Gestion du territoire et de l'environnement dans un parc métropolitain. Le parc régional du haut bassin du Manzanares

L'article porte sur la gestion du Parc régional du Manzanares, espace protégé caractérisé par l'inégale valeur naturelle des différentes zones qui le composent, et une forte pression visant à y développer des usages récréatifs et résidentiels, qui tient à sa proximité de l'aire métropolitaine madrilène. Le Parc a réussi à s'affirmer comme unité territoriale de gestion, au point de soutenir l'administration territoriale par la planification environnementale. Toutefois les objectifs de développement local par le biais de l'élevage extensif traditionnel n'ont pu être atteints, du fait de la crise que connaît ce secteur. Spatial and environment management in a metropolitan park : the Regional Park of the Manzanares upper bassin (Madrid area). The authors study the management of the Manzanares Regional Park. The preserved area includes a great variety of natural spaces of unequal value, and, due  to the proximity of Madrid., it has had to prevent the threatening development of recreation and residential areas. The Park has succeeded in asserting itself as a territorial management unit, in such a way that it has backed the territorial administration by means of environmental planning measures. However, if traditional extensive cattle breeding in the Park was intented to sustain local development, the agricultural crisis has changed the prospect in the matter. La gestión territorial y ambiental de un parque metropolitano : el Parque Regional de la Cuenca alta des Manzanares (Madrid). Se revisa la gestión de un espacio protegido, el Parque Regional de Manzanares, caracterizado por el desigual valor natural de sus distintas zonas y la fuerte presión de usos recreativos y residenciales como consecuencia de su cercanía al área metropolitana de Madrid. Se comprueba que el Parque ha conseguido afirmarse como unidad territorial de gestión, hasta el punto de ayudar a través del planeamiento ambiental a la Administración territorial. Sin embargo los objetivos de desarrollo local mediante el aprovechamiento tradicional de ganadería extensiva no se han logrado por la crisis del sector

Gestion du territoire et de l'environnement dans un parc métropolitain. Le parc régional du haut bassin du Manzanares

L'article porte sur la gestion du Parc régional du Manzanares, espace protégé caractérisé par l'inégale valeur naturelle des différentes zones qui le composent, et une forte pression visant à y développer des usages récréatifs et résidentiels, qui tient à sa proximité de l'aire métropolitaine madrilène. Le Parc a réussi à s'affirmer comme unité territoriale de gestion, au point de soutenir l'administration territoriale par la planification environnementale. Toutefois les objectifs de développement local par le biais de l'élevage extensif traditionnel n'ont pu être atteints, du fait de la crise que connaît ce secteur. Spatial and environment management in a metropolitan park : the Regional Park of the Manzanares upper bassin (Madrid area). The authors study the management of the Manzanares Regional Park. The preserved area includes a great variety of natural spaces of unequal value, and, due  to the proximity of Madrid., it has had to prevent the threatening development of recreation and residential areas. The Park has succeeded in asserting itself as a territorial management unit, in such a way that it has backed the territorial administration by means of environmental planning measures. However, if traditional extensive cattle breeding in the Park was intented to sustain local development, the agricultural crisis has changed the prospect in the matter. La gestión territorial y ambiental de un parque metropolitano : el Parque Regional de la Cuenca alta des Manzanares (Madrid). Se revisa la gestión de un espacio protegido, el Parque Regional de Manzanares, caracterizado por el desigual valor natural de sus distintas zonas y la fuerte presión de usos recreativos y residenciales como consecuencia de su cercanía al área metropolitana de Madrid. Se comprueba que el Parque ha conseguido afirmarse como unidad territorial de gestión, hasta el punto de ayudar a través del planeamiento ambiental a la Administración territorial. Sin embargo los objetivos de desarrollo local mediante el aprovechamiento tradicional de ganadería extensiva no se han logrado por la crisis del sector

Statut foncier, administration et gestion forestières durant la transition entre l'ancien et le nouveau régime : les montes de Madrid

