183 research outputs found
Comparison of hepatic metastases from carcinoid and pancreatic endocrine tumors: helical triphasic CT findings
Specialty Radiology and Medical Imaging, HĂŽpital Beaujon,
Clichy, Franc
Women in radiology: gender diversity is not a metric-it is a tool for excellence.
Women in Focus: Be Inspired was a unique programme held at the 2019 European Congress of Radiology that was structured to address a range of topics related to gender and healthcare, including leadership, mentoring and the generational progression of women in medicine. In most countries, women constitute substantially fewer than half of radiologists in academia or private practice despite frequently accounting for at least half of medical school enrolees. Furthermore, the proportion of women decreases at higher academic ranks and levels of leadership, a phenomenon which has been referred to as a "leaky pipeline". Gender diversity in the radiologic workplace, including in academic and leadership positions, is important for the present and future success of the field. It is a tool for excellence that helps to optimize patient care and research; moreover, it is essential to overcome the current shortage of radiologists. This article reviews the current state of gender diversity in academic and leadership positions in radiology internationally and explores a wide range of potential reasons for gender disparities, including the lack of role models and mentorship, unconscious bias and generational changes in attitudes about the desirability of leadership positions. Strategies for both individuals and institutions to proactively increase the representation of women in academic and leadership positions are suggested. KEY POINTS: âą Gender-diverse teams perform better. Thus, gender diversity throughout the radiologic workplace, including in leadership positions, is important for the current and future success of the field. âą Though women now make up roughly half of medical students, they remain underrepresented among radiology trainees, faculty and leaders. âą Factors leading to the gender gap in academia and leadership positions in Radiology include a lack of role models and mentors, unconscious biases, other societal barriers and generational changes
Differentiation of hepatocellular adenoma by subtype and hepatocellular carcinoma in non-cirrhotic liver by fractal analysis of perfusion MRI
Background: To investigate whether fractal analysis of perfusion differentiates hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) subtypes and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in non-cirrhotic liver by quantifying perfusion chaos using four-dimensional dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (4D-DCE-MRI).
Results: A retrospective population of 63 patients (47 female) with histopathologically characterized HCA and HCC in non-cirrhotic livers was investigated. Our population consisted of 13 hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-1 alpha-inactivated (H-HCAs), 7 beta-catenin-exon-3-mutated (b(ex3)-HCAs), 27 inflammatory HCAs (I-HCAs), and 16 HCCs. Four-dimensional fractal analysis was applied to arterial, portal venous, and delayed phases of 4D-DCE-MRI and was performed in lesions as well as remote liver tissue. Diagnostic accuracy of fractal analysis was compared to qualitative MRI features alone and their combination using multi-class diagnostic accuracy testing including kappa-statistics and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Fractal analysis allowed quantification of perfusion chaos, which was significantly different between lesion subtypes (multi-class AUC = 0.90, p < 0.001), except between I-HCA and HCC. Qualitative MRI features alone did not allow reliable differentiation between HCA subtypes and HCC (kappa = 0.35). However, combining qualitative MRI features and fractal analysis reliably predicted the histopathological diagnosis (kappa = 0.89) and improved differentiation of high-risk lesions (i.e., HCCs, b(ex3)-HCAs) and low-risk lesions (H-HCAs, I-HCAs) from sensitivity and specificity of 43% (95% confidence interval [CI] 23-66%) and 47% (CI 32-64%) for qualitative MRI features to 96% (CI 78-100%) and 68% (CI 51-81%), respectively, when adding fractal analysis.
Conclusions: Combining qualitative MRI features with fractal analysis allows identification of HCA subtypes and HCCs in patients with non-cirrhotic livers and improves differentiation of lesions with high and low risk for malignant transformation
Tumor burden and liver function in HCC patient selection for selective internal radiation therapy: SARAH post-hoc study
Aim: To determine whether a liver tumor burden â€25% and well-preserved liver function (albumin-bilirubin grade 1) are appropriate criteria for identifying patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma who may benefit from selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) using 90yttrium resin microspheres versus sorafenib. Patients & methods: Post-hoc analysis of patients in the intention-to-treat population of the SARAH trial (SIRT vs sorafenib) with â€25% tumor burden and albumin-bilirubin grade 1. Primary end point: overall survival. Results: Median overall survival was 21.9 months (95% CI: 15.2â32.5, n = 37) with SIRT and 17.0 months (11.6â20.8, n = 48) with sorafenib (hazard ratios: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.44â1.21; p = 0.22). Conclusion: A combination of good liver function and low tumor burden may be relevant for selection of hepatocellular carcinoma patients for SIRT
Specificities and challenges of imaging response in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors treated with targeted therapies
Les tumeurs neuroendocrines pancrĂ©atiques bien diffĂ©renciĂ©es (pNET) sont richement vascularisĂ©es et ont une imagerie caractĂ©ristique au scanner. Lorsque ces tumeurs sont traitĂ©es par une thĂ©rapie ciblĂ©e, en particulier un antiangiogĂ©nique tel que le sunitinib, ces lĂ©sions prĂ©sentent peu de changement de taille, mais des modifications de la densitĂ© tumorale. Les faibles taux de rĂ©ponse objective (< 10 %) rapportĂ©s dans les 2 Ă©tudes randomisĂ©es ayant permis lâAMM pour le sunitinib et lâĂ©vĂ©rolimus dans les pNET, confirment que les critĂšres RECIST sont insuffisants Ă Ă©valuer ces thĂ©rapies ciblĂ©es, nĂ©cessitant lâexploration de nouveaux critĂšres tels que ceux de Choi, qui intĂšgrent les variations de densitĂ© tumorale.Well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET) are highly vascularized and display specific imaging patterns on CT-scans. When treated with targeted therapies such as the VEGFR inhibitor sunitinib, target lesions show limited if any variation in dimensions, but modifications in tumor density. The low rates of objective response (< 10%) reported in the 2 randomized trials leading to the approval of sunitinib and everolimus in pNET highlight the limits of RECIST criteria to evaluate the effects of targeted therapies, warranting to explore new endpoints involving variation of tumor density, such as Choi criteria
Biomechanical Assessment of Liver Integrity: Prospective Evaluation of Mechanical Versus Acoustic MR Elastography
BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) can quantify tissue biomechanics noninvasively, including pathological hepatic states like metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. PURPOSE: To compare the performance of 2D/3D-MRE using the gravitational (GT) transducer concept with the current commercial acoustic (AC) solution utilizing a 2D-MRE approach. Additionally, quality index markers (QIs) were proposed to identify image pixels with sufficient quality for reliably estimating tissue biomechanics. STUDY TYPE: Prospective. POPULATION: One hundred seventy participants with suspected or confirmed liver disease (median age, 57âyears [interquartile range (IQR), 46-65]; 66 females), and 11 healthy volunteers (median age, 31âyears [IQR, 27-34]; 5 females). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: Participants were scanned twice at 1.5âT and 60âHz vibration frequency: first, using AC-MRE (2D-MRE, spin-echo EPI sequence, 11âseconds breath-hold), and second, using GT-MRE (2D- and 3D-MRE, gradient-echo sequence, 14âseconds breath-hold). ASSESSMENT: Image analysis was performed by four independent radiologists and one biomedical engineer. Additionally, superimposed analytic plane shear waves of known wavelength and attenuation at fixed shear modulus were used to propose pertinent QIs. STATISTICAL TESTS: Spearman's correlation coefficient (r) was applied to assess the correlation between modalities. Interreader reproducibility was evaluated using Bland-Altman bias and reproducibility coefficients. P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Liver stiffness quantified via GT-2D/3D correlated well with AC-2D (rââ„â0.89 [95% CI: 0.85-0.92]) and histopathological grading (rââ„â0.84 [95% CI: 0.72-0.91]), demonstrating excellent agreement in Bland-Altman plots and between readers (Îșââ„â0.86 [95% CI: 0.81-0.91]). However, GT-2D showed a bias in overestimating stiffness compared to GT-3D. Proposed QIs enabled the identification of pixels deviating beyond 10% from true stiffness based on a combination of total wave amplitude, temporal sinusoidal nonlinearity, and wave signal-to-noise ratio for GT-3D. CONCLUSION: GT-MRE represents an alternative to AC-MRE for noninvasive liver tissue characterization. Both GT-2D and 3D approaches correlated strongly with the established commercial approach, offering advanced capabilities in abdominal imaging compared to AC-MRE. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2
Just Friends? : Richard Rolle and the Possibility of Christian Friendship Between Men and Women
Tutkimus kÀsittelee Richard Rollen (k. 1349), englantilaisen erakon ja uskonnollisen kirjailijan, kÀsityksiÀ ystÀvyydestÀ yleensÀ ja erityisesti hengellisestÀ ystÀvyydestÀ miesten ja naisten vÀlillÀ. Rolle kirjoitti useita latinan- ja keskienglanninkielisiÀ tutkielmia ja hengellisiÀ oppaita, joissa hÀn sivusi ystÀvyyden tematiikkaa sekÀ omaelÀmÀkerrallisesta ettÀ teoreettisesta nÀkökulmasta. Tutkimuksen pÀÀasiallisina lÀhteinÀ kÀytetÀÀn seitsemÀÀ Rollen omaa teosta sekÀ kanonisoinnin toivossa hÀnestÀ laadittua pyhimyselÀmÀkertaa.
Tutkimus esittelee Rollen ystÀvyysteoriaa ja suhteuttaa sen 1300-luvun Yorkshiren historialliseen kontekstiin, Rollen kirjallisiin esikuviin sekÀ hÀnen ajatteluunsa yleensÀ. Rolle nÀyttÀÀ tunteneen sekÀ Ciceron (k. 43 eaa.) ettÀ Aelred Rievaulxlaisen (k. 1167) teokset ystÀvyydestÀ, mutta sovelsi nÀiden nÀkemyksiÀ omintakeisesti. Rollen maailmankuvalle oli ominaista jyrkkÀ kaksijakoisuus maailman ja Jumalan rakkauden vÀlillÀ, minkÀ vuoksi ero pyhÀn ja maallisen ystÀvyyden vÀlillÀ oli ehdoton. VÀÀrÀnlainen ystÀvyys oli vaarallista etenkin kontemplatiivista elÀmÀÀ harjoittaville erakoille ja anakoreeteille, joita Rolle opasti vÀlttÀmÀÀn ihmiskontakteja.
JyrkkyydestÀÀn huolimatta Rolle erosi edeltÀjistÀÀn ja 1300-luvun valtavirrasta puolustamalla sukupuolten vÀlisen pyhÀn ystÀvyyden mahdollisuutta. Tutkimuksen keskeinen löytö on, ettÀ Rolle mÀÀritteli sukupuolten vÀlisen ystÀvyyden hengelliseksi ohjaukseksi ja perusteli siten sen tarpeellisuutta; naiset tarvitsivat pyhien miesten neuvoja pelastuakseen. TÀllainen opetusystÀvyys ei ollut tasa-arvoinen suhde, vaan miehen tuli opastaa ja oikaista naista tÀmÀn omaksi parhaaksi. Toisaalta Rolle uskoi naisten mahdollisuuksiin saavuttaa hengellisen elÀmÀn korkeimmat asteet. LÀhteet paljastavat, ettÀ Rolle tosiasiassa opasti naisia esittÀmÀnsÀ mallin mukaan. Tutkimus osoittaa, ettÀ yksittÀisille naisille laaditut kansankieliset opaskirjeet sisÀltÀvÀt opetusystÀvyyden keskeisiÀ piirteitÀ ja noudattavat sen hierarkista logiikkaa: Rolle esiintyy vÀlittÀjÀnÀ Jumalan ja lukijan vÀlillÀ houkutellen, moittien ja neuvoen lukijaa, jotta tÀmÀ saavuttaisi yhÀ korkeamman pyhyyden asteen. Rollen ja anakoreetti Margaret Kirkebyn vÀlinen suhde, jota on keskiajalla ja myöhemmin pidetty esimerkkinÀ pyhÀstÀ ystÀvyydestÀ, nÀyttÀÀ myös muiden lÀhteiden valossa olleen hierarkkinen opetussuhde.
Tutkimuksessa argumentoidaan, ettÀ Rollen kirjoittamista motivoi tarve itsepuolustukseen ja toiminnan oikeuttamiseen; hÀnen kontaktinsa naisiin herÀttivÀt epÀilyksiÀ. Rolle halusi olla hengellinen auktoriteetti, mutta hÀnellÀ ei ollut luostarisÀÀntökunnan, kerjÀlÀisveljestön tai pappisviran tuomaa virallista tukea, joten hÀnen paras mahdollisuutensa itsepuolustukseen oli kirjallinen toiminta. Oikeuttaakseen toimintansa naisten parissa Rolle esitti mallin Jumalan rakkauden elÀvöittÀmÀstÀ pyhÀstÀ elÀmÀstÀ, johon kuului velvollisuus opettaa naisia ystÀvinÀ. LisÀksi Rollen tuli osoittaa, ettÀ hÀnen oma elÀmÀnsÀ edusti hÀnen puolustamaansa mallia, jonka edellytyksenÀ oli vÀlinpitÀmÀttömyys maallisia houkutuksia kohtaan. Kaiken tÀmÀn takana nÀyttÀÀ olleen toive tasavertaisen ystÀvÀn löytÀmisestÀ: Rolle ei ollut löytÀnyt vertaistaan ystÀvÀÀ, joka olisi jakanut hÀnen hengelliset kokemuksensa, joten hÀn pyrki hengellisen ohjauksen avulla nostamaan edes yhden oppilaistaan tasolleen. On huomionarvoista, ettÀ Rolle nÀyttÀÀ pitÀneen naisia kelvollisina kandidaatteina tÀllaiseen suhteeseen
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