La prospectiva como herramienta de planificación subnacional de largo plazo: la búsqueda de un desarrollo territorial y sostenible en Latinoamérica

26 páginas y anexosLa planificación territorial de largo plazo en Latinoamérica es una necesidad impostergable. Una de las herramientas relativamente nuevas que apoyan su realización en forma eficiente, participativa y sistémica es la prospectiva territorial, que viene de la aplicación de las metodologías de la prospectiva voluntarista y que son empleadas actualmente en numerosos países del mundo para la generación de futuros posibles, que una vez aterrizados en una visión de largo plazo forman la base para el desarrollo de una estrategia en búsqueda de un desarrollo territorial sostenible. En el presente artículo desarrollamos por qué consideramos necesaria la participación de la prospectiva territorial en los procesos de planificación territorial de largo plazo dadas las particularidades del modelo económico mayoritario en la región, el rol de la prospectiva territorial como herramienta para prevención de conflictos sociales, para luego presentar finalmente desde la práctica de la prospectiva algunas recomendaciones específicas para la implementación de procesos de desarrollo territorial.Long-term territorial planning in Latin America is an urgent need. One of the relatively new tools that support its implementation in an efficient, participatory and systemic way is the territorial foresight, which comes from the application of the voluntarist prospective methodologies and which are currently used in numerous countries in the world for the generation of possible futu.res, that once landed in a long-term vis ion form the basis for the development of a strategy in search of a sustainable territorial development. ln this article, we develop why we consider it necessary to participate in territorial planning in the long-term planning processes given the particularities of the majority economic model in the region, the role of territorial foresight as a tool for the prevention of social conflicts, for then finally present some specific recommendations for the implementation of territorial development processes.Magíster en Prospectiva y Pensamiento EstratégicoMaestrí

La clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso de los Estados Unidos (LCC) : correspondencia de los temas de la sección F3442-F3447 de la subdivisión "Peru" respecto a los de la bibliografía peruana

La Clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso de los Estados Unidos (Library of Congress Classification, LCC por su abreviatura en inglés) uno de los sistemas de organización del conocimiento en bibliotecas más empleadas a nivel mundial por su estructura y alcance y por su apoyo en la conexión con los recursos de información requeridos, presenta diferencias respecto a la complejidad, actualización y atingencia respecto al desarrollo de investigaciones en Historia Universal y de América Latina. En tal sentido esta investigación busca comprobar tales diferencias respecto a la realidad histórica y bibliográfica peruana, para lo cual se propone estimar el grado de correspondencia existente en 180 temas (acontecimientos históricos y personajes) en función de aparición y no aparición tanto en la sección F3442 – F3447 de la LCC “Peru”, localizada en la clase F, “Historia de las Américas”, subdivisión “Peru” F3400 –F3700, como en seis autores reconocidos en bibliografía peruana (periodo histórico 1492 – 1919) seleccionados sistemáticamente del Sistema de Bibliotecas de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP). Dos tablas de grados se proponen para estimar la correspondencia, adaptadas de la escala de Likert, las cuales componen el instrumento de medición. Después de contabilizar en sumatorias, porcentajes y proporciones, se concluye que el grado de correspondencia existente entre las estructuras del conocimiento mencionadas es de 2.970/1, “bajo”, no obstante es diverso el conjunto de proporciones, como de grados, tanto para cada autor, como para cada periodo. El autor de mayor proximidad en grado de correspondencia es Fisher, para su bibliografía de 1989, con 1.692, “alto”, y el de mayor lejanía en grado es Porras, para su obra de 1963, con 3.974, “muy bajo”. Para el caso de los periodos, el de mayor proximidad en grado de correspondencia es “Emancipación e Independencia del Perú (1820 – 1830)” con 2.217/1, “alto” y el de mayor lejanía es “Virreinato del Perú (1548 – 1824)” con 4.042/1, “bajo”. No obstante, se sugieren más estudios en Perú como en América Latina tanto para otros campos temáticos de la LCC, como también en correlación con sus precedentes teóricos.The Library of Congress Classification one of the most widely used knowledge organization systems in libraries worldwide for its structure and scope and for its support in the connection with the required information resources, presents differences regarding complexity, updating and compliance with respect to the development of research in Universal and Latin America, history. In this sense, this research seeks to verify such differences with respect to the Peruvian historical and bibliographic reality, for which it is estimated the degree of correspondence existing in 180 subjects (historical events and characters) based on appearance and not appearance in LCC “Peru”, section F3442 - F3447, located in F class, “History of the Americas”, peruvian subdivision, F3400 –F3700, as in six authors recognized in Peruvian bibliography (historical period 1492 - 1919) systematically selected from the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP) library system. Two tables of degrees are proposed to estimate the correspondence, adapted from the Likert scale, and consist the measuring instrument. After counting in summations, percentages and proportions, it is concluded that the degree of correspondence between the aforementioned knowledge structures is 2,970 / 1, "low", however the set of proportions, as of degrees, is varied for both author, as for each period. The author of the closest degree of correspondence is Fisher, for his 1989 bibliography, with 1,692, "high," and the one with the greatest distance is Porras, for his 1963 work, with 3,974, "very low." In the case of the periods, the one with the closest degree of correspondence is “Emancipation and Independence of Peru (1820 - 1830)” with 2,217 / 1, “high” and the one with the greatest distance is “Viceroyalty of Peru (1548 - 1824)” with 4.042 / 1, “low”. However, more studies in Peru and Latin America are suggested for LCC in other thematic fields as well as in correlation with their state-of-the-art approach.Tesi