Etudier l'évolution des montes (terrains non cultivés) lors du passage de l'Ancien au Nouveau régime rend manifeste la particularité de leur statut foncier. Biens de mainmorte sous l'Ancien régime, tous ne seront pas privatisés avec l'avènement de l'Etat libéral au XIXe siècle, pour des raisons d'ordre environnemental. Dans une perspective d'histoire écologique, les auteurs étudient le mode d'exploitation traditionnel. Ils analysent ensuite, dans le cas de la province de Madrid, l'incidence inégale des privatisations selon la localisation (sierra ou bassin), en relation avec le type d'espèces présentes, ainsi que les conflits engendrés par l'intervention de l'administration forestière étatique dans la gestion des patrimoines forestiers municipaux. Land statute, forestry administration and management during the transition period leading from the Old to the New regime : the case of the montes in the Madrid area. The study of the montes (uncultivated lands) through their historical evolution enlightens on their land statute characteristics. Property in mortmain during the Old regime, a good number of the montes have been handed over to private concern, but, for environmental reasons, not all of them. In an historical perspective of ecology, the authors study the traditional operating methods. Then, within the Madrid region, they analyze the unequal effects of the newly private lands according to their location (Sierra or bassin), on the grounds of biotopes diversity, as well as forestry administrative conflicts between national and local management. Propiedad, administración y gestión forestales en la transición del Antiguo al Nuevo Régimen : los montes de Madrid. Al estudiar el paso del Antiguo al Nuevo Régimen de los montes públicos, se pone de manifiesto su peculiar carácter patrimonial. En efecto, siendo bienes de manos muertas en el Antiguo Régimen, no entran en su totalidad en el libre mercado de tierras en el Nuevo por razones de carácter ambiental. Se analiza el régimen de explotación tradicional desde una perspectiva de historia ecológica. Posteriormente se ve la desigual incidencia de las ventas en ámbitos de montaña y de cuenca en relación con el tipo de especies para la provincia de Madrid. Asimismo se revisan los conflictos generados por la intervención de la Administración forestal en la gestión de los patrimonios forestales

Assessment of osteoarthritis candidate genes in a meta-analysis of nine genome-wide association studies

OBJECTIVE: To assess candidate genes for association with osteoarthritis (OA) and identify promising genetic factors and, secondarily, to assess the candidate gene approach in OA. METHODS: A total of 199 candidate genes for association with OA were identified using Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator. All of their single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with an allele frequency of >5% were assessed by fixed-effects meta-analysis of 9 genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that included 5,636 patients with knee OA and 16,972 control subjects and 4,349 patients with hip OA and 17,836 control subjects of European ancestry. An additional 5,921 individuals were genotyped for significantly associated SNPs in the meta-analysis. After correction for the number of independent tests, P values less than 1.58 × 10(-5) were considered significant. RESULTS: SNPs at only 2 of the 199 candidate genes (COL11A1 and VEGF) were associated with OA in the meta-analysis. Two SNPs in COL11A1 showed association with hip OA in the combined analysis: rs4907986 (P = 1.29 × 10(-5) , odds ratio [OR] 1.12, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.06-1.17) and rs1241164 (P = 1.47 × 10(-5) , OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.74-0.89). The sex-stratified analysis also showed association of COL11A1 SNP rs4908291 in women (P = 1.29 × 10(-5) , OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.82-0.92); this SNP showed linkage disequilibrium with rs4907986. A single SNP of VEGF, rs833058, showed association with hip OA in men (P = 1.35 × 10(-5) , OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.79-0.91). After additional samples were genotyped, association at one of the COL11A1 signals was reinforced, whereas association at VEGF was slightly weakened. CONCLUSION: Two candidate genes, COL11A1 and VEGF, were significantly associated with OA in this focused meta-analysis. The remaining candidate genes were not associated

Staging Parkinson's Disease Combining Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms Correlates with Disability and Quality of Life.

Introduction: In a degenerative disorder such as Parkinson's disease (PD), it is important to establish clinical stages that allow to know the course of the disease. Our aim was to analyze whether a scale combining Hoehn and Yahr's motor stage (H&Y) and the nonmotor symptoms burden (NMSB) (assessed by the nonmotor symptoms scale (NMSS)) provides information about the disability and the patient's quality of life (QoL) with regard to a defined clinical stage. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study in which 603 PD patients from the COPPADIS cohort were classified according to H&Y (1, stage I; 2, stage II; 3, stage III; 4, stage IV/V) and NMSB (A: NMSS = 0-20; B: NMSS = 21-40; C: NMSS = 41-70; D: NMSS ≥ 71) in 16 stages (HY.NMSB, from 1A to 4D). QoL was assessed with the PDQ-39SI, PQ-10, and EUROHIS-QOL8 and disability with the Schwab&England ADL (Activities of Daily Living) scale. Results: A worse QoL and greater disability were observed at a higher stage of H&Y and NMSB (p < 0.0001). Combining both (HY.NMSB), patients in stages 1C and 1D and 2C and 2D had significantly worse QoL and/or less autonomy for ADL than those in stages 2A and 2B and 3A and 3B, respectively (p < 0.005; e.g., PDQ-39SI in 1D [n = 15] vs 2A [n = 101]: 28.6 ± 17.1 vs 7.9 ± 5.8; p < 0.0001). Conclusion: The HY.NMSB scale is simple and reflects the degree of patient involvement more accurately than the HΨ Patients with a lower H&Y stage may be more affected if they have a greater NMS burden

