MANEJO DE Amaranthus hybridus EM ÁREA DE INTEGRAÇÃO LAVOURA-PECUÁRIA NA REGIÃO SUL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL.

A área cultivada com soja aumentou no Brasil nos últimos anos, assim como sua produção total. No Rio Grande do Sul (RS) o cultivo da leguminosa também mostra crescimento, sendo utilizado na sucessão à pecuária de corte no período frio, modelo de produção que contribui para melhor utilização das áreas durante os 12 meses do ano, contribuindo assim para o incremento da renda do produtor, bem como, quando bem manejado, colaborar no manejo integrado de plantas daninhas. Apesar disso, a presença de plantas daninhas dicotiledôneas de difícil controle como Amaranthus hybridus em lavouras de soja do RS vêm aumentando. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência de herbicidas pré- e pós-emergentes, e de diferentes programas de manejo para controle de populações de Amaranthus hybridus. O estudo foi composto por quatro experimentos, dois sob condições controladas em casa de vegetação e dois a campo, em uma propriedade rural no município de Cerrito, RS, que integra a produção de soja com pecuária de corte. Os experimentos evidenciaram que alguns biótipos são tolerantes ao glyphosate e aos herbicidas inibidores de ALS (imazethapyr e chlorimuron-ethyl), e que a utilização dos herbicidas pré-emergentes imazethapyr + flumioxazin, metribuzin, s-metolachlor e sulfentrazone + diuron contribui para o manejo destes biótipos. Verificou-se também que a dessecação do azevém e sua complementação com herbicidas de contato e o uso de pré-emergentes são fatores determinantes para o controle de A. hybridus. Ainda, os resultados apontam que em condições de déficit hídrico, a presença de palha prejudica a eficiência de alguns herbicidas pré-emergentes

Toward sustainable environmental quality : priority research questions for Europe

The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals have been established to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all. Delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals will require a healthy and productive environment. An understanding of the impacts of chemicals which can negatively impact environmental health is therefore essential to the delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals. However, current research on and regulation of chemicals in the environment tend to take a simplistic view and do not account for the complexity of the real world, which inhibits the way we manage chemicals. There is therefore an urgent need for a step change in the way we study and communicate the impacts and control of chemicals in the natural environment. To do this requires the major research questions to be identified so that resources are focused on questions that really matter. We present the findings of a horizon-scanning exercise to identify research priorities of the European environmental science community around chemicals in the environment. Using the key questions approach, we identified 22 questions of priority. These questions covered overarching questions about which chemicals we should be most concerned about and where, impacts of global megatrends, protection goals, and sustainability of chemicals; the development and parameterization of assessment and management frameworks; and mechanisms to maximize the impact of the research. The research questions identified provide a first-step in the path forward for the research, regulatory, and business communities to better assess and manage chemicals in the natural environment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;9999:1-15

Prenatal Hyperandrogenization Induces Metabolic and Endocrine Alterations Which Depend on the Levels of Testosterone Exposure

Prenatal hyperandrogenism is able to induce polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in rats. The aim of the present study was to establish if the levels of prenatal testosterone may determine the extent of metabolic and endocrine alterations during the adult life. Pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were prenatally injected with either 2 or 5 mg free testosterone (groups T2 and T5 respectively) from day 16 to day 19 day of gestation. Female offspring from T2 and T5 displayed different phenotype of PCOS during adult life. Offspring from T2 showed hyperandrogenism, ovarian cysts and ovulatory cycles whereas those from T5 displayed hyperandrogenism, ovarian cysts and anovulatory cycles. Both group showed increased circulating glucose levels after the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT; an evaluation of insulin resistance). IPGTT was higher in T5 rats and directly correlated with body weight at prepubertal age. However, the decrease in the body weight at prepubertal age was compensated during adult life. Although both groups showed enhanced ovarian steroidogenesis, it appears that the molecular mechanisms involved were different. The higher dose of testosterone enhanced the expression of both the protein that regulates cholesterol availability (the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)) and the protein expression of the transcriptional factor: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma). Prenatal hyperandrogenization induced an anti-oxidant response that prevented a possible pro-oxidant status. The higher dose of testosterone induced a pro-inflammatory state in ovarian tissue mediated by increased levels of prostaglandin E (PG) and the protein expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2, the limiting enzyme of PGs synthesis). In summary, our data show that the levels of testosterone prenatally injected modulate the uterine environment and that this, in turn, would be responsible for the endocrine and metabolic abnormalities and the phenotype of PCOS during the adult life

Toxicity of wine effluents and assessment of a depuration system for their control: assay with tadpoles of Rhinella arenarum (BUFONIDAE)

We evaluated the toxicity of the winery effluent and the efficiency of a symbiotic depuration system by means an experiment with Rhinella arenarum tadpoles. The studied effluent was taken from warehouses during the cleaning season. These effluents subsequently subjected to the purification treatment under evaluation. The effluent samples differentiated into two treatment levels: “raw” where the effluent was evaluated with field conditions and “treated” where the effluent was previously filtered with the symbiotic depuration system. The results of the bioassays compared with the physicochemical parameters determined in the effluent samples. The lethal response had a clear-cut correspondence with the effluent quality assessed utilizing physicochemical parameters. In all cases, dilution of the samples resulted in a significant reduction of their toxicity. It concluded that (a) winery effluents could be harmful to tadpoles of R. arenarum, (b) the symbiotic purification system used to treat wine effluents it would produce a significant reduction in the contaminant levels of the effluent. However, this reduction in contaminant levels does not provide sufficient safety for the release of the effluents into the environment.Fil: Navas Romero, Ana Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; ArgentinaFil: Herrera Moratta, Mario Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez, María Rosa. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería; ArgentinaFil: Quiroga, Lorena Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Filosofía, Humanidades y Artes. Instituto de Ciencias Básicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan; ArgentinaFil: Echegaray, Marcelo Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan; ArgentinaFil: Sanabria, Eduardo Alfredo. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Filosofía, Humanidades y Artes. Instituto de Ciencias Básicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan; Argentin

Плавання як засіб керування професійною працездатністю Методичні вказівки для проведення практичних і самостійних занять з дисциплін «ФІЗИЧНЕ ВИХОВАННЯ», «УПРАВЛІННЯ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЮ ПРАЦЕЗДАТНІСТЮ» (для студентів 1-5 курсів усіх спеціальностей Університету)

PCB concentrations in foliage and in soil, as indices of environmental contamination, were measured in different areas of northern Italy. Samples were taken from highly industrialized sites of the plain area and from mountains characterized by very low human impact. In order to describe distribution and transport patterns, the results were evaluated in function of the properties of the different congeners and elaborated by means of Correspondence Factor Analysis (CFA). PCBs seem to be ubiquitous contaminants in Northern Italy but CFA indicates an increase in the concentration of higher molecular weight PCB congeners in areas far from emission sites. Through CFA some differences in the relative composition of soil and foliage samples can be highlighted, suggesting different transport patterns among congeners

Release modulation of hydrophilic drugs from polymeric nanoparticles produced by in-oil nanoprecipitation process

A novel in oil- nanoprecipitation method using a mixture of cottonseed oil and Tween-80 as non-solvent phase has been developed for the nanoincapsulation of water-soluble drugs in poly(D,L-lactide-coglicolide) (PLGA). In this work the method was applied to three hydrophilic drugs with different structure and molecular weight: i.e. protamine sulphate, sodium diclofenac and N6-ciclopentiladenosine (CPA). The drug- loaded nanoparticles were obtained using the same settings (i.e. type and amount of polymer, percentage of surfactant, oil phase volume) and the same drug / polymer ratios (1:25 and 1: 12.5). The size, the yield and the zeta potential of the particles were found to be dependent on the type of the drug rather than on its amount. The drug loading efficiency was high for the protamine (around 90%), intermediate for diclofenac (around 35%) and relatively low for the CPA (around 4%), in close dependence on chemical-physical characteristics of the probes. To compare the drug release rate from the drug loaded nanoparticles, the time required for the release of 60% of drug was considered. The release rate resulted slow for protamine and diclofenac (from 15 to 24 h) and fast for CPA (around 8 h), according to the drug molecular weight. The ability of a filler (lauric acid) to slow down the drug release rate was highlighted for the CPA –loaded nanoparticles. Finally the CPA degradation kinetic in human whole blood was evaluated comparing CPA-loaded nanoparticles containing the filler with the free drug. The results indicate that the CPA stability in whole blood was increased after nanoincapsulation according to the in vitro profile release pattern. In conclusion, the proposed method appears promising for the nanoincapsulation of the hydrophilic drugs in hydrophobic polymers

Particulate adducts based on sodium risedronate and titanium dioxide for the bioavailability enhancement of oral administered bisphosphonates

Adducts based on a bisphosphonate drug (sodium risedronate) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles have been developed and characterized in order to improve the bioavailability of orally administrated bisphosphonates. Nanocrystalline and colloidal TiO2, both characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, were used to obtain the adducts 1 and 2, respectively. Adducts 1 and 2 appeared constituted by nanoparticles of about 50 and 90 nm grouped in clusters of about 0,2 and 2,5 m, respectively. Higher amounts of drugs were adsorbed on adduct 2 (7,2 ± 0.3%) with respect to adduct 1 (4,0 ± 0.3%). In vitro studies demonstrate that the adducts were able to release the drug in the pH range 6-9, whereas they remained essentially stable in the pH range 0-5. In vivo studies indicate that after oral administration to male Wistar rats, the microparticles of adduct 2 were able to prolong the presence of risedronate in the bloodstream during an eight hours period, resulting in a relative bioavailability almost doubled with respect to the free drug. This behaviour allows envisioning an improvement of the risedronate therapeutic effects and/or a reduction of its frequency of administration with consequent reduction of gastrooesophageal injuries typically induced by oral administration of bisphosphonates

Polymeric nanoparticles for the sustained release of a prodrug of Zidovudine obtained by its conjugation with the ursodeoxycholic acid.

We report a study of encapsulation and release from PLGA nanoparticles of a prodrug of zidovudine, an antiviral agent, obtained by its ester conjugation with a bile acid, the ursodeoxycholic acid. The nanoparticles were prepared by classical methods (nano-precipitation or emulsion/solvent evaporation) and purified by ultrafiltration or gel-filtration chromatography. The particle sizes and the size distribution have been determined by photon correlation spectroscopy and a SdFFF system, whereas particle morphology was detected by SEM. The stability of the free and encapsulated prodrug was evaluated in rat liver homogenates. The mean diameter of loaded nanoparticles was about 500 nm with a polidispersity relatively high, probably due to several aggregation states of nanoparticles with diameters around 100 nm. The loaded nanoparticles obtained by emulsion/solvent evaporation method appeared poorly able to control the release of the prodrug in a mixture of water and methanol (70:30 v/v), chosen to induce its solubilization. On the other hand, the nanoparticles obtained by nanoprecipitation (NP) were able to control the release of the prodrug, showing a burst effect of about 50% and a release of the remaining compound within five hours. The increase of prodrug amