Bilateral relations between the United Mexican States and the European Union. A case of study of the Erasmus mundus program and its impact on mexican students

The aim of this research is to analyze if the implementation of the Erasmus Mundus program has created a positive impact on the bilateral relations between the United Mexican States and the European Union in the time frame that goes from 2009 to 2014. The hypothesis that this research is pursuing is if bilateral relations have created a positive impact by implementing the Erasmus Mundus program. This is a longitudinal quantitative and analytical research. Primary sources such as dictionaries, books and scientific journals and secondary sources such as articles and researches are used in order to obtain all the desired information. The source and data analysis are made by descriptive statistics that allow to create a good description of the particular objects. To represent the results obtained there are presented tables and graphics that shown the quantity of Mexican applications in the period that goes from 2009 to 2014. 11% of Mexican applicants are accepted, this is a considerable percentage but there is still so much more to do in order to improve these programs because without any question academic exchange programs allow the progress of a better quality of life and for those who can expand their horizons it makes a better life, a better present and future

Estudio del incremento de la resistencia mecánica de cuerpos cerámicos para losetas cerámicas

In the present study an evaluation of the effect of four additives on the ceramic body is made: fly ash, talc, kaolin and feldspar; with the objective of determining the best formulations that allow to develop, after the thermal cycle and without modifications to the current production process of a certain ceramic company, microstructures that increase the mechanical resistance of semigres ceramic tiles. The obtaining of the ceramic test pieces was carried out using the procedure and the formulation proposed by the production company. The properties studied were linear contraction percentage, water absorption and mechanical resistance to bending. The corresponding tests were carried out in accordance with the corresponding standards. The highest value of mechanical resistance to bending was 57.91 N / mm2 corresponding to ceramic specimens with the optimized formulation: standard body plus 2% talc and 2% kaolin.En el presente estudio se realiza una evaluación del efecto de cuatro aditivos sobre el cuerpo cerámico: ceniza volante, talco, caolín y feldespato; con el objetivo de determinar las mejores formulaciones que permitan desarrollar, después del ciclo térmico y sin modificaciones al proceso de producción actual de cierta empresa cerámica, microestructuras que incrementen la resistencia mecánica de losetas cerámicas de semigres. La obtención de las probetas cerámicas se llevó a cabo utilizando el procedimiento y la formulación propuesta por la empresa productora. Las propiedades estudiadas fueron porcentaje de contracción lineal, porcentaje de absorción de agua y resistencia mecánica a la flexión. Los ensayos correspondientes se realizaron de acuerdo con las normas correspondientes. El valor más alto de resistencia mecánica a la flexión resultó de 57,91 N/mm2 correspondiente a probetas cerámicas con la formulación optimizada: cuerpo estándar más 2 % de talco y 2 % de caolín

Microwave foaming of sodium silicate-ortodibasic calcium phosphate mixtures

[ES] La acción de la energía de las microondas, genera porosidad interna en un material cerámico húmedo. En el presente trabajo, se analiza el efecto del tiempo de aplicación de las microondas sobre el comportamiento térmico, cambio de volumen, tamaño y distribución de poros, reacciones químicas y disolución de probetas cerámicas de silicato de sodio / ortofosfato cálcico dibásico (FCD). Para caracterizar las espumas cerámicas, se utilizó, análisis de imágenes, microscopía electrónica de barrido, difracción de rayos X y picnometría de helio. Se obtuvieron espumas cerámicas con una porosidad de 71 a 79 % y un rango de tamaño de poro de 10 a 200 μm. Después de 90 segundos, las probetas alcanzaron una temperatura de aproximadamente 130°C y una pérdida de peso de 23% con respecto al peso total de la muestra. Se observaron cambios de volumen y de los compuestos químicos en las muestras espumadas cuando se varió la proporción del FCD en la mezcla. Para contenidos de 10, 20 y 30% en peso de FCD, el incremento de volumen se redujo a 350, 300 y 250% respectivamente. En muestras con 30% de FCD calentadas por microondas durante 90 segundos la cantidad de un nuevo compuesto en la espuma, constituido por β-NaCaPO4, fue del orden de 42.9%. En esa misma muestra, el 57.1 % restante fue FCD. Considerando pruebas de disolución de un gramo de muestra en 100 ml de agua destilada, la disolución obtenida en muestras espumadas por microondas después de 20 días fue de 900 ppm/gr para el Na y de 2.7 ppm/gr para el Ca en muestras con 10% de FCD. En muestras con 30% de FCD la disolución de Na fue de 470 ppm/gr y del Ca de 5 ppm/gr.[EN] The effect of microwave application on the thermal behaviour, volume change, size and pore size distribution as well as chemical reactions and dissolution of sodium silicate/dibasic calcium phosphate ceramic (DCF) samples have been analysed. Ceramics foams with porosities between 71 and 79 wt% and pore sizes ranging from 10 to 200 microns have been obtained. After 90 seconds the temperature of samples reach about 130 °C with a weight loss of 23 wt%. Differences in the proportion of DCF in the initial mixture originate changes in volume and different chemical compounds in the final obtained foams. Additions of 10, 20 and 30 wt% of DCF originates volume increases of 350, 300 and 250 % respectively. In foam samples with 30 wt% of DCF, heated by microwave during 90 sec., the amount of the new compound β-NaCaPO4 was about 42.9 wt%. The other component of this sample, 57.1 wt%, was DCF. Dissolution tests were made, using one gram of sample, in 100 ml of distilled water. The dissolution of 10 wt% DCF foamed samples, after 20 days into water, were 900 ppm/gr of Na and 2.7 ppm/gr of Ca. In samples with 30 wt% of DCF the dissolution were 470 ppm/gr and 5 ppm/gr for Na and Ca respectively.Peer reviewe

Vantagem competitiva da Intel no segmento dos microprocessadores

The present work has the objective of analyzing how the company Intel Corporation has developed worldwide and what is its competitive advantage with respect to competitors in the market. The analysis will be made from an industry-based point of view, identifying the five forces of Michael Porter, which provides an assessment of the strengths of external factors to the company in order to define strategies against threats. What is Intel’s competitive advantage given its current dominance in the personal computer segment in the face of technological changes and new segments of the semiconductor Industry? The hypothesis: Intel has a competitive advantage over production volume, alliances with PC manufacturers, own factories (Fabs)for the production of processors, which allows it to enter with greater ease the new technology segments, and as a goal: to analyze Intel’s competitive advantage through Porter’s five forces.El presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de analizar cómo la empresa Intel Corporation se ha desarrollado a nivel mundial y cuál es su ventaja competitiva con respecto a los competidores en el mercado. El análisis se hará desde un punto de vista basado en la industria, identificando las cinco fuerzas de Michael Porter, lo cual brinda una evaluación de las fortalezas de los factores externos de la compañía para poder así definir estrategias ante las amenazas. Así mismo, se buscará cuál es la ventaja competitiva de Intel, dado su dominio actual en el segmento de las computadoras personales ante los cambios tecnológicos y los nuevos segmentos de la industria de los semiconductores. La hipótesis: Intel cuenta con ventaja competitiva, a través del volumen de producción, de las alianzas con fabricantes de PC y de las fábricas propias (Fabs) para producción de procesadores, que le permite entrar con mayor facilidad a los nuevos segmentos de tecnología. Y como objetivo: Analizar la ventaja competitiva de Intel a través de las cinco fuerzas de Porter.O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar como a empresa Intel Corporation tem se desenvolvido mundialmente e qual sua vantagem competitiva em relação aos concorrentes no mercado. A análise será feita do ponto de vista da indústria, identificando as cinco forças de Michael Porter, que fornece uma avaliação dos pontos fortes dos fatores externos da empresa para definir estratégias contra ameaças. Da mesma forma, a vantagem competitiva da Intel será buscada, dado seu domínio atual no segmento de computadores pessoais em face das mudanças tecnológicas e novos segmentos da indústria de semicondutores. A hipótese: a Intel tem uma vantagem competitiva, por meio do volume de produção, alianças com fabricantes de PCs e fábricas próprias (Fabs) para a produção de processadores, o que lhe permite entrar com mais facilidade em novos segmentos de tecnologia. E como objetivo: Analisar a vantagem competitiva da Intel por meio das cinco forças de Porter

Potential species distribution and richness of ixodidae ticks associated with wild vertebrates from Michoacán, Mexico

Ticks are regarded as the most relevant vectors of disease-causing pathogens in domestic and wild animals. The diversity of Ixodidae is known for a very small number of genera. Ixodes are repre- sented by 26 species, and in 2007 the first reported ticks vectors in Mexico for the causal agent of Lyme disease. Recent rise in tick-borne disease in many parts of the world is a phenomenon in need of an explanation. The main objective of the present work was to map at a regional scale (1:2,000,000) of the distribution of ticks of the family Ixodidae that are potentially present on the wild fauna of state of Michoacan, Mexico. We compiled all available literature on ticks at a national level together with complete cartographic and bibliographic georeferenced information of the distribution of hosts in order to build a spatial database in ArcView 3.3. The results indicated that the wild fauna in the state’s territory could potentially include 31 species of ticks of Ixodidae. The map of potential species richness of ixodid ticks on the wild fauna of the state can be categorized into five classes of species richness. The highest potential concentration of ixodid species on wild fauna occurs in the volcanic area of Pico de Tancítaro