Staging Parkinson’s Disease Combining Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms Correlates with Disability and Quality of Life

COPPADIS Study Group.[Introduction] In a degenerative disorder such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), it is important to establish clinical stages that allow to know the course of the disease. Our aim was to analyze whether a scale combining Hoehn and Yahr’s motor stage (H&Y) and the nonmotor symptoms burden (NMSB) (assessed by the nonmotor symptoms scale (NMSS)) provides information about the disability and the patient’s quality of life (QoL) with regard to a defined clinical stage.[Materials and Methods] Cross-sectional study in which 603 PD patients from the COPPADIS cohort were classified according to H&Y (1, stage I; 2, stage II; 3, stage III; 4, stage IV/V) and NMSB (A: NMSS = 0–20; B: NMSS = 21–40; C: NMSS = 41–70; D: NMSS ≥ 71) in 16 stages (HY.NMSB, from 1A to 4D). QoL was assessed with the PDQ-39SI, PQ-10, and EUROHIS-QOL8 and disability with the Schwab&England ADL (Activities of Daily Living) scale.[Results] A worse QoL and greater disability were observed at a higher stage of H&Y and NMSB (). Combining both (HY.NMSB), patients in stages 1C and 1D and 2C and 2D had significantly worse QoL and/or less autonomy for ADL than those in stages 2A and 2B and 3A and 3B, respectively (; e.g., PDQ-39SI in 1D [n = 15] vs 2A [n = 101]: 28.6 ± 17.1 vs 7.9 ± 5.8; ).[Conclusion] The HY.NMSB scale is simple and reflects the degree of patient involvement more accurately than the H&Y. Patients with a lower H&Y stage may be more affected if they have a greater NMS burden.Peer reviewe

Predictors of Global Non-Motor Symptoms Burden Progression in Parkinson’s Disease. Results from the COPPADIS Cohort at 2-Year Follow-Up

COPPADIS Study Group.[Background and Objective] Non-motor symptoms (NMS) progress in different ways between Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. The aim of the present study was to (1) analyze the change in global NMS burden in a PD cohort after a 2-year follow-up, (2) to compare the changes with a control group, and (3) to identify predictors of global NMS burden progression in the PD group.[Material and Methods] PD patients and controls, recruited from 35 centers of Spain from the COPPADIS cohort from January 2016 to November 2017, were followed-up with after 2 years. The Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS) was administered at baseline (V0) and at 24 months ± 1 month (V2). Linear regression models were used for determining predictive factors of global NMS burden progression (NMSS total score change from V0 to V2 as dependent variable).[Results] After the 2-year follow-up, the mean NMS burden (NMSS total score) significantly increased in PD patients by 18.8% (from 45.08 ± 37.62 to 53.55 ± 42.28; p < 0.0001; N = 501; 60.2% males, mean age 62.59 ± 8.91) compared to no change observed in controls (from 14.74 ± 18.72 to 14.65 ± 21.82; p = 0.428; N = 122; 49.5% males, mean age 60.99 ± 8.32) (p < 0.0001). NMSS total score at baseline (β = −0.52), change from V0 to V2 in PDSS (Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale) (β = −0.34), and change from V0 to V2 in NPI (Neuropsychiatric Inventory) (β = 0.25) provided the highest contributions to the model (adjusted R-squared 0.41; Durbin-Watson test = 1.865).[Conclusions] Global NMS burden demonstrates short-term progression in PD patients but not in controls and identifies worsening sleep problems and neuropsychiatric symptoms as significant independent predictors of this NMS progression.This research was funded by Fundación Española de Ayuda a la Investigación en Parkinson y otras Enfermedades Neuro-degenerativas (Curemos el Parkinson; www.curemoselparkinson.org).Peer reviewe

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO