Obtaining vegetable extracts by different extraction methods : experimental study and process simulation

Orientador: M. Angela de A. MeirelesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de AlimentosResumo: Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo comparativo do custo de manufatura para diferentes técnicas de extração: extração com solventes a baixa pressão (LPSE: Low Pressure Solvent Extraction) em taque agitado e percolação, e extração supercrítica (SFE: Supercritical Fluid Extraction). As estimativas dos custos para os processos de extração LPSE por agitação e percolação foram realizadas por meio do simulador de processos SuperPro DesignerÒ. Foi realizado um estudo experimental para a obtenção, por extração supercrítica, de polifenóis de folhas de pitanga (Eugenia uniflora). Para o estudo do aumento de escala, assumiu-se que os parâmetros em escala laboratorial: rendimento da extração, tempo e a relação entre a massa de alimentação e solvente, são mantidos constantes para o equipamento em escala industrial. Assim, as estimativas foram realizadas tendo como base dados de literatura para a matriz vegetal macela (Achyrocline satureioides). Os estudos foram realizados para extratores de 50 L, 100 L e 300 L. Os custos de manufatura para LPSE em taque agitado e percolação foram: US$877,21/kg; US$ 698,73/kg; US$573,34/kg e US$ 814,46/kg; US$567,86/kg; US$ 384,00/kg, respectivamente em extratores de 50 L, 100 L e 300 L. Notou-se a influência dos parâmetros tempo e rendimento no custo dos extratos. Posteriormente, um estudo do custo do extrato através do processo SFE para mesma matriz vegetal foi realizado. Porém, para SFE o custo do extrato foi estimado através do parâmetro tCER, tempo em que aproximadamente 70 % do leito de extração é esgotado, sendo esta uma boa estimativa para o menor tempo de ciclo. O custo de manufatura do extrato obtido por SFE foi US$585,49/kg. Uma avaliação comparativa entre os três processos foi realizada e, dentre os principais custos obtidos: de investimento inicial, matéria-prima e utilidades, notou-se que o custo de investimento não é predominante na formação do custo de manufatura. O custo de matéria-prima para alguns dos tamanhos de extratores representou o fator preponderante. Posteriormente à esta etapa, foi realizado o estudo da cinética do processo de extração supercrítica para obtenção do extrato de folhas da pitanga (Eugenia uniflora) a partir de dados otimizados da literatura; este estudo foi realizado em coluna de extração de 300 mL. Utilizou-se temperatura e pressão de 333,15 K e 60 MPa sob diferentes condições de vazão a fim de estudar o comportamento cinético da extração em relação ao rendimento e à presença de compostos voláteis. Ainda foram realizadas análises para identificação dos compostos por cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD) e cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM). O estudo do aumento de escala foi realizado usando-se uma unidade piloto equipada com dois extratores de 5 L contendo 3 separadores (S1, S2 e S3); como referência foi empregado o ensaio cinético realizado para folhas de pitanga na coluna de 300 mL. Seguindo o critério de aumento de escala em que se mantém constante a proporção entre a massa de solvente e a massa de matéria-prima, o aumento de escala foi de 17 vezes. Para os experimentos foram selecionadas as seguintes condições de operação para os três separadores S1, S2 e S3: 10 MPa/333,15 K; 7 MPa/303,15 K e 3 MPa /313,15 K, respectivamente. Quatro pontos selecionados da cinética de extração em coluna de 300 Ml foram então reproduzidos. O custo do extrato foi estimado utilizando o simulador SuperPro DesignerÒ obtendo-se um custo do manufatura de US$ 449,89/kgAbstract: In this work a comparative study of the cost of manufacturing (COM) for different extraction techniques is presented: low pressure solvent extraction (LPSE) in agitation and percolation, and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The COM estimation was carried using the processes simulator SuperPro Designer®; agitation and percolation LPSE processes were developed in the simulator. An experimental study to obtain poliphenols by supercritical fluid extraction from leaves of pitanga (Eugenia uniflora) was also performed. For the scale-up study it was assumed that the parameters for the laboratorial scale SFE unit: yield of extraction, time and ratio between the feed mass and solvent mass are kept constant for the equipment in industrial scale. The estimations were carried using literature information for the vegetable matrix macela (Achyrocline satureioides). The studies were done for extraction vessels of 50 L, 100 L and 300 L. The COM for LPSE agitation and percolation processes were: US$877.21/kg; US$ 698.73/kg; US$573.34/kg and US$ 814.46/kg; US$567.86/kg; US$ 384.00/kg, respectively for extractors of 50 L, 100 L and 300 L. It was observed the influence of time and yield parameters on the COM. Later, a study of SFE process COM for the same vegetable matrix was done. For SFE the COM was estimated using the tCER parameter as cycle time, where approximately 70% of extraction bed is exhausted, being this a good estimation. The COM of extract obtained by SFE was US$585.49/kg. A comparative evaluation between the tree processes was carried out, and among the major costs factors: investment, raw material and utilities, it was observed that the investment cost is not predominant in the COM of the extracts. The raw material cost certain vessel sizes represented the major cost factor. After this step, a study of the SFE kinetics for leaves of pitanga (Eugenia uniflora) was carried out. The operating conditions were selected from optimized data from literature; this study was done in a 300 mL column vessel. It was utilized temperatures and pressure of 333.15 K and 60 MPa under different flow rates in order to study the kinetic behavior of the overall extraction curve and the presence of volatile compounds. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were used for identification of the compounds present in the extract. The scale-up study was carried out using a pilot unit equipped with two extractor of 5L vessel containing 3 separators vessels (S1, S2 and S3); as reference the kinetic assay for pitanga leaves in 300 mL column vessel was used. According to the scaleup criterion that the ratio between solvent mass and raw material mass is kept constant, the scale-up was of 17 times. For the experiment the following operation condition for the three separators S1, S2 and S3 were selected: 10 MPa/333.15 K; 7 MPa/303.15 K and 3 MPa /313.15 K, respectively. Four points selected from kinetic experiment in 300 mL column vessel were reproduced. The extract COM was estimated using simulator SuperPro DesignerÒ (US$ 449,89/kg)MestradoMestre em Engenharia de Alimento