Fructose metabolism in Chromohalobacter salexigens: interplay between the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas and Entner–Doudoroff pathways

Background The halophilic bacterium Chromohalobacter salexigens metabolizes glucose exclusively through the Entner–Doudoroff (ED) pathway, an adaptation which results in inefficient growth, with significant carbon overflow, especially at low salinity. Preliminary analysis of C. salexigens genome suggests that fructose metabolism could proceed through the Entner–Doudoroff and Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP) pathways. In order to thrive at high salinity, this bacterium relies on the biosynthesis and accumulation of ectoines as major compatible solutes. This metabolic pathway imposes a high metabolic burden due to the consumption of a relevant proportion of cellular resources, including both energy molecules (NADPH and ATP) and carbon building blocks. Therefore, the existence of more than one glycolytic pathway with different stoichiometries may be an advantage for C. salexigens. The aim of this work is to experimentally characterize the metabolism of fructose in C. salexigens. Results Fructose metabolism was analyzed using in silico genome analysis, RT-PCR, isotopic labeling, and genetic approaches. During growth on fructose as the sole carbon source, carbon overflow was not observed in a wide range of salt concentrations, and higher biomass yields were reached. We unveiled the initial steps of the two pathways for fructose incorporation and their links to central metabolism. While glucose is metabolized exclusively through the Entner–Doudoroff (ED) pathway, fructose is also partially metabolized by the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP) route. Tracking isotopic label from [1-13C] fructose to ectoines revealed that 81% and 19% of the fructose were metabolized through ED and EMP-like routes, respectively. Activities of enzymes from both routes were demonstrated in vitro by 31P-NMR. Genes encoding predicted fructokinase and 1-phosphofructokinase were cloned and the activities of their protein products were confirmed. Importantly, the protein encoded by csal1534 gene functions as fructose bisphosphatase, although it had been annotated previously as pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase. The gluconeogenic rather than glycolytic role of this enzyme in vivo is in agreement with the lack of 6-phosphofructokinase activity previously described. Conclusions Overall, this study shows that C. salexigens possesses a greater metabolic flexibility for fructose catabolism, the ED and EMP pathways contributing to a fine balancing of energy and biosynthetic demands and, subsequently, to a more efficient metabolism.University of Murcia and University of Seville was supported by projects: BIO2015-63949-R, BIO2014-54411-C2-1-REuropa MINECO/FEDER RTI2018-094393-B-C21Fundación Séneca (Grant no. 19236/PI/14

Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors For Mortality During the \u27First Wave\u27 of COVID-19 In Reynosa, Tamaulipas

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted public health in Mexico. As of February 2020, there have been at least four waves of contagion that resulted in 5.82 million positive cases and more than 325 thousand deaths. At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, hospital and population-based information was available, frequently with non-specific symptoms. Little was known about the risk factors for mortality in specific conditions. We described the clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 in Reynosa, Tamaulipas during 2020 and identified the risk factors for mortality. Methods: The COVID-19 cases registered from March to November 2020 in Reynosa were divided into survivors and non-survivors. The study had a retrospective cohort design. Data was obtained from the platform of the Respiratory Disease Surveillance System (SISVER), belonging to the National Epidemiological Surveillance System (SINAVE) of the Mexican Ministry of Health (https://sinave.gob.mx/). The variables considered were the age and gender of each patient. Twenty-five symptoms were included (fever, cough, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, among others); the outcome variable was the detection of COVID-19. Associated comorbidities were diabetes, obesity, hypertension, among others. The outcome variable was mortality. Data were analyzed using χ2 tests, Mann-Whitney tests, principal component analysis, and the Cox regression model. Results:The highest number of COVID-19 cases and deaths was observed in July, in men between 36-40 years old. The most frequent symptoms (37-51%) were headache, fever, cough, myalgia, and arthralgia. Clinical characteristics between survivors and non-survivors were significant (P Conclusions: The most frequent symptoms in positive COVID-19 patients in Reynosa during 2020 were headache, fever, cough, myalgia, and arthralgia. Age, gender and diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, COPD, and CKD increase mortality. The factors with the highest risk of death were age over 80 years, admitted to the ICU or intubated

Primer análisis filogenético de Ehrlichia canis en perros y garrapatas de México. Estudio preliminar

RESUMEN Objetivos. Caracterizar filogenéticamente Ehrlichia canis a partir de perros naturalmente infectados y sus garrapatas, mediante PCR y secuenciación del gene 16SrRNA para compararlos con diferentes aislados encontrados en el continente Americano. Material y métodos. Se colectaron muestras sanguíneas de 139 perros con manifestaciones clínicas sugestivas a Ehrlichiosis, y que estuvieran infestados con garrapatas; una parte del gene 16SrRNA, fue secuenciada y alineada junto con las 17 secuencias reportadas en los países de América. Se construyeron dos árboles filogenéticos utilizando el método de Máxima verosimilitud compuesta, y Máxima parsimonia. Resultados. Fueron positivos  a E. canis 25/139 (18.0%) perros y 29/139 (20.9%) garrapatas colectadas sobre los perros. Las manifestaciones clínicas presentadas fueron fiebre, astenia, depresión y vómito. Las garrapatas Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor variabilis y Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris fueron positivas para E. canis. El análisis filogenético mostró que las secuencias 16SrRNA de Ehrlichia canis aisladas de perros y garrapatas en este estudio forman un tercer grupo que diverge de las secuencias de Sudamérica y EUA. Conclusiones. Es el primer análisis filogenético de E. canis en México. Hay diferencias entre las secuencias de este estudio, con las reportadas en otros países de Sudamérica y en EUA. Esta investigación sienta las bases para profundizar en el estudio de la variabilidad genética

Association between bullying and major depressive disorder in a psychiatric consultation

Assess if there is a significant association between being bullied and presenting depressive symptoms. Materials and methods: In the March---October period of the present year, 8---16-year-old children and adolescents that attended psychiatric consultation for the first time in Dr. Eleuterio González Hospital were included in this study. Test Bull-S was used to determine the presence of bullying (Victim subtype); to evaluate depression 2 instruments were used according to age: Children’s Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) for 8---12-year olds and the Birleson Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS) for 13---16-year olds. A total of 147 clinical patients were studied (73 women and 74 men). Data were captured in excel and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program was used for statistical analysis. Results: A very significant association was found between being bullied and presenting depression (X2 = .289, p = .0004). Conclusions: These data are in agreement with national and international studies, therefore, reinforcing the evidence of such association. This is why we suggest inquiring about bullying in children and adolescents whose chief complaint is depressive symptomatolog

CARACTERIZACIÓN SISMOTECTÓNICA REGIONAL PRELIMINAR DE UN SECTOR DEL PIEDEMONTE LLANERO COLOMBIANO: CORREDOR SAN JUAN DE ARAMA – CUMARAL,META

  With the regional tectonic scenario determination carried out with remote sensors, secondary information and field observations, be determined that the faults related to the Eastern Frontal Fault System - EFFS, obeys to a geometry of shortcut planes with maximum longitudes of 30 km, these represent thrust faults that limit to the Andean basement with the South American plate. Also with the support of the historical seismicity and instrumental seismicity registration of the RSNC for the period 1993 - 2001, low seismic activity was determined between 3º and 4º N, and moderate seismic activity to the south of this latitude. This sector of EFFS is composed by listric fault type with low dip angle toward depth under compression stress regime and it seismicity obeys to stress release of these planes in the contact area where the basements converge. The maximum magnitude estimated is M ≥ 6,0 with 5 - 30 km depth hypocenters. However the low previous seismological information and few studies in these faults yet hinder the realization of earthquake prediction in probabilistic sense for these.   Key Words: Andean Eastern Cordillera Foothill, Eastern Frontal Fault System, Geotectonics, Seismicity, Seismotectonics    Con la determinación del escenario tectónico regional realizado con sensores remotos, información secundaria y observaciones de campo, se ha encontrado que las fallas relacionadas al Sistema de Fallas de la Falla Frontal de la Cordillera Oriental   - SFFFCO, obedecen a una geometría de planos muy seccionados con longitudes máximas de 30 km que representan fallas de cabalgamiento que limitan al basamento Andino con la placa suramericana. Con el apoyo de la sismicidad histórica y del registro instrumental de la RSNC para el período 1993 - 2001, se determinó igualmente poca actividad sísmica entre los 3º y 4º N, y una actividad moderada al sur de esta latitud. Este sector del SFFFCO se caracteriza por presentar planos de tipo lístrico bajo régimen compresivo cuyo buzamiento decrece en ángulo hacía profundidad y la sismicidad obedece a la liberación de esfuerzos de estos planos en la zona de contacto donde convergen los basamentos. La magnitud máxima posible esperada es M ≥ 6,0, con hipocentros que oscilan entre 5 y 30 km Sin embargo la baja información sismológica y los pocos estudios realizados en estas fallas todavía impiden realizar la estimación en el sentido probabilístico de los periodos intersísmicos en estas.   Palabras Clave: Piedemonte Llanero colombiano, Sistema de Fallas de la Falla Frontal de de la Cordillera Oriental, Geotectónica,  Sismicidad, Sismotectónica.     &nbsp