The Interplay of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): An Overview of Relevant Literature on CSR's and SDGs

The rapid and unchecked growth of human activities has resulted in significant ecological and social challenges globally. In response, the concept of sustainable development emerged, which encompasses social, environmental, and economic issues. Companies are crucial players in pursuing sustainable development through their implementation of corporate social responsibility initiatives. To this end, this study conducts a systematic literature review to examine the theoretical and empirical evidence of the contributions or implications of corporate social responsibility to sustainable development over the last six years. The review includes 57 articles, of which 92% belong to Q1 based on predetermined search strategies and scientific rigor. The findings suggest that corporate social responsibility is a vital element of sustainable development, even though the motivation behind such activities may not always align with this goal. Overall, the study concludes that both concepts complement each other, and corporate social responsibility plays a significant role in achieving sustainable development

Effects of Heated Tumescence Solution in Bitches after Unilateral Mastectomy

Background: Mammary tumors, for which mastectomy is the main treatment, are the most common neoplasms in bitches. Mastectomy is painful and, in order to reduce the pain stimulus in the transoperative period, tumescent local anesthesia is associated with general inhalation anesthesia. However, despite the numerous benefits of tumescence, intraoperative hypothermia is the most common complication. In Medicine, especially in plastic and dermatological surgery, it is common to use a heated tumescence solution to prevent intraoperative hypothermia; however, in Veterinary medicine, no previous study has examined the advantages and disadvantages of using heated tumescence solution. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the transanesthetic cardiorespiratory effects of heated tumescence solution in bitches submitted to radical unilateral mastectomy.Materials, Methods & Results: Eight animals were treated with 0.1% lidocaine solution, warmed to 37-42°C, using a Klein’s cannula for administration. Chlorpromazine (0.3 mg/kg) and meperidine (3 mg/kg) were used as pre-anesthetic medication intramuscularly, and induction was performed with intravenous propofol and maintenance with isoflurane. The data collection times were as follows: 15 min after starting isoflurane administration (M1), 5 min after tumescence (M2), after beginning of surgical incision (M3), during breast pullout (M4), after clamping of the superficial caudal epigastric vein, and artery (M5), after the beginning of the approximation of the subcutaneous tissue (M6), after the beginning of the intradermal suture (M7), and at the end of the surgical procedure (Mfinal). The heart (HR) and respiratory (ƒ) rates, mean arterial pressure (MAP), end-tidal CO2 concentration (EtCO2), expired isoflurane concentration (EtISO), and rectal temperature (RT) were measured. The HR, ƒ, and EtCO2levels did not differ statistically. The mean EtISO presented in M2 (1.16 ± 0.41) was significantly lower than that in M3 (1.39 ± 0.40) and M4 (1.49 ± 0.49).Discussion: In the HR analysis, it was found that during all evaluation moments, the means remained within the reference range for the species. Moreover, the values during the breast pullout (M4) did not exceed 20% of those presented minutes before the beginning of the surgery (M2), which was indicative of analgesic rescue, suggesting that the animals did not experience pain. Hypoventilation resulted in an increase in EtCO2 values. Thus, it can be said that in this study, there was no respiratory depression during the transoperative period, as the values of the variables ƒ and EtCO2 were within the reference for the species. With regard to the EtISO variable, there was no reduction in the MAC of isoflurane with the use of heated tumescence solution, as reported by some authors (EtISO 0.8%). However, the EtISO values presented here are close to those found in the literature during breast pullout (EtISO between 1.3% and 1.52%), with the use of refrigerated tumescence solution. In addition, the values shown in M4 are within the equivalent of 1 MAC (1.41%) of isoflurane, proving that heated tumescent local anesthesia is a safe technique and an excellent adjunct to inhalation anesthesia, as it provides intraoperative analgesia. Therefore, heated tumescence solution is safe and an excellent adjuvant in general inhalational anesthesia for radical unilateral mastectomy as it did not increase inhaled anesthetic consumption during surgery.Keywords: tumescent local anesthesia, lidocaine, dogs, inhalation anesthesia, mammary tumors