Pengembangan Materi Bela Diri Karate Kata Heian Nidan Pada Sekolah Menengah Pertama Melalui Media Buku Guru dan Aplikasi Android

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: 1) menghasilkan produk berupa buku dan aplikasi android yang berisi tentang pengembangan materi beladiri karate kata heian nidan untuk peserta didik tingkat sekolah menengah pertama. 2) Serta membuktikan kelayakan dari produk buku dan aplikasi andorid berisi pengembangan materi beladiri karate kata heian nidan dalam penggunaan sebagai media pembelajaran. Dan 3) untuk membuktikan efektifitas dari produk buku dan aplikasi andorid yang dihasilkan sebagai pengembangan materi beladiri karate kata heian nidan dengan proses pembelajaran pendidikan jasmani di sekolah menengah pertama. Pengembangan materi bela diri karate kata heian nidan yaitu menjabarkan gerakan kata sebanyak 22 gerakan dengan sudut pandang posisi yang kemudian dikemas dalam media buku dan aplikasi android. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dan pengembangan atau rnd dengan menggunakan pengembangan ADDIE melalui 5 tahapan.Tahap penelitian meliputi 1) Tahap pertama analisis, analisis dilakukan terhadap data dari prapenelitian yaitu menyebarkan kuisoner kepada guru dan melakukan observasi lapangan. 2) Tahap kedua dengan mendesain atau merancang konsep dan konten untuk disajikan dalam produk, 3)Development kegiatan realisasi rancangan produk yang sebelumnya telah dibuat. 4) Implementasi penerapan produk memperoleh umpan balik terhadap produk yang dikembangkan melalui proses validasi ahli materi dan ahli media dan 5) tahapan terakhir yaitu evaluasi dengan menyebarkan produk kepada guru agar mendapatkan umpan balik kepada penggunaan produk, sehingga dapat dilakukan revisi dengan hasil evaluasi atau kebutuhan yang belum terpenuhi sebelumnya dari produk pengembangan. Subyek penelitian dalam penelitian ini adalah guru pendidikan jasmani. Penelitian dan penyebaran produk dilakukan secara daring melalui google form. Data diperoleh melalui observasi, dokumentasi, angket dan wawancara. Analisis data yang telah diperoleh menggunakan teknik deskriptif kuantitatif dan data kualitatif dari hasil konversi skala likert. Hasil penelitian adalah pengembangan materi beladiri karate kata heian nidan dalam bentuk produk buku dan aplikasi android. Produk buku berupa modul atau buku pegangan guru dan aplikasi karate berbasis android yang dapat diakses oleh guru dan peserta didik. Penilaian dari ahli materi terhadap pengembangan materi yang dilakukan dan produk yaitu mencapai 89% mencapai kategori sangat layak. Ahli media terhadap kelayakan pengembangan materi mencapai 80% dengan kategori sangat layak. Produk buku pegangan guru dan aplikasi karate berbasis android dikategorikan sebagai produk efektifitas karna mudah dipahami, jelas, menarik dan mudah diakses dengan persentase efektifitas 74 % yang produk layak digunakan dengan perbaikan sesuai saran. Pengembangan materi bela diri karate heian nidan pada sekolah menengah pertama melalui media buku dan aplikasi android layak digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran

I minorenni sessualmente abusanti tra solo-offending e co-offending. Uno studio esplorativo

Numerose evidenze scientifiche mostrano che gli autori di reati sessuali minorenni costituiscono un gruppo complesso ed eterogeneo, con individui a diverso rischio di ricaduta criminale in generale, e sessuale in particolare. Di conseguenza, è richiesta un’attenzione dif-ferenziale per fornire le migliori conoscenze possibili al fine di prevenire che i minori a rischio diventino adulti sex offender. Il focus di questo studio è stato quello di esplorare i fattori criminogenici che caratterizzano la commissione delittuosa sessuale minorile. Insieme alla loro carriera antisociale, sono stati analizzati fattori psicologici, familiari, sociali e comportamentali, al fine di valutare se emergessero diverse tipologie di autori e di reati. Nello studio è stato coinvolto un campione di 50 giovani sex offender (JSO). Questi risultati mostrano che i JSO possono essere suddivisi in due principali categorie: coloro che sono più inclini, così come avviene per altri tipi di reato, ad abusare sessualmente in co-offending, e coloro che abusano in solo-offending. I co-offender sessuali sono risultati più propensi ad abusare delle proprie vittime spinti dall’eccitazione dell’essere insieme ai propri compagni, e sono stati maggiormente interessati a dimostrare il proprio potere e la propria forza. Sono stati più inclini a minacciare le loro vittime, ad utilizzare armi e ad essere sotto l’effetto di alcol o droghe. Più probabilmente il loro reato sessuale è stato limitato ad un’unica occasione. Le vittime erano loro sconosciute, ed erano più probabilmente considerate un oggetto sessuale per soddisfare bisogni aggressivi. I solo-offender erano più inclini ad abusare una persona con la quale avevano una relazione; l’abuso era più probabilmente prolungato nel tempo. Era improbabile che ricorressero all’uso di forza fisica o minacciassero le loro vittime. Nonostante questi risultati siano preliminari, sono significativi in quanto suggeriscono che la violenza sessuale minorile rappresenta una realtà criminogenica che richiede un’attenzione specifica e differenziale, se lo scopo è quello di fornire informazioni utili per indirizzare l’intervento e per prevenire che i minori continuino da adulti in una carriera criminale eterogenea o sessuale.&nbsp

LECTURERS’ STRATEGIES ON STUDENTS' DISCIPLINE IN CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT DURING ONLINE LEARNING

This study aims to provide an overview of the strategies used by two lecturers at the Catholic University of St. Augustine Hippo in their online classroom management, particularly in disciplining students. The trend of online classes on the St. Augustine Hippo Catholic University campus continues even though the pandemic is over. Online lectures are still being held for several meetings, although not in full. In providing online teaching, lecturers have specific strategies to ensure that the teaching and learning process goes well, one of the criteria is student discipline during the process. The method used to obtain data is in-depth interviews. The results of the in-depth interviews of the two lecturers showed that the challenges in online teaching were bad internet connection, students’ inadequate internet quota, and students’ inactiveness. While the strategies that were used by them in dealing with those problems were giving good example, giving firmness, giving attention, being kind, being affective, and being attentive towards students

Optimization and economic evaluation of pressurized liquid extraction of phenolic compounds from jabuticaba skins

