Evaluation of in vitro percutaneous enhancement effect of papain and pequi oil on diclofenac sodium permeation through human skin

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar in vitro o potencial da papaína e do óleo de pequi como promotores de penetração cutânea para o diclofenaco de sódio (DS) através de pele humana. Os estudos de penetração foram conduzidos em células de difusão vertical. Os promotores foram associados ou não em géis em concentrações distintas. A avaliação in vitro revelou que a papaína 0,2% p/p apresentou propriedade promotora maior para o diclofenaco de sódio (J = 0,3369 mg/cm²x h). O óleo de pequi 10,0% p/v promoveu redução do fluxo (J = 0,1848 mg/cm²x h) e a combinação de ambos os promotores apresentou valor mediano de fluxo de J = 0,2187 mg/cm²x h. A partir dos resultados, verificou-se que a papaína exerceu ação promotora de penetração cutânea melhor que o óleo de pequi.The purpose of this research was to determine the potential of papain and pequi oil as penetration enhancers for diclofenac sodium (DS) across human skin in vitro. The permeation studies were conducted with vertical diffusion cells. The enhancers were associated or not in gels in different concentrations. In vitro studies reveled that papain 0.2% (w/v) presented an elevated enhancer property for diclofenac sodium (J = 0.3369 mg/cm²x h). Pequi oil 10% (w/v) generated a reduced flux value (J = 0.1848 mg/cm²x h) and a combination of both enhancers presented a medium value of J = 0.2187 mg/cm²x h. Papain was found to be better enhancer than pequi oil

ABOUT TRIANGULAR DRAWING PLAN FROM VITRUVIUS’ MANUSCRIPT BY LÁZARO DE VELASCO

[EN] Vitruvius trio debate about the latin terms firmitas, utilitas, venustas from Ten Books on Architecture has had its ups and downs. The influence of the tripartite schematization seems to be graphically present in a xvith century drawing by Lázaro de Velasco, preserved on Cáceres from the early twentieth century. This pattern is verified by the author’s own comments and other annotations on the original Vitruvius’ text. The access to parallel graphic outlines from a triangular composition lets an approach to its genesis. Reference to the classic knowledge and trinity catholic symbolism showed by Lázaro de Velasco comments exemplify a cultural synthesis displayed in the reference work[ES] El debate sobre las tríadas vitrubianas, a partir de la firmitas, utilitas, venustas de Los Diez Libros de Arquitectura ha tenido sus cumbres y sus simas. La influencia de la sistematización tripartita parece reflejarse gráficamente en el dibujo que Lázaro de Velasco realiza en el siglo xvi para su versión del tratado vitrubiano, conservada en Cáceres desde principios del siglo xx. El mencionado trazado se contrasta con los comentarios que el autor vierte sobre el mismo y sobre el texto original de Vitrubio. El acceso a otros trazados gráficos paralelos, a partir de la composición en triángulo, o del uso del número tres como referente gráfico, permite una aproximación a su génesis. Las referencias a la simbología del saber clásico y a la simbología trinitaria católica, destacadas por Lázaro de Velasco en sus comentarios, ilustran una síntesis cultural presente en la obra de referenciaSaumell Lladó, J.; Salcedo Hernández, JC.; Fortea Luna, M. (2016). Sobre la planta triangular del manuscrito vitrubiano Lázaro de Velasco. EGA. Revista de Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica. 21(27):134-141. doi:10.4995/ega.2016.3364.SWORD1341412127Boespflug, F., 2008. Dieu et ses images. Montrouge: Bayard.Bucho, D., 2010. Métodos e escolas de fortificaçâo abaluartada em Elvas. Lisboa, Colibrí.Carazo, E., Otxotorena, J. M., 1994. Arquitecturas centralizadas. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid.García C., G., 1958. Una biblioteca de provincia. Peque-a historia de la Biblioteca Pública de Cáceres. Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos, LXV, pp. 389-405Gentil, J.M., 1998. Traza y modelo en el Renacimiento. Sevilla: Universidad de SevillaGobierno de Espa-a, 2006. Código Técnico de la Edificación. Madrid, Ministerio de Fomento, Parte I, Anejo I.Lázaro de Velasco, 1564, Los Diez Libros de Arquitectura de Vitrubio. Manuscrito.Mogollón, P., 2013. Velasco, Lázaro de. Diccionario Biográfico Espa-ol. Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia, vol XLIX, p. 522.Pizarro, J., 2004. Vicente Paredes Guillén y el patrimonio extreme-o. Trujillo: Real Academia de Extremadura de las Letras y de las Artes.Pizarro, J.; Mogollón, P., 1999. Los X Libros de Arquitectura de Marco Vitruvio Polion. Cáceres: CICON

The giant sucking sound: did NAFTA devour the Mexican peso?

Five years of economic reforms had made Mexico a model for other developing nations by the end of 1993, when Mexico was preparing to enter into the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with Canada and the United States. But less than a year later, in December 1994, Mexico experienced a severe financial crisis, forcing it to borrow from the IMF and the United States. Some commentators blamed the enactment of NAFTA for the devaluation of the peso and the ensuing economic turmoil in Mexico, with some calling for renegotiation or even repeal of the agreement. Author Christopher J. Neely examines the relationship between NAFTA and the 1994 peso crisis and raises some provocative questions: did NAFTA cause or exacerbate the devaluation of the peso? or did NAFTA help alleviate some of the consequences of the crisis?North American Free Trade Agreement ; Mexico ; Capital movements ; Devaluation of currency ; Peso, Mexican

Addendum: New approach to the resummation of logarithms in Higgs-boson decays to a vector quarkonium plus a photon [Phys. Rev. D 95, 054018 (2017)]

In this addendum to Phys.\ Rev.\ D {\bf 95}, 054018 (2017) we recompute the rates for the decays of the Higgs boson to a vector quarkonium plus a photon, where the vector quarkonium is $J/\psi$, $\Upsilon(1S)$, $\Upsilon(2S)$, or $\Upsilon(3S)$. We correct an error in the Abel-Pad\'e summation formula that was used to carry out the evolution of the quarkonium light-cone distribution amplitude in Phys.\ Rev.\ D {\bf 95}, 054018 (2017). We also correct an error in the scale of quarkonium wave function at the origin in Phys.\ Rev.\ D {\bf 95}, 054018 (2017) and introduce several additional refinements in the calculation.Comment: 7 pages, [v2] Abel-Pade summation formula corrected, [v3] PRD versio

Un doble homenaje colectivo al amigo Joan Prat i Carós

Contreras, J.; Pujadas, J.J.; Roca Girona, J. (coords.) (2012). Pels caminsde l’etnografia: un homenatge a Joan Prat. Tarragona, Universitat Rovira i Virgili.Diversos autors (2012). El sofà blau. Migdiades amb el Joan Prat. Tarragona,DAFITS, ITA

In Search of Evidence-Based Residency Program Candidate Selection Criteria

“In Search of Evidence-Based Residency Program Candidate Selection Criteria” George Velasco MD, George Wennerberg MD, Omar Canaday MD FACP Department of Internal Medicine; University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine Objective We sought to develop a residency candidate selection tool that was selective for qualitative attributes such as work ethic and motivation. Background/Design Examining residency selection criteria is timely given the switch to a pass/fail USMLE step 1 and the continual need to reassess resident selection and medical school curricula. There is a current need for discussion on qualitative assessment of residency work ethic qualities. We give an example of a resident-lead initiative at a single residency program that may be reproducible at other programs. Methods We completed a literature search to assess trends in residency selection, created a set of ideals for which interview questions will be formulated to assess (Appendix A), and propose metrics to measure outcomes in the future. We reviewed relevant literature on the subject and also examined metrics for measuring recruitment success. Discussion There has been no consensus on a residency application scoring system and most traditional metrics used in residency selection were not associated with performance on ACGME milestones. While desirable characteristics have long been established, programs should also assess for unwanted characteristics and applicant commitment to specialty. Work ethic and joy in medicine, in addition to academic strength, have been identified as values related to residency success. It has been demonstrated that prior nonmedical success predicts future medical success so a selection process should seek out that prior track record. Limitations lie in the fact that there is a paucity of research assessing selection outcomes and more research needs to be done to predict residency success and attrition. Potential assessment metrics could include ACGME milestones, attrition, fellowship match rate, missed work days, specialty engagement, and job placement satisfaction Results and Proposed Interventions Machine learning and AI are being explored as technologies to assess for selected applicant traits within the MSPE, evaluations, activities list, and the personal statement. New assessment methods such as case-based interview protocols, technical tests, multiple mini interviews (MMI), adoption of AI, and psychometric processes including personality testing should be integrated into the candidate selection process. We developed a resident-developed creed, The Nevada Criteria, that was used as guidance during the candidate interview process. Appendix A: The “Nevada Criteria” 1.Work ethic- We seek physicians who strongly believe working hard for their patients, their program, and their education is a good thing and an honorable thing. 2.Commitment to the specialty- We seek physicians who love internal medicine and honor it as a complex and exciting field. We are not seeking those who have demonstrated that they preferred another specialty where internal medicine is their back up choice or physicians who were unduly influenced into medicine by family members without choosing this profession on their own accord. 3.Sacrifice- We seek physicians who know that achieving something great long term means giving up some things in the short term 4.Attendance- We seek physicians who understand that training is a special time of growth and that sick days or leaving early limits one's educational opportunities 5.Productivity- We seek physicians who during their time here seek out opportunities such as attending meetings or submitting publications, beyond zero or the minimum 6.Gratitude for educational opportunity- We seek physicians who value lectures, presentations, and guest rotations as a valuable opportunity 7.Being a team player- We seek physicians who avoid adding work to their colleagues either by leaving before work is done or by taking an absence or sick day when they are not sick Conclusion The current literature suggests traditional notions in resident selection were poor prognosticators of actual work performance. Residency selection criteria should better mirror physician job candidate selection criteria that seeks out industriousness and a desire to contribute. New methods of candidate interview assessment from other disciplines are very promising and should be implemented and trialed for efficacy. References 1. Naides AI, Ayyala HS, Lee ES. How Do We Choose? A Review of Residency Application Scoring Systems. J Surg Educ. 2021 Sep-Oct;78(5):1461-1468. 2. Burkhardt JC, Parekh KP, Gallahue FE, London KS, Edens MA, Humbert AJ, Pillow MT, Santen SA, Hopson LR. A Critical Disconnect: Residency Selection Factors Lack Correlation With Intern Performance. J Grad Med Educ. 2020 Dec;12(6):696-704. 3. Busha ME, McMillen B, Greene J, Gibson K, Milnes C, Ziemkowski P. One Institution's evaluation of family medicine residency applicant data for academic predictors of success. BMC Med Educ. 2021 Feb 2;21(1):84. 4. Golden BP, Henschen BL, Liss DT, Kiely SL, Didwania AK. Association Between Internal Medicine Residency Applicant Characteristics and Performance on ACGME Milestones During Intern Year. J Grad Med Educ. 2021 Apr;13(2):213-222. 5. Jordan J, Sternberg K, Haas MRC, He S, Yarris LM, Chan TM, Deiorio NM. Reimagining Residency Selection: Part 3-A Practical Guide to Ranking Applicants in the Post-COVID-19 Era. J Grad Med Educ. 2020 Dec;12(6):666-670. 6. VanOrder T, Robbins W, Zemper E. Residency Program Directors' Interview Methods and Satisfaction With Resident Selection Across Multiple Specialties. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2017 Apr 1;117(4):226-232. 7. Drum B, Lamb S, Gradick C. Values-Based Resident Selection in an Internal Medicine-Pediatrics Residency Program. J Gen Intern Med. 2022 Nov 7. 8. Hyman JH, Doolittle B. Thriving in Residency: a Qualitative Study. J Gen Intern Med. 2022 Jul;37(9):2173-2179. 9. Vaughan LA, Quick JA. Evidence-Based Selection of Surgical Residents. Surg Clin North Am. 2021 Aug;101(4):667-677. 10. Stephenson-Famy A, Houmard BS, Oberoi S, Manyak A, Chiang S, Kim S. Use of the Interview in Resident Candidate Selection: A Review of the Literature. J Grad Med Educ. 2015 Dec;7(4):539-48. 11. Duckworth, Angela. Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance. First Scribner hardcover edition. New York, NY, Scribner, 2016. 12. Drum, B; Gradick, C; Lamb, S; Hurdle, JF. CREATING A VALUES-BASED APPROACH TO RESIDENCY SELECTION USING MACHINE LEARNING. Abstract published at SHM Converge 2021. Abstract 226. Journal of Hospital Medicine 13. Bedzra EKS, Goh JL. The Residency Selection Process in the New World; Time for a Rethink. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2021 Autumn;33(3):825-829. 14. Cullen MJ, Zhang C, Marcus-Blank B, Braman JP, Tiryaki E, Konia M, Hunt MA, Lee MS, Van Heest A, Englander R, Sackett PR, Andrews JS. Improving Our Ability to Predict Resident Applicant Performance: Validity Evidence for a Situational Judgment Test. Teach Learn Med. 2020 Oct-Dec;32(5):508-521. 15. Lund S, D'Angelo JD, Baloul M, Yeh VJ, Stulak J, Rivera M. Simulation as Soothsayer: Simulated Surgical Skills MMIs During Residency Interviews are Associated With First Year Residency Performance. J Surg Educ. 2022 Nov-Dec;79(6):e235-e241. 16. Patel H, Yakkanti R, Bellam K, Agyeman K, Aiyer A. Innovation in Resident Selection: Life Without Step 1. J Med Educ Curric Dev. 2022 Mar 29;9:23821205221084936