Factores asociados al síndrome de fragilidad en adultos mayores que acuden a consulta externa de Geriatría del Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue, Lima-Perú

Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados al síndrome de fragilidad (SF) en los adultos mayores atendidos en el consultorio externo de Geriatría del Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue (Lima-Perú) durante el mes de febrero del 2019. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, transversal. Para la detección del SF se empleó el cuestionario de FRAIL. Se recogieron datos demográficos y clínicos, se realizó una valoración funcional, cognitiva, afectiva, nutricional y social, de los pacientes incluidos en el estudio, utilizando los componentes de la valoración geriátrica integral. Se obtuvieron medidas de frecuencia, de asociación y de significancia estadística, entre la variable dependiente SF y las variables independientes. Se calcularon los OR con IC al 95%, considerándose un valor p 80 años (OR = 11,65; IC 95%: 3,64-37,24, p < 0,001), deterioro cognitivo (OR = 9,23; IC 95%: 2,48-34,27, p = 0,001), depresión (OR = 3,37; IC 95%: 1,22-9,29, p = 0,010) y desnutrición (OR = 2,97; IC 95%: 1,05 – 6,55, p = 0,023). Conclusiones: el SF es una condición frecuente en la consulta externa de Geriatría y en nuestro estudio se asoció con una edad mayor de 80 años, deterioro cognitivo, depresión y desnutrición. Un grupo significativo de pacientes tuvo la condición de prefrágiles

Síndrome de burnout en médicos asistentes del Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue de Lima – Perú, 2018.

Objectives: To identify the prevalence and factors associated with the Burnout Syndrome (BOS) in physicians of the Hipólito Unanue National Hospital in Lima-Peru, during 2018.&nbsp;Material and methods: Observational, transversal and analytical study. The initial study population was constituted by 252 doctors. A sample was selected by the stratified random sampling technique. Different socio-demographic and labor variables were recorded through an anonymous survey. For the diagnosis of BOS, the Maslach Burnout Inventory was used. The variables associated were determined by means of a logistic regression model. A value of p &lt;0.05 was considered significant.&nbsp;Results:&nbsp;Out of 150 doctors surveyed, 23 (15.3%) showed results compatible with BOS. Sixty-five (43.3%) of the respondents reached a high level of emotional exhaustion, 69 (46%) a high level of depersonalization, and 61 (41.7%) a low level of personal accomplishment (p &lt;0.05). The variables associated with the BOS were male sex (OR = 6.12; 95% CI: 1.43-26.13, p = 0.01) while having an additional job (OR = 0.15; 95% CI: 0.04 - 0.49, p = 0.002), could be considered a protective factor. Conclusions: A low prevalence of BOS was found among the physicians surveyed, although a significant group of them reported high levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization with low levels of personal accomplishment. Male sex was associated with BOS, while having an additional job showed a possible protective effect.Objetivos: Identificar la prevalencia y los factores asociados con el Síndrome de Burnout (SBO) en médicos asistentes del Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue de Lima-Perú, en el año 2018. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal y analítico. La población inicial estuvo constituída por 252 médicos. Se seleccionó una muestra con la técnica del muestreo aleatorio estratificado. Se registraron diferentes variables sociodemográficas y laborales por medio de una encuesta anónima. Para el diagnóstico de SBO se empleó el Maslach Burnout Inventory. Se determinaron las variables asociadas con el SBO mediante un modelo de regresión logística. Se consideró un valor de p &lt; 0,05 como significativo. Resultados: De 150 médicos encuestados, 23 (15,3%) mostraron resultados compatibles con SBO. Sesenticinco (43,3%) de los encuestados tuvieron un nivel alto de cansancio emocional, 69 (46%) un nivel alto de despersonalización y 61 (41,7%) un nivel bajo de realización personal (p &lt; 0,05). Las variables asociadas con el SBO fueron sexo masculino (OR = 6,12; IC95 %, 1,43 – 26,13, p = 0,01) como factor de riesgo y tener un trabajo adicional (OR = 0,15; IC95 %: 0,04 – 0,49, p = 0,002), mostró ser un posible factor de proteccción. Conclusiones: Se encontró una baja prevalencia de SBO entre médicos asistentes, aunque un subgrupo significativo mostró altos niveles de cansancio emocional y despersonalización con bajos niveles de realización personal. El sexo masculino se asoció al SBO, en tanto que tener un trabajo adicional, a un efecto protector

