιο σε fucoidan A. nodosum εκχύλισμα (ANE) παραχθέν χρησιμοποιώντας το παραπάνω πρωτόκολλο εκχύλισης, αξιολογήθηκε σε δύο συγκεντρώσεις (υψηλή και χαμηλή) ως διατροφική παρέμβαση για τον έλεγχο της μόλυνσης με σαλμονέλλα σε φυσικά μολυσμένα απογαλακτισμένα χοιρίδια και την βελτίωση παραμέτρων της γαστρεντερικής υγείας. Το ANE έδειξε παρόμοια in vitro αντιβακτηριδιακή δράση με το ANE1. Η χορήγηση της υψηλής συγκέντρωσης ANE μείωσε την εντερική αποβολή σαλμονέλλας κατά την περίοδο μετά τον απογαλακτισμό, χωρίς ωστόσο να παρατηρούνται οφέλη στην εντερική αποβολή σαλμονέλλας και στον εντερικό αποικισμό μετά την μετακίνηση στους θαλάμους προ-πάχυνσης, την ανακατανομή σε ομάδες και την πειραματική επαναμόλυνση με S. Typhimurium. Η χορήγηση της υψηλής συγκέντρωσης ANE οδήγησε σε μια πιο ωφέλιμη μικροχλωρίδα στο παχύ έντερο, που χαρακτηρίζονταν από μειωμένους αριθμούς των Enterobacteriaceae και αυξημένους αριθμούς του Bifidobacterium spp., και σε μειωμένη έκφραση δεικτών φλεγμονής που διευκολύνουν τον αποικισμό και την επίμονη μόλυνση της σαλμονέλλας στο έντερο. Το fucoidan θεωρήθηκε η βιοδραστική ουσία, καθώς αποτελούσε το κύριο συστατικό του ANE. Το δεύτερο ερευνητικό αντικείμενο της διδακτορικής διατριβής ήταν να αξιολογηθεί ένα πλούσιο σε laminarin εκχύλισμα ως διατροφικό συμπλήρωμα για τα κρεοπαραγωγά ορνίθια με βάση τις προηγούμενες ωφέλιμες επιδράσεις στην ανάπτυξη και γαστρεντερική υγεία των χοίρων, καθώς τα δύο αυτά ζωικά είδη παρουσιάζουν ομοιότητες ως προς το γαστρεντερικό τους περιβάλλον, το σύστημα παραγωγής και τις εντερικές προκλήσεις. Στο Κεφάλαιο 6, η χορήγηση 300 ppm laminarin στο σιτηρέσιο βελτίωσε τους δείκτες παραγωγικότητας, αύξησε τον πληθυσμό του Bifidobacterium spp. στα τυφλά και ενίσχυσε την απορρόφηση των θρεπτικών συστατικών, την ακεραιότητα του εντέρου και τις προστατευτικές ανοσοποιητικές αποκρίσεις, υποδεικνύοντας βελτιωμένη αντίσταση σε παθογόνα χωρίς αρνητική επίδραση στην ανάπτυξη. Συνολικά, τα εκχυλίσματα φυκιών αποτελούν υποσχόμενα διατροφικά συμπληρώματα για να ενισχύσουν την παραγωγικότητα και την γαστρεντερική υγεία στα κρεοπαραγωγά ορνίθια και ενδεχομένως στους χοίρους κάτω από δύσκολές συνθήκες, αξίζοντας επομένως περαιτέρω διερεύνηση. Παρόλα αυτά, πρέπει να προηγηθούν in vitro αξιολόγηση και καθαρισμός των βιοδραστικών συστατικών για να βελτιωθεί η αποτελεσματικότητά τους στις in vivo συνθήκες

Feeding Marine Polysaccharides to Alleviate the Negative Effects Associated with Weaning in Pigs

In young pigs, the challenge of weaning frequently leads to dysbiosis. This predisposes pigs to intestinal infection such as post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD). Dietary interventions to reduce PWD have centred on dietary inclusion of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) and antimicrobials in pig diets, or high concentrations of zinc oxide. These interventions are under scrutiny because of their role in promoting multidrug resistant bacteria and the accumulation of minerals in the environment. There are significant efforts being made to identify natural alternatives. Marine polysaccharides, such as laminarin and fucoidan from macroalgae and chitosan and chito-oligosaccharides from chitin, are an interesting group of marine dietary supplements, due to their prebiotic, antibacterial, anti-oxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. However, natural variability exists in the quantity, structure, and bioactivity of these polysaccharides between different macroalgae species and harvest seasons, while the wide range of available extraction methodologies and conditions results in further variation. This review will discuss the development of the gastrointestinal tract in the pig during the post-weaning period and how feeding marine polysaccharides in both the maternal and the post-weaned pig diet, can be used to alleviate the negative effects associated with weaning

In vitro effects of seaweed extracts on intestinal commensals and pathogens of weaned piglets

Microbiology Society Focused Meeting 2018: Microbes and Mucosal Surfaces, University College Dublin, Ireland, 21-22 June 2018While the inclusion of certain seaweed extracts in weaner piglet diets leads to a beneficial gut microbial profile, the mode of action is not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prebiotic and antimicrobial potential of Laminaria digitata and Ascophylum nodosum extracts in vitro. Both extracts were two-fold diluted from 2 mg/ml to 0.25 mg/ml. The following strains were used at 106 -107 colonyforming unit(CFU)/ml concentrations: Lactobacillus plantarum, L. reuteri, Bifidobacterium thermophilum, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O149 and Salmonella enterica ser Typhimurium PT12. Each concentration of each extract and controls (0 mg/ml) were incubated for 18 h at 37 °C aerobically or anaerobically (B. thermophilum). Final bacterial concentrations were determined by spread plating. All experiments were carried out with technical replicates on three independent occasions. All data were logarithmically transformed and analysed using the PROC GLM (SAS 9.4). The L. digitata extract increased B. thermophilum 0.7 LogCFU/ml at 0.25 mg/ml (P<0.05) and ≥1 LogCFU/ml from 0.5-2 mg/ml (P<0.05), with no effect on lactobacilli. The A. nodosum extract increased B. thermophilum up to 0.9 LogCFU/ml at all concentrations tested (P<0.05). Additionally, a 0.2 LogCFU/ml increase of L. reuteri and L. plantarum was observed at 2 mg/ml (P<0.05) and 1mg/ml (P<0.05), respectively. Both extracts displayed no antimicrobial activity against ETEC or S. Typhimurium. In conclusion, both extracts exhibited bifidogenic activity in vitro, with an additional slight increase of Lactobacillus spp. for A. nodosum, indicating a prebiotic potential.Science Foundation IrelandUniversity College Dublin2020-12-15 JG: Additional abstracts removed from PD

An Insight into Goat Cheese: The Tales of Artisanal and Industrial Gidotyri Microbiota

The purpose of this study was to determine for the first time the microbiota in artisanal-type and industrial-type Gidotyri cheeses and investigate the influence of the cheese-making practices on their composition using culture-independent techniques. The microbiota present in artisanal with commercial starters (Artisanal_CS, n = 15), artisanal with in-house starters (Artisanal_IHS, n = 10) and industrial (Ind., n = 9) Gidotyri cheese samples were analyzed using a targeted metagenomic approach (16S rRNA gene). The Ind. Gidotyri cheese microbiota were less complex, dominated by the Streptococcaceae family (91%) that was more abundant compared to the artisanal Gidotyri cheeses (p Loigolactobacillus coryniformis (OTU 175), Secundilactobacillus malefermentans (OTU 48), and Streptococcus parauberis (OTU 50) were more prevalent in Artisanal_IHS cheeses compared to Artisanal_CS (p ≤ 0.001) and Ind. (p Carnobacterium maltaromaticum (OTU 23) and Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. hoffmannii (OTU 268) were more prevalent in Artisanal_CS cheeses compared to Artisanal_IHS cheeses (p p Hafnia alvei (OTU 13) and Acinetobacter colistiniresistens (OTU 111) tended to be more prevalent in Artisanal_CS compared to the other two cheese groups (p < 0.10). In conclusion, higher microbial diversity was observed in the artisanal-type Gidotyri cheeses, with possible bacterial markers specific to each subtype identified with potential application to traceability of the manufacturing processes’ authenticity and cheese quality

Effects of extraction method on the prebiotic potential of Ascophylum nodosum extracts

Microbiology Society Focused Meeting 2018, University College Dublin, Ireland, 21-28 June 2018Seaweed-derived bioactive compounds exhibit various beneficial activities in humans and animals. A factor influencing their concentrations, and subsequent bioactivity, is the extraction method. Our aim was to evaluate the in vitro prebiotic potential of three differently-extracted Ascophylum nodosum samples. The samples were produced using either solid-liquid extraction with water (AN-W), or ethanol (AN-EtOH) as solvent or high pressure-assisted extraction with water as solvent (AN-HPW). All extracts were two-fold diluted from 2 mg/ml to 0.25 mg/ml. Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), L. reuteri (LR) and Bifidobacterium thermophilum (BT) were used at 106 -107 colony-forming unit(CFU)/ml. Each concentration of each extract and controls (0 mg/ml) were incubated for 18 h at 37 °C aerobically or anaerobically (BT). Final bacterial concentrations were determined by spread plating. All experiments were carried out in triplicate with technical replicates. All data were logarithmically transformed and analysed using PROC GLM (SAS 9.4). AN-HPW increased BT (≤0.9 LogCFU/ml, P<0.05) at all concentrations and LR and LP (0.2 LogCFU/ml, P<0.05) at 2 mg/ml and 1mg/ml, respectively. AN-W increased BT (≤0.6 LogCFU/ml, P<0.05) at 1-2mg/ml, but decreased both lactobacilli; LP ≤0.7 LogCFU/ml and LR ≤5.4 LogCFU/ml at all concentrations (P<0.05). AN-EtOH increased LP (≤0.7 LogCFU/ml, P<0.05), but reduced LR (≤5.7 LogCFU/ml, P<0.05) at all concentrations and BT (≤4 LogCFU/ml, P<0.05) at 1-2 mg/ml. In conclusion, the extraction method influenced the prebiotic potential of the A. nodosum extracts in vitro with AN-HPW being the most promising.Science Foundation IrelandUniversity College Dublin2020-12-15 JG: additional abstracts removed from PD