Subulura lacertilia sp.n. (Nematoda, Subuluridae) parasitizing the Brazilian lizard Tropidurus nanuzae Rodrigues (Lacertilia, Tropiduridae)

This report deals with the identification of samples of nematodes recovered from Tropidurus nanuzae Rodrigues, 1981, with the description of a new species, and is a part of a major study on helminth parasites of reptiles in Brazil, taking into account previous data on this subject. The main approach is that referring to the first occurrence of subulurid nematodes in a reptilian host, since they have been assigned previously to birds and mammals.10651068Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Defense behavior and tail loss in the endemic lizard Eurolophosaurus nanuzae (Squamata, Tropiduridae) from southeastern Brazil

Defense behavior of the endemic tropidurid lizard Eurolophosaurus nanuzae was studied in an area of rocky outcrops at Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais State, southeastern Brazil. Tail loss aspects of this species were also studied in lizards from three populations (Diamantina, Serra do Cipó, and Serro, Minas Gerais State, Brazil). Lizards relied primarily on crypsis to avoid detection by predators. Secondary defense strategies involved a complex set of behaviors. Mean maximum distance of flight was 1.68 ± 1.70 m. When captured,individuals attempted to flee, lifted the tail, produced distress calls, discharged the cloacal contents, waived their tails, and bit. Frequency of tail autotomy was 13.2% (n = 53) in Diamantina, 11.9% (n = 42) in Serra do Cipó, and 4.1% (n = 49) in Serro. Tail autotomy frequency did not differ among the three populations (X2 = 3.3, DF =2, p = 0.19). Tail autotomy did not vary between the years of the study (X2 = 1.32, p = 0.35) and did not differ between males and females among the studied populations

A morphometric study of Eutrombicula alfreddugesi (Acari: Trombiculidae) infesting four sympatric species of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) in northeastern Brazil

We undertook a sampling program to understand the extent of morphological variation in Eutrombicula alfreddugesi among the fourhost species of Tropidurus at Morro do Chapéu, Brazil

Amphibia, Anura, Hylodes charadranaetes, Ischnocnema octavioi, and Euparkerella cochranae: distribution extension

Non

COMPORTAMENTO DE TERMORREGULAÇÃO EM LAGARTOS BRASILEIROS

Reptiles present one of the most complex mechanisms found within vertebrates to regulate body temperature. In lizards, this regulationmechanism achieves a remarkable degree of refinement in which behavior plays a crucial role. The present review deals with a set of factors of thermoregulation in Brazilian lizards, illustrating it as the result of a physiological and behavioral process in lizards and discussing other factors such as the relationship between phylogeny and body temperature in activity, the environmental sources of heat, the costs of behaviors associated with thermoregulation, the complex relationships between body temperature, foraging intensity and diet, and the relationship between thermoregulation and some aspects of their life history such as degree of herbivory and reproductive condition. Based on various sources of information available on body temperature regulation by Brazilian lizards, we aimed at providing a comprehensive review on the subject of thermoregulatory behaviors in Brazilian lizards.Uno de los más complejos mecanismos de regulación de la temperatura corporal es encontrado en réptiles. En los lagartos, este mecanismo alcanza un grado destacado de refinamiento en que el comportamiento es un factor determinante. En este artículo presentamos una revisión de los elementos involucrados en el comportamiento de termorregulación de los lagartos brasileros. En esta amplia revisión discutimos topicos como: la termorregulación como proceso fisiológico y de comportamiento en los lagartos, el efecto y la relación entre la filogenia y la temperatura corporal en actividad, las fuentes ambientales de calor, la termorregulación y los costos asociados a la regulación de la temperatura corporal a través del comportamiento, la complejainterrelación entre temperatura corporal, intensidad de forrajeo y dieta, y la relación entre la termorregulación y otros aspectos de la historia de vida como el grado de herbivoria y el estado reproductivo. Con base enlas más variadas fuentes de información disponibles sobre regulación de la temperatura corporal en lagartos brasileros, proporcionamos también una relevante revisión sobre el tema y un estado del arte del conocimiento sobre el comportamiento de termorregulación en los lagartos brasileros.Um dos mais complexos mecanismos de regulação da temperatura corpórea é encontrado entre os répteis, e nos lagartos, este mecanismo atinge um destacável grau de refinamento em que o comportamento é um fator preponderante. No presente artigo apresentamos uma revisão do conjunto de elementos envolvidos no comportamento de termorregulação em lagartos brasileiros. Nesta ampla revisão abordamos aspectos como a termorregulação como processo fisiológico e comportamental nos lagartos, o efeito e a relação entre a filogenia e a temperatura corpórea em atividade, as fontes ambientais de calor, a termorregulação e os custos associados na regulação comportamental da temperatura corpórea, a complexa interrelação entre temperatura corpórea, intensidade de forrageamento e dieta, e a relação entre a termorregulação e outros aspectos da história de vida como o grau de herbivoria e o estado reprodutivo. Com base nas mais variadas fontes de informação disponíveis sobre regulação da temperatura corpórea em lagartos brasileiros, fornecemos também uma relevante revisão sobre o tema e um estado da arte do conhecimento sobre o comportamento de termorregulação nos lagartos brasileiros

Feeding habits of Enyalius perditus (Squamata: Leiosauridae) in an Atlantic Forest remnant in southeastern Brazil

Hábitos alimentares de Enyalius perditus (Squamata: Leiosauridae) em um fragmento de Mata Atlântica no sudeste do Brasil. O objetivo do presente estudo foi fornecer informações sobre hábitos alimentares e outros aspectos ecológicos do lagarto Enyalius perditus em um fragmento de Mata Atlântica no estado do Rio de Janeiro, sudeste do Brasil. No Rio de Janeiro, os indivíduos de E. perditus alimentaram-se predominantemente de artrópodes, como lagartas, isópodes e aranhas, como é típico de lagartos desse gênero. Não houve variação pronunciada nos principais tipos de presas consumidas entre essa e outras populações de E. perditus estudadas, apesar de haver diferenças potenciais nos suprimentos alimentares entre ambientes. Os indivíduos consumiram fragmentos de folhas mortas, ingeriram presas comumente encontradas na serapilheira (e.g., Isopoda e larvas de Coleoptera) e foram algumas vezes encontrados no chão ou capturados em armadilhas-de-queda durante os trabalhos de campo, o que sugere que esses lagartos utilizam a serapilheira do chão da floresta para o forrageio e outras atividades, embora também utilizem poleiros acima do nível do chão.Feeding habits of Enyalius perditus (Squamata: Leiosauridae) in an Atlantic Forest remnant in southeastern Brazil. In the present study, we aimed to provide information regarding feeding habits and other ecological aspects of Enyalius perditus in an Atlantic Forest remnant in the state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. Enyalius perditus individuals in Rio de Janeiro fed predominantly upon arthropods such as caterpillars, isopods, and spiders, as is typical of lizards in the genus. There were no pronounced variations in the main types of prey consumed between this and other populations of E. perditus studied in spite of potential differences in local food supplies between environments. The individuals consumed fragments of dead leaves, ingested prey commonly found in leaf litter (e.g., Isopoda and Coleoptera larvae), and were sometime

Rapid literature mapping on the recent use of machine learning for wildlife imagery

Machine (especially deep) learning algorithms are changing the way wildlife imagery is processed. They dramatically speed up the time to detect, count, and classify animals and their behaviours. Yet, we currently have very few systematic literature surveys on its use in wildlife imagery. Through a literature survey (a ‘rapid’ review) and bibliometric mapping, we explored its use across: 1) species (vertebrates), 2) image types (e.g., camera traps, or drones), 3) study locations, 4) alternative machine learning algorithms, 5) outcomes (e.g., recognition, classification, or tracking), 6) reporting quality and openness, 7) author affiliation, and 8) publication journal types. We found that an increasing number of studies used convolutional neural networks (i.e., deep learning). Typically, studies have focused on large charismatic or iconic mammalian species. An increasing number of studies have been published in ecology-specific journals indicating the uptake of deep learning to transform the detection, classification and tracking of wildlife. Sharing of code was limited, with only 20% of studies providing links to analysis code. Much of the published research and focus on animals came from India, China, Australia, or the USA. There were relatively few collaborations across countries. Given the power of machine learning, we recommend increasing collaboration and sharing approaches to utilise increasing amounts of wildlife imagery more rapidly and transform and improve understanding of wildlife behaviour and conservation. Our survey, augmented with bibliometric analyses, provides valuable signposts for future studies to resolve and address shortcomings, gaps, and biases

Genome sequencing of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli CFBP4834-R reveals that flagellar motility is not a general feature of xanthomonads.

Xanthomonads are plant-associated bacteria that establish neutral, commensal or pathogenic relationships with plants. The list of common characteristics shared by all members of the genus Xanthomonas is now well established based on the entire genome sequences that are currently available and that represent various species, numerous pathovars of X. axonopodis (sensu Vauterin et al., 2000), X. oryzae and X. campestris, and many strains within some pathovars. These ?-proteobacteria are motile by a single polar flagellum. Motility is an important feature involved in biofilm formation, plant colonization and hence considered as a pathogenicity factor. X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli var. fuscans (Xapf) is one of the causal agents of common bacterial blight of bean and 4834-R is a highly aggressive strain of this pathogen that was isolated from a seed-borne epidemic in France in 1998. We obtained a high quality assembled sequence of the genome of this strain with 454-Solexa and 2X Sanger sequencing. Housekeeping functions are conserved in this genome that shares core characteristics with genomes of other xanthomonads: the six secretion systems which have been described so far in Gram negative bacteria are all present, as well as their ubiquitous substrates or effectors and a rather usual number of mobile elements. Elements devoted to the adaptation to the environment constitute an important part of the genome with a chemotaxis island and dispersed MCPs, numerous two-component systems, and numerous TonB dependent transporters. Furthermore, numerous multidrug efflux systems and functions dedicated to biofilm formation that confer resistance to stresses are also present. An intriguing feature revealed by genome analysis is a long deletion of 35 genes (33 kbp) involved in flagellar biosynthesis. This deletion is replaced by an insertion sequence called ISXapf2. Genes such as flgB to flgL and fliC to fleQ which are involved in the flagellar structure (rod, P- and L-ring, hook, cap and filament) are absent in the genome of strain 4834-R that is not motile. Primers were designed to detect this deletion by PCR in a collection of more than 300 strains representing different species and pathovars of Xanthomonas, and less than 5% of the tested xanthomonads strains were found nonmotile because of a deletion in the flagellum gene cluster. We observed that half of the Xapf strains isolated from the same epidemic than strain 4834-R was non-motile and that this ratio was conserved in the strains colonizing the next bean seed generation. Isolation of such variants in a natural epidemic reveals that either flagellar motility is not a key function for fitness or that some complementation occurs within the bacterial population. (Résumé d'auteur