Musiques, environnement sonore et espaces sensoriels dans l’Antiquité

Deux expositions présentées au public l’hiver dernier, l’une consacrée à la musique dans les mondes anciens, au musée du Louvre-Lens, l’autre aux rituels du monde grec, au musée Saint-Raymond de Toulouse, témoignent du dynamisme des travaux de recherche en cours sur l’univers sensible des anciens. Ces deux expositions montraient aussi l’intérêt d’une approche interdisciplinaire et comparatiste pour tenter de reconstituer les « paysages sonores » et les perceptions sensorielles des peuples de l’Antiquité. Cet article se propose de rendre compte de ces expositions, de leurs enjeux, des questions qu’elles suscitent, et d’évoquer les programmes de recherche et les publications qui les ont permises.Last winter, two exhibitions showcased the dynamism of current research on the sensorial world of Antiquity: one at the Louvre-Lens, dedicated to music in Ancient cultures, the other at the Musée Saint-Raymond in Toulouse, focusing on Ancient Greek rituals. These two exhibitions also show how much interdisciplinary and comparative approaches can bring to efforts to reconstruct “sound landscapes” and the sensory perceptions of Ancient peoples. This article reports on these exhibitions, on what was at stake in putting them together, on the questions they raise, and discusses the research programmes and publications that gave rise to them

Introduction

Si les textes sur lesquels travaillent les philologues et les historiens de l’Antiquité émanent pour la plupart d’instances auctoriales masculines, ces mêmes textes, de quelque nature qu’ils soient, font également entendre de nombreuses « voix féminines », ou tout au moins des paroles mises dans la bouche de personnages féminins. Le développement récent des gender studies a utilement attiré l’attention des chercheurs sur de tels passages. En montrant le caractère construit des catégories du m..

L’exemplarité dans l’Histoire romaine de Tite-Live

On reconnaît aisément, dans l’écriture des exempla féminins par Tite-Live, tous les traits caractéristiques du fonctionnement de l’exemplarité à Rome : centrée sur l’histoire de la cité et du peuple romains, faisant des individus et des mores le moteur de l’histoire, servant les intérêts des grandes familles et surtout créant, par le rappel des exempla antérieurs, un effet de linéarité et de continuité, l’écriture livienne englobe les femmes dans l’histoire de Rome et en fait un complément indissociable de celle des grands hommes. Ce constat pose évidemment la question de la réception de l’Histoire romaine (par qui ces femmes sont-elles destinées à être imitées ?) et surtout, pour l’historien moderne, il rend caduc le projet d’une histoire qui serait exclusivement centrée sur les femmes

Entre histoire et anthropologie, éloge du comparatisme

« Oser expérimenter et construire » : le sous-titre choisi pour la réédition de Comparer l’incomparable rend bien compte du ton et de l’enjeu de ce livre, écrit par Marcel Detienne en 2000, mais qui, sous sa forme « augmentée », n’a rien perdu de son actualité ni de sa force polémique. Fustigeant dans l’avant-propos la trop grande prudence de ses confrères – et même de ses amis d’antan –, Detienne, depuis Johns Hopkins University, dénonce l’extrême résistance des historiens face aux méthodes ..

Evolution of coastal zone vulnerability to marine inundation in a global change context. Application to Languedoc Roussillon (France)

The coastal system is likely to suffer increasing costal risk in a global change context. Its management implies to consider those risks in a holistic approach of the different vulnerability components of the coastal zone, by improving knowledge of hazard and exposure as well as analyzing and quantifying present day and future territory vulnerability. The ANR/VMC2007/MISEEVA project (2008-2011) has applied this approach on Languedoc Roussillon region in France. MISEEVA approach relies on several scenarios for 2030 and 2100, in terms of meteorology (driver of coastal hazard), sea level rise, and also considering further trends in demography and economy, and possible adaption strategies Hazard has been modeled (SWAN, MARS and SURFWB), on the base of the presentday situation, sea level rise hypotheses, and existing or modeled data, of extreme meteorological driving f. It allowed to assess the possible surges ranges and map coastal zone exposure to: - a permanent inundation (considering sea level rise in 2030 and 2100, - a recurrent inundation (considering sea level rise and extreme tidal range) - an exceptional inundation (adding extreme storm surge to sea level rise and tidal range). In 2030, exposure will be comparable to present day exposure. In 2100, extreme condition will affect a larger zone. Present days social and economic components of the coastal zone have been analyzed in terms of vulnerability and potential damaging. Adaptation capacity was approached by public inquiries and interviews of stakeholders and policy makers, based on existing planning documents The knowledge of the present day system is then compared to the possible management strategies that could be chosen in the future, so to imagine what would be the evolution of vulnerability to marine inundation, in regards to these possible strategies

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Les « discours » de Veturia, Valeria et Hersilia

The analysis of the numerous narratives dedicated to the feminine embassy sent to Coriolan shows what makes the specific efficiency of the “matronal speech”. These narratives, written in Greek or in Latin, fit into a tradition and resort to diverse models to show the specificity of the feminine speech acts ; these models may be literary ones or they can be inspired by existing social practices. In the Livian version, the persuasive strength of Veturia’s speech (oratio), the mother of Coriolan, leans on the visual dimension of the picture she composes with the group of the women in mourning around her. But the poignant effect (movere) of her speech is also stressed by tears and collective lamentations of the matrons, an attitude evoking that of the Roman supplications. The narratives in Greek draw more from the tragic to build the figure of the “mother” and the “supplicant”. But the historic fiction of Coriolanus also resonates with the episode of the Sabine women who, by their words and prayers, knew how to convince their fathers and husbands to sign the peace. The exemplary value of this intervention creates a kind of “tradition of the exception”, which appears characteristic of the feminine action in Roman history

: Santé et épistolarité dans la correspondance de Cicéron

International audienceCicero’s letters reveal the special links between healthcare, epistolography and self-presentation during the late Roman Republic. Health is not only playing a key-role in the pragmatic functioning of the letter, but the narrating of the disease contributes also to the elaboration of a socialized « I », who asserts and shares his correspondents’ values. Reciprocally, the health advice given by Cicero to his addressees is inseparable from the desire to display his own social rank and authority. Self-concern and caring for others appear then as the two facets of a single social construction. Cicero’s correspondence also reveals the therapeutic virtues attributed to the epistolary exchange, and underlines the close link between body practices and writing/reading activities in the Roman world.La correspondance de Cicéron révèle l’originalité des relations nouées par les Romains de l’époque tardo-républicaine entre les pratiques de santé, les pratiques épistolaires et la présentation de soi. Non seulement la santé joue un rôle-clé dans le fonctionnement pragmatique de la lettre, mais le récit de maladie contribue à la construction d’un « je » socialisé qui permet à Cicéron de partager les valeurs de ses correspondants. Réciproquement, les conseils qu’il adresse à ses destinataires sont inséparables d’un désir d’afficher son propre statut. Souci de soi et souci de l’autre apparaissent donc comme les deux facettes d’une même construction sociale. Cette correspondance témoigne d’autre part des vertus thérapeutiques prêtées à l’échange épistolaire et plus largement des liens étroits existant entre le corps, l’écriture et la lecture dans le monde romain

Alexandre et Octavien contre Bismarck et Gengis Khan

Many video games are using Antiquity in their scenario. One of them has been fascinating gamers and online players for almost 25 years: Civilization. Its principle? To choose one of 18 « civilizations » and lead it from « Stone Age » to contemporary era while confronting other civilizations. Each step of this « evolution » allows the player to acquire new possibilities and to progress until the final victory.Very sophisticated in terms of technology, this video game is a sort of cultural odds and ends: free of any historical verisimilitude (Caesar can face Napoleon), Civilization draws on uninhibited evolutionism and ethnocentrism. It displays a triumphant imperialism and brings to a climax the theory (and ideology) of « the clash of civilizations », since winning supposes to fight and annihilate the other. Yet, this game allows the construction and transmission of stereotypes regarding not only the definition of civilization in the occidental contemporary thought, but also the characteristics and the supposed contribution of each civilization (or people) to the world’s history and in particular the special role devoted to Greek and Roman Antiquity in that « great tale » of the « Human History ».Considering that game as an historical object and as an important vector of cultural representations, we propose to ask a few questions: which specific elements are chosen and put forward to make the Ancient Rome and Greece two “civilizations”? What are the special advantages that help them outperform their competitors (the other civilizations)? In that respect, we analyze the use and functioning of topical items such as the « City States », « Golden Age » or the « Marvels ». This survey also explores the way Latin and Greek words are used and diverted in order to form a specific videogames’ idiom, a shared language that creates a fictional universe

Pois chiche, testicules de bélier et autres images frappantes : écrire à Rome "avec des choses".

International audienceLe rébus est-il romain ? SI son étymologie latine semble donner de cette pratique ludique une définition simple - écrire avec des choses, des objets -, l'idéal de transparence lié à l'écriture alphabétique et à son utilisation par les Romains semble a priori peu compatible avec ce type d'usages. Ce chapitre propose cependant d'analyser quelques pratiques d'écriture (et de lecture) qui peuvent être considérées comme des "manières romaines" de faire des rébus, de l'inscription funéraire de M. Tullius Cicéron aux mosaïques de pavement africaines, des types parlants de la numismatique aux techniques de mémorisation des orateurs romains