79 research outputs found

    Observing and controlling plants using their delayed and sampled outputs

    Get PDF
    International audienceThis article deals with linear plants whose outputs are not available directly, but only via digital sensors which deliver them in a delayed and sampled format. First, we reconstitute the plant's state by using a Lyapunov-Krasovskii based observer. A sampled tracking control strategy is then proposed by combining the observer with a particular controller that belongs to a class of piecewise continuous systems. Computer simulation examples are presented so as to enhance the theoretical aspect. The method shows reliability and robustness against slight time-variations of the plant's parameters

    En Face OCT Imaging for the Diagnosis of Outer Retinal Tubulations in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

    Get PDF
    Purpose. “En face” is an emerging imaging technique derived from spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). It produces frontal sections of retinal layers, also called “C-scan OCT.” Outer retinal tubulations (ORTs) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are a recent finding evidenced by spectral-domain OCT. The aim of this study is to characterize the morphology of ORT according to the form of AMD, using “en-face” spectral domain OCT. Methods. “En face” OCT imaging was prospectively performed in 26 consecutive eyes with AMD that also had ORT. Results. There were 15 neovascular, 8 atrophic, and 3 eyes with a mixed (fibrotic and atrophic) form of AMD. Among the neovascular group, the most frequent tubulation pattern on “en-face” OCT was a branching network emanating from a fibrovascular scar; we term this pattern as “pseudodendritic.” It did not require treatment when observed as an isolated finding. In all cases of atrophic AMD, the tubular network was located at the edge of the geographic atrophy area, and formed a “perilesional” pattern. Six atrophic cases showed tubular invaginations inside this area. Conclusion. “En face” OCT is a valuable technique in the diagnosis and followup of macular disease. It revealed the main characteristic patterns of ORT associated with neovascular and atrophic AMD

    Combined Computational-Experimental Analyses of CFTR Exon Strength Uncover Predictability of Exon-Skipping Level.

    Get PDF
    International audienceWith the increased number of identified nucleotide sequence variations in genes, the current challenge is to classify them as disease causing or neutral. These variants of unknown clinical significance can alter multiple processes, from gene transcription to RNA splicing or protein function. Using an approach combining several in silico tools, we identified some exons presenting weaker splicing motifs than other exons in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene. These exons exhibit higher rates of basal skipping than exons harboring no identifiable weak splicing signals using minigene assays. We then screened 19 described mutations in three different exons, and identified exon-skipping substitutions. These substitutions induced higher skipping levels in exons having one or more weak splicing motifs. Indeed, this level remained under 2% for exons with strong splicing motifs and could reach 40% for exons having at least one weak motif. Further analysis revealed a functional exon splicing enhancer within exon 3 that was associated with the SR protein SF2/ASF and whose disruption induced exon skipping. Exon skipping was confirmed in vivo in two nasal epithelial cell brushing samples. Our approach, which point out exons with some splicing signals weaknesses, will help spot splicing mutations of clinical relevance

    Dietary exposure to pesticide residues and associated health risks in infants and young children – Results of the French infant total diet study

    Get PDF
    A total diet study (TDS) was undertaken to estimate the chronic dietary exposure to pesticide residues and health risks for the French infants and young children below 3 years old. As a whole, 516 pesticides and metabolites were analysed in 309 food composite samples including 219 manufactured baby foods and 90 common foods, which cover 97% of infants and young children's diet. These composite samples were prepared using 5,484 food products purchased during all seasons from 2011 to 2012 and processed as consumed. Pesticide residues were detected in 67% of the samples and quantified in 27% of the baby food samples and in 60% of the common foods. Seventy-eight different pesticides were detected and 37 of these quantified at levels ranging from 0.02 to 594 ”g/kg. The most frequently detected pesticides (greater than 5% samples) were (1) the fungicides 2-phenylphenol, azoxystrobin, boscalid, captan and its metabolite tetrahydrophthalimide, carbendazim, cyprodinil, difenoconazole, dodine, imazalil, metalaxyl, tebuconazole, thiabendazole, (2) the insecticides acetamiprid, pirimiphos-methyl and thiacloprid, (3) the herbicide metribuzin and (4) the synergist piperonyl butoxide. Dietary intakes were estimated for each of the 705 individuals studied and for 431 pesticides incl. 281 with a toxicological reference value (TRV). In the lower-bound scenario, which tends to underestimate the exposure, the TRV were never exceeded. In the upper-bound scenario that overestimates exposure, the estimated intakes exceeded the TRV for dieldrin and lindane (two persistent organic pollutants) and propylene thiourea, a metabolite of propineb. For these three substances, more sensitive analyses are needed to refine the assessment. For 17 other detected and/or prioritised pesticides, the risk could not be characterised due to the lack of a valid TRV, of certain food analyses or the absence of analytical standards for their metabolites. Keywords: Food safety, Infants and young children, Pesticide residues, Total diet study, Exposure assessment, Risk characterizatio

    Physiopathologie des troubles de la marche et du contÎle postural dans la paralysie supranucléaire progressive : étude comparative des formes de Steele-Richardson et caribéenne

    No full text
    Le vieillissement de la population constitue un enjeu de santĂ© publique en raison des pathologies qui y sont associĂ©es, notamment la dĂ©mence et les chutes. Les chutes sont sources de fractures, hospitalisation et d’institutionnalisation mais aussi de mortalitĂ© augmentĂ©e avec comme consĂ©quence un coĂ»t de santĂ© publique majeur dans cette population. Les chutes ont une origine neurologique dans 60% des cas, et les syndromes parkinsoniens reprĂ©sentent la cause la plus frĂ©quente de troubles de la marche et de l'Ă©quilibre du sujet ĂągĂ©. La Paralysie SupranuclĂ©aire Progressive de forme Steele-Richardson (PSP-RS) est le 2nd syndrome parkinsonien le plus frĂ©quent, les chutes y sont plus prĂ©coces. Dans les Antilles françaises, il a Ă©tĂ© rapportĂ© une frĂ©quence anormalement Ă©levĂ©e de syndrome parkinsonien atypique proche de la PSP, appelĂ©e « Caribean Atypical forms of Parkinsonism » ou « CAP ». Chez ces patients les troubles de la marche et de l'Ă©quilibre sont d’apparition plus tardifs. L'objectif Ă©tait la caractĂ©risation clinique, neurophysiologique et l’étude des corrĂ©lats anatomiques soustendant ces troubles, qui n’ont encore jamais Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ© Ă  ce jour.MĂ©thodeUn 16 patients CAP, 15 patients PSP-RS, et 17 tĂ©moins ont Ă©tĂ© inclus prospectivement au cours d'une Ă©tude observationnelle et multicentrique. Tous les sujets ont bĂ©nĂ©ficiĂ© d'un examen clinique, d’un bilan neuropsychologique, d'une analyse quantifiĂ©e de la locomotion et du contrĂŽle postural, des mouvements oculomoteurs, et d’une IRM cĂ©rĂ©brale avec Ă©tude en Voxel-Based-Morphometry.RĂ©sultatsLa comparaison des donnĂ©es obtenues chez les patients avec un CAP Ă  celles obtenues chez les patients ayant une PSP-RS, et les sujets sains, a permis de mettre en Ă©vidence : 1/ une similaritĂ© de la sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ© des troubles de la marche et de l’équilibre avec une atteinte prĂ©dominante du contrĂŽle postural dans le sens mĂ©dio-latĂ©ral chez les patients avec PSP-RS 2/ un dĂ©clin cognitif plus sĂ©vĂšre chez les patients avec CAP, 3/ une atteinte oculomotrice avec une atteinte plus sĂ©vĂšre chez les patients avec PSP-RS, 4/ une atrophie corticale frontale, pariĂ©tale, cĂ©rĂ©belleuse, striatale et mĂ©sencĂ©phalique, avec toutefois une atteinte temporale et pariĂ©tale prĂ©dominante chez les patients CAP et une atteinte mĂ©sencĂ©phalique, cĂ©rĂ©belleuse et des ganglions de la base chez les patients avec PSP.DiscussionLes patients avec CAP ont des troubles de la marche et de l’équilibre, dont la sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ© ne semble pas diffĂ©rer de ceux retrouvĂ©s chez les patients avec une PSP-RS. Cependant nous retrouvons chez les patients CAP une dĂ©gradation moindre du contrĂŽle postural latĂ©ral et des troubles oculomoteurs moins sĂ©vĂšres, probablement en liens avec une atteinte moins sĂ©vĂšre du rĂ©seau cortex moteur-thalamus-RLM-cervelet, et des troubles cognitifs plus sĂ©vĂšres en liens avec l’atteinte corticale temporale et occipitale prĂ©dominante

    C-H Functionalization of hétérocycles that could be derived from the biomass : Pd-catalyzed dehydrogenative Heck reactions.

    No full text
    Ce mĂ©moire dĂ©crit des rĂ©actions pallado-catalysĂ©es de Heck dĂ©shydrogĂ©nantes d'hĂ©tĂ©roarĂšnes pouvant ĂȘtre dĂ©rivĂ©s de la biomasse avec des alcĂšnes riches en Ă©lectrons tels que les styrĂšnes. Le premier chapitre, prĂ©sente une mĂ©thodologie permettant le couplage croisĂ© de Heck dĂ©sydrogĂ©nant de furanes et thiophĂšnes avec des styrĂšnes dans des conditions douces et discute de l'influence de l'agent oxydant sur l'activitĂ© du catalyseur. Le second chapitre est consacrĂ© Ă  l'Ă©tude mĂ©canistique par SM-IES de rĂ©actions de Heck dĂ©shydrogĂ©nantes de furanes avec des acrylates en prĂ©sence de benzoquinone comme agent oxydant et de DMSO comme solvant. La prĂ©sentation d'une nouvelle mĂ©thodologie pour les rĂ©actions de Heck dĂ©shydrogĂ©nantes d'hĂ©tĂ©rocyles avec des styrĂšnes dans des conditions aĂ©robies et l'explication de l'effet nĂ©gatif de co-oxydants mĂ©talliques reprĂ©sentent le dernier chapitre.This thesis describes Pd-catalyzed dehydrogenative Heck reactions of heteroarenes that could be derived from the biomass with electron-rich alkenes such as styrenes. The first chapter presents a new methodology enabling cross coupling dehydrogenative Heck Reactions of furans and thiophenes with styrenes under Mild conditions and discusses the Influence of the oxidizing agent on the reaction rate. The second chapter focuses on ESI-MS studies of the dehydrogenative Heck reactions of furans with acrylates using benzoquinone as reoxidant and DMSO as solvent. The presentation of a new methodology for aerobic dehydrogenative Heck reactions of heterocycles with styrenes and the explanation about the negative effect of metallic co-oxidants represent the third chapter

    Merging allylic C–H bond activation and C–C bond cleavage en route to the formation of a quaternary carbon stereocenter in acyclic systems

    No full text
    International audienc
    • 

    corecore