Les lettres pontificales du XIVe siècle: histoire de leur édition et questionnements actuels

The various registers containing the letters of the Avignon popes (1305-1378) have triggered, right from the time when the Vatican archives were opened, large editing projects among which the one by the Ecole Française de Rome stands out. This work was extended by the creation, during the 1990s, of a database, Ut per Literas Apostolicas, which gathers the common, curial or secret letters edited by this institution. The CORELPA Programme ensures the continuity of this project. Wondering about the outcome of this corpus of almost pontifical 300,000 letters is only legitimate. The example of the papal practice toward the benefice allows one to underline the interest of a comprehensive analysis by showing that some of the common ideas could be qualified. The essential issue of the efficiency of the pontifical collations also deserves a more general analysis. Let’s hope that the corpus keeps on developing in order to better answer our questions.Os registos que contêm a correspondência dos Papas de Avinhão (1305-1378) suscitaram, desde a abertura do arquivo do Vaticano, grandes projectos editoriais tais como o da Escola Francesa de Roma. Este trabalho foi prorrogado pela criação, em 1990, de uma base de dados, Ut per litteras Apostolicas, que inclui as letras comuns, curiais ou secretas publicadas por esta instituição. O programa CORELPA assegura a continuidade deste projecto. É legítimo questionarmo-nos sobre os contributos deste corpus de cerca de 300 mil cartas papais. O exemplo da prática beneficial permite-nos sublinhar o interesse de uma análise de conjunto que permita mostrar que certas ideias adquiridas podem ainda hoje ser objecto de ajustamento. A questão essencial da eficácia das colações papais mereceria de igual modo uma reflexão mais aprofundada. Espera-se que o corpus continue a desenvolver-se, a fim de melhor responder às nossas interrogações

Minicentrale hydroélectrique de Val-Jalbert : influence de l’échelle de participation publique et acceptabilité sociale

Depuis plus d’un siècle, le développement économique du Québec passe sans contredit par la valorisation de son potentiel hydraulique. Plusieurs politiques énergétiques ont misé sur le développement de projets hydroélectriques de petite envergure afin d’offrir un levier de développement aux communautés dévitalisées des régions du Québec. Or, la filière de la petite hydraulique a successivement connu des fortes mobilisations opposées à ce mode de développement, perçu comme une menace à l’intégrité environnementale des rivières et au patrimoine culturel du Québec, particulièrement dans le contexte de surplus énergétiques auquel fait face la province. Le débat public auquel sont confrontés les projets de minicentrales depuis les balbutiements de la filière comporte des dimensions locales et nationales, lesquelles sont mises en évidence par les acteurs impliqués dans les processus participatifs prévus par la procédure d’évaluation environnementale de ces projets. Parce que cette dernière est indissociable de son inscription territoriale, l’articulation des échelles locale, régionale et nationale de planification territoriale pose la question de l’échelle de participation servant de cadre au débat public. L’objectif de l’essai proposé est donc d’explorer l’influence de l’échelle de la participation publique pour favoriser l’acceptabilité sociale des minicentrales. L’étude du cas de projet de mise en valeur hydroélectrique sur la rivière Ouiatchouan à Val-Jalbert permet d’aborder cette question sous l’angle particulier de la conciliation des intérêts locaux et nationaux quant à ces projets en analysant la façon dont les rapports de force entre les acteurs contribuent à la construction de l’acceptabilité sociale du projet. Cette analyse supporte la formulation de recommandations et de pistes stratégiques pour faciliter l’arrimage des dynamiques locales et nationales dans le développement de projets énergétiques du Québec

Hedging of American Options under Transaction Costs

International audienceWe consider a continuous-time model of financial market with proportional transaction costs. Our result is a dual description of the set of initial endowments of self-financing portfolios super replicating American - type contingent claim. The latter is a right-continuous adapted vector process describing the number of assets to be delivered at the exercise date. We introduce a specific class of price systems, called coherent, and show that the hedging endowments are those whose 'values' are larger than the expected weighted 'values' of the pay-off process for every coherent price system used for the 'evaluation' of the assets

À Perpignan, le jardin de la Villa des Tilleuls, œuvre d’Adolphe Raveau

L’identification de l’architecte paysagiste Adolphe Raveau (1857-?) d’origine berrichonne et ayant travaillé étroitement avec l’architecte Viggo Dorph-Petersen à Perpignan à la Villa des Tilleuls pour le négociant Joseph Puig, relance la connaissance sur l’histoire des jardins en Roussillon. Cette étude permet d’entrevoir l’introduction du goût « français » et de la diffusion des modèles nationaux et en particulier ceux d’Edouard André dans cette région frontalière aux traditions jardinières particulières. L’état de conservation actuel du jardin très proche de celui conçu en 1905 confère à ce petit jardin de la Belle Époque un caractère remarquable. Cet espace à l’origine privatif est devenu un jardin public de la ville.The identification of landscape architect Adolphe Raveau (1857-?) who was from the Berry region and worked in close relationship with architect Viggo Dorph-Petersen in Perpignan at the Villa des Tilleuls for merchant Joseph Puig, gave a new impetus to the knowledge of the history of gardens in Roussillon. That study allows us to have an idea of the introduction of French “taste” and the propagation of national models especially Edouard André’s in that border region with such specific gardening traditions. The present state of conservation of the garden which is very close to that designed in 1905 conveys an outstanding character to that little garden dating from the Belle Époque period. That originally private space is now a public garden of the city

Gilles-Marie Moreau, Calixte II (v. 1060-1124) : « le Père de la paix »

Malgré un pontificat très court, de 1119 à 1124, Calixte II a joué un rôle non négligeable dans l’histoire de l’Église du Moyen Âge central. Apparenté aux princes de Bourgogne et passé par l’archiépiscopat de Vienne, il est devenu pape à un moment de fort conflit entre la papauté et l’empire. Il s’y est montré décisif puisqu’il est à l’origine du fameux concordat de Worms, en 1122, qui termine la querelle des Investitures par un compromis permettant l’élection des évêques par les chanoines. I..

Bactéries multirésistantes et voyage [Multidrug-resistant bacteria and travel]

Antimicrobial resistance is a global problem which affects also tropical countries. Travelers to these regions expose themselves to the risk of being colonised and infected with multidrug-resistant bacteria. The region visited, the occurrence of diarrhoea and the use of antibiotics are the principal risk factors leading to colonisation with multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, which can affect up to 80% of travellers. Colonisation with meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin resistant enterococci are often due to contacts with the health care system of the visited country. For the practitioner evaluating a patient returning from abroad it is important to consider the risk of infection with multidrug-resistant bacteriae. Screening for these bacteriae in the stool or by mucocutaneous swabs can be discussed in certain situations

Observational study on the consumption of recreational drugs and alcohol by Swiss travelers.

BACKGROUND: Studies carried out on specific travelers' groups such as students describe an increase in the consumption of alcohol and drugs during travel and vacation time. The present study investigates the risk behaviors (alcohol and drugs) in a general adult population in Switzerland travelling abroad who visited a travel clinic before departure. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted in a travel clinic between January 2006 and December 2008. 14,496 patients came to the clinic for a pre-travel consultation. 3,537 of them answered a questionnaire about their life habits in Switzerland and during their last trip. The only exclusion criterion was an age inferior to 18 years old.The consumption habits of drugs and at-risk alcohol intake (8 standard drinks (SD) per week for women and 15 SD for men) was analyzed according to gender, sex, destination and profession. Predictors of adopting a risky behavior between habits in Switzerland and during their previous trip were also analyzed. RESULTS: 7% (229/3477) of participants declared having at-risk alcohol consumption in Switzerland and 14% (473/3275 [95% CI 13-16]) during their trip. 9% (332/3527) of the participants used drugs in Switzerland and 5% (178/3481) during their trip. Risk factors for at-risk alcohol consumption during a trip were: at-risk alcohol consumption in Switzerland (OR 31[95% CI 21-45]), smoking (1.7 [95% CI 1-2]), use of drugs in Switzerland (OR 2.2 [95% CI 2-3]), leisure travel (OR 1.6 [95% CI 1-2]) and managerial professions (OR 1.8 [95% CI 1-3]). Risk factors for the use of drugs during a trip were: alcohol consumption in Switzerland (OR 2.1 [95% CI 1-4]), smoking (OR 1.9 [95% CI 1-3]), and use of drugs in Switzerland (OR 29.7 [95% CI 19-45]). CONCLUSIONS: At-risk alcohol consumption and, to a lesser extent, use of drugs, affect a large number of travelers which expose them to health problems during a trip. Exploring the alcohol and drugs consumption patterns of people visiting a travel clinic should be part of the pre-travel routine consultation and would allow to identifying people who would benefit most from a specific prevention

The Grueneberg ganglion controls odor-driven food choices in mice under threat.

The ability to efficiently search for food is fundamental for animal survival. Olfactory messages are used to find food while being aware of the impending risk of predation. How these different olfactory clues are combined to optimize decision-making concerning food selection remains elusive. Here, we find that chemical danger cues drive the food selection in mice via the activation of a specific olfactory subsystem, the Grueneberg ganglion (GG). We show that a functional GG is required to decipher the threatening quality of an unfamiliar food. We also find that the increase in corticosterone, which is GG-dependent, enhances safe food preference acquired during social transmission. Moreover, we demonstrate that memory retrieval for food preference can be extinguished by activation of the GG circuitry. Our findings reveal a key function played by the GG in controlling contextual food responses and illustrate how mammalian organisms integrate environmental chemical stress to optimize decision-making