Novel concept of gas sensitivity characterization of materials suited for implementation in FET-based gas sensors

Abstract : We propose a novel technique to investigate the gas sensitivity of materials for implementation in field-effect transistor-based gas sensors. Our technique is based on the measurement of the surface charge induced by gas species adsorption, using an electrometer. Platinum sensitivity to hydrogen diluted in synthetic air has been evaluated with the proposed charge measurement technique in the operation temperature range from 80 to 190 °C at constant H2 concentration of 4 % and for different concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 4 % at 130 °C

Impact of the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the outcome of neurosurgical patients: A nationwide study in Spain

Objective To assess the effect of the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the outcome of neurosurgical patients in Spain. Settings The initial flood of COVID-19 patients overwhelmed an unprepared healthcare system. Different measures were taken to deal with this overburden. The effect of these measures on neurosurgical patients, as well as the effect of COVID-19 itself, has not been thoroughly studied. Participants This was a multicentre, nationwide, observational retrospective study of patients who underwent any neurosurgical operation from March to July 2020. Interventions An exploratory factorial analysis was performed to select the most relevant variables of the sample. Primary and secondary outcome measures Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of mortality and postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results Sixteen hospitals registered 1677 operated patients. The overall mortality was 6.4%, and 2.9% (44 patients) suffered a perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of those infections, 24 were diagnosed postoperatively. Age (OR 1.05), perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR 4.7), community COVID-19 incidence (cases/10 5 people/week) (OR 1.006), postoperative neurological worsening (OR 5.9), postoperative need for airway support (OR 5.38), ASA grade =3 (OR 2.5) and preoperative GCS 3-8 (OR 2.82) were independently associated with mortality. For SARS-CoV-2 postoperative infection, screening swab test <72 hours preoperatively (OR 0.76), community COVID-19 incidence (cases/10 5 people/week) (OR 1.011), preoperative cognitive impairment (OR 2.784), postoperative sepsis (OR 3.807) and an absence of postoperative complications (OR 0.188) were independently associated. Conclusions Perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection in neurosurgical patients was associated with an increase in mortality by almost fivefold. Community COVID-19 incidence (cases/10 5 people/week) was a statistically independent predictor of mortality. Trial registration number CEIM 20/217

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Dietary α‐Linolenic Acid, Marine ω‐3 Fatty Acids, and Mortality in a Population With High Fish Consumption: Findings From the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) Study

Background: Epidemiological evidence suggests a cardioprotective role of α‐linolenic acid (ALA), a plant‐derived ω‐3 fatty acid. It is unclear whether ALA is beneficial in a background of high marine ω‐3 fatty acids (long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) intake. In persons at high cardiovascular risk from Spain, a country in which fish consumption is customarily high, we investigated whether meeting the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids recommendation for dietary ALA (0.7% of total energy) at baseline was related to all‐cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. We also examined the effect of meeting the society's recommendation for long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (≥500 mg/day). Methods and Results: We longitudinally evaluated 7202 participants in the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) trial. Multivariable‐adjusted Cox regression models were fitted to estimate hazard ratios. ALA intake correlated to walnut consumption (r=0.94). During a 5.9‐y follow‐up, 431 deaths occurred (104 cardiovascular disease, 55 coronary heart disease, 32 sudden cardiac death, 25 stroke). The hazard ratios for meeting ALA recommendation (n=1615, 22.4%) were 0.72 (95% CI 0.56–0.92) for all‐cause mortality and 0.95 (95% CI 0.58–1.57) for fatal cardiovascular disease. The hazard ratios for meeting the recommendation for long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n=5452, 75.7%) were 0.84 (95% CI 0.67–1.05) for all‐cause mortality, 0.61 (95% CI 0.39–0.96) for fatal cardiovascular disease, 0.54 (95% CI 0.29–0.99) for fatal coronary heart disease, and 0.49 (95% CI 0.22–1.01) for sudden cardiac death. The highest reduction in all‐cause mortality occurred in participants meeting both recommendations (hazard ratio 0.63 [95% CI 0.45–0.87]). Conclusions: In participants without prior cardiovascular disease and high fish consumption, dietary ALA, supplied mainly by walnuts and olive oil, relates inversely to all‐cause mortality, whereas protection from cardiac mortality is limited to fish‐derived long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.Controlled-trials.com/. Unique identifier: ISRCTN35739639