AbstractThe optimization of the extraction of anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds from jabuticaba skins, a promising Brazilian source of these compounds, was studied using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). An optimization study was performed using ethanol as a solvent and with extraction pressure (5–10MPa), temperature (313–393K) and static extraction time (3–15min) as independent variables. The optimum PLE conditions for all response variables were estimated; however, PLE conditions resulting in the highest recovery of anthocyanins (5MPa, 553K and 9min of static extraction time) were chosen for comparison with a conventional low-pressure solvent extraction (LPSE). The attributes compared were yield, content of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds and economic feasibility. Similar extraction yields were obtained by LPSE and PLE under optimized conditions; however 2.15 and 1.66-fold more anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds, respectively, were extracted using PLE, while the cost of manufacturing (COM) obtained for the PLE extract was 40-fold lower

Quality of High-protein Diet Bar Plus Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Grain Evaluated Sensorially by Untrained Tasters

The objective of this study was to develop, analyze composition and evaluate the microbiological and sensory characteristics of high-protein diet bars (PB) with the addition of chia grain (Salvia hispanica L.), partially replacing isolated soy protein and concentrated whey protein, in proportions of 0, 10, 15 and 20%. The proximate composition was analyzed of PB, for microbiological quality of Bacillus cereus, Filamentous fungi and yeast count, total fecal coliforms, and Salmonella ssp. search. Sensory analysis was performed utilizing acceptance testing of characteristics on a nine-point hedonic scale for various attributes, including purchasing intention of the tested PB. Bars showed 20% moisture, 2.3% ash, 20-23% protein and 19% lipids. The effect of increasing of chia was to increase crude fiber content and decrease total carbohydrate and total energy value. All samples were within the microbiological food standards established by current legislation. All PB formulations obtained a good overall impression index and all characteristics were above mean grades, with the exception of taste (63%) in the PB containing 0% chia. Chia grain has a positive influence on sensory aspects and appears to be an alternative way to increase the nutritional quality of high-protein diet bars

O Design colaborativo inter e intra empresas como fator crítico de sucesso no desempenho de um Pólo de Moda: o caso da Configuração Produtiva Local

Este artigo pretende demonstrar como o design colaborativo pode ser um fator crítico de sucesso no desenvolvimento de um pólo de moda, responsável por 44% do produto interno bruto da localidade. O estudo é feito partindo de pesquisa de campo com empresas e principais atores, sendo possível levantar informações da atuação interativa entre empresas, dos designers e outros players dentro delas - aumentando os resultados positivos quanto aos objetivos comuns de projetação -, de seus desdobramentos na criação e produção de linhas de lingerie noite e a respeito do processo de formação da configuração estudada e de seu desenvolvimento econômico

Lo spazio intimo della violenza: tipologia e durata delle relazioni violente

This study focuses on violence against a known victim with whom the perpetrator had a familiar, intimate or superficial relationship. Three types of perpetrators (sex-offenders [SO] only, Intimate Partner Violence [IPV]-offenders only, and combined SO and IPV perpetrators) were involved. Results show that the longer the relationship, the stronger the contentiousness between partners. Contrary to expectations, sexual violence was more often perpetrated against a woman with whom the perpetrator had recently started a relationship, whereas in long-lasting relationships, if the sexual violence emerged, it represented an escalating gesture to humiliate the partner after a pathologically abusive relationship (combined violence). The difference in the types of violence against women calls for differential risk-assessment and interventions. Lo studio si focalizza sulla violenza contro persone offese conosciute dall’autore, con cui ha avuto una relazione familiare, intima o superficiale. Tre sono le tipologie di violenza considerate (sola violenza sessuale [SO], sola intimate partner violence [IPV], violenza combinata sia SO che IPV). I risultati mostrano che più lunga era la relazione, più forte era la litigiosità tra partner. Contrariamente alle attese, la violenza sessuale è stata più spesso agìta contro una donna con cui l'autore aveva da poco iniziato una relazione, laddove nei legami di lunga durata, qualora la violenza sessuale sia emersa, rappresentava l’ultimo atto dell’escalation di umiliazione della partner dopo una lenta e patologicamente abusante relazione (violenza combinata). La differenza nelle tipologie di violenza contro le donne richiama una valutazione differenziale del rischio e delle strategie di intervento