Rehabilitación mediante las metodologías OPI y VIZIR para mejorar la condición del pavimento flexible en el tramo Huacapongo-Tomabal-Virú, 2022

La presente investigación se realizó en la provincia de Virú , en la Universidad Cesar Vallejo, se determinó la propuesta de rehabilitación para mejorar la condición del pavimento flexible bajo las metodologías OPI y VIZIR, para la realización de la tesis se utilizó un diseño no experimental, descriptivo, propositivo, el muestreo fue no probabilístico por juicio de expertos, la recolección de datos se realizó con la técnica de la Observación directa y la medición, el instrumento utilizado fue la ficha de recolección de datos, para analizar los datos se empleó la estadística descriptiva, el problema es la existencia de fallas en el pavimento flexible, ubicado en el tramo de Huacapongo-Tomabal-Virú y esto ocasiona la inseguridad en los transeúntes de la zona, la rehabilitación del pavimento flexible, mediante una condición regular , se realizó un 8% de parchados, 21% de renovación de la carpeta asfáltica de 2” en los deterioros graves y un 41% de sellado con Slurry Seal en los deterioros superficiales, se logró determinar la rehabilitación del pavimento flexible, realizándose parchados , renovaciones de la carpeta asfáltica y sellados con Slurry Seal, teniéndose un OPI de 45 y un VIZIR de 3, correspondiendo ambos un pavimento de condición regular

Estudio de los procesos en el nivel de eficiencia de los procedimientos aplicados en la Unidad Académica Ciencias de la Ingeniería de la Universidad Estatal de Milagro.

El presente trabajo esta diseccionado a la Unidad Académica Ciencias de la Ingeniería de la Universidad de Milagro, el problema que se encontró es que los manuales de procedimientos de la Unidad Académica Ciencias de la Ingeniería están desactualizados

Financial resources for implementation of tobacco control measures : potential of innovative financing

Annex 1 of the final technical reportMobilization of financial resources for implementation of the WHO Framework Convention for Tobacco Control (FCTC) is at the core of measures necessary for implementation of the FCTC. This research analyzes funding gaps at domestic and global levels, opportunities for global cooperation, and develops options for innovative financing mechanisms to support FCTC in developing countries while augmenting resources for treaty financing. Ideal financing mechanisms should be tax based, preferably on tobacco, must not substitute official development assistance (ODA), and consider legal issues. Even if only a handful of countries participate, these mechanisms can raise significant amounts with minimal contributions

Multielemental analysis of Antarctic soils using calibration free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a quick technique that allows the analysis of all types of samples without destroying them and with much reduced sample treatment. One of its many applications is the study of geological samples such as soils. Because of the complexity of the matrix, it is very difficult to find or manufacture standards for these types of samples. Therefore, a good alternative is to make use of a methodology, called Calibration Free (CF), where instead of using standards, the physical parameters of the plasma created by the interaction of the laser with the sample are studied and related to the elements and species that compose it. This methodology is followed to perform a multielemental quantitative analysis of soil samples from Antarctica. Two studies were made, differing in the optimization of the instrumental parameters in order to obtain the best possible spectra in the chosen spectral lines. In both cases, the signal to noise ratio (SNR) was used to evaluate the quality of the spectra, but in the second study a full factorial design 23 with center and axial points was developed to get better results. The choice of spectral lines was based on a series of criteria, being stricter in the second study. The samples were mainly composed of the following oxides: SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, Na2O, TiO and K2O. In the second study, it was also possible to determine the species present in lower concentrations: Mn, Cr, V, Sr, Zr, BA and Li. The results were compared with those provided by ICP-OES analysis, obtaining close values for most oxides, especially in the second study. For minority elements, the CF-LIBS and the ICP-OES results were within the same order of magnitude in all cases except the Cr case. These results show that CF-LIBS can be very useful in the characterization of complex samples from remote regions, such as Antarctic soils

Proyecto de construcci?n del edificio multifamiliar ?Influye?

En el presente trabajo se desarrollan los aspectos iniciales para la gesti?n del proyecto de construcci?n del Edificio Multifamiliar ?INFLUYE?, en el marco de la Gu?a PMBOK? y teniendo en cuenta las ?reas de conocimiento y los procesos relacionados a esta; proyecto que parte de la necesidad de realizar construcciones multifamiliares como parte de las actividades esenciales de la empresa constructora, relacionadas a la construcci?n de viviendas en los distritos de San Borja y Surco. Todo eso en un contexto de crecimiento en el rubro construcci?n y, en particular, en el de viviendas multifamiliares, siendo el principal objetivo plantear una mejora de la eficiencia y eficacia en la gesti?n de este tipo de proyectos, considerando un entorno de gran cambio y nuevas dificultades

The Biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: Estimates, Patterns, and Threats

The Mediterranean Sea is a marine biodiversity hot spot. Here we combined an extensive literature analysis with expert opinions to update publicly available estimates of major taxa in this marine ecosystem and to revise and update several species lists. We also assessed overall spatial and temporal patterns of species diversity and identified major changes and threats. Our results listed approximately 17,000 marine species occurring in the Mediterranean Sea. However, our estimates of marine diversity are still incomplete as yet—undescribed species will be added in the future. Diversity for microbes is substantially underestimated, and the deep-sea areas and portions of the southern and eastern region are still poorly known. In addition, the invasion of alien species is a crucial factor that will continue to change the biodiversity of the Mediterranean, mainly in its eastern basin that can spread rapidly northwards and westwards due to the warming of the Mediterranean Sea. Spatial patterns showed a general decrease in biodiversity from northwestern to southeastern regions following a gradient of production, with some exceptions and caution due to gaps in our knowledge of the biota along the southern and eastern rims. Biodiversity was also generally higher in coastal areas and continental shelves, and decreases with depth. Temporal trends indicated that overexploitation and habitat loss have been the main human drivers of historical changes in biodiversity. At present, habitat loss and degradation, followed by fishing impacts, pollution, climate change, eutrophication, and the establishment of alien species are the most important threats and affect the greatest number of taxonomic groups. All these impacts are expected to grow in importance in the future, especially climate change and habitat degradation. The spatial identification of hot spots highlighted the ecological importance of most of the western Mediterranean shelves (and in particular, the Strait of Gibraltar and the adjacent Alboran Sea), western African coast, the Adriatic, and the Aegean Sea, which show high concentrations of endangered, threatened, or vulnerable species. The Levantine Basin, severely impacted by the invasion of species, is endangered as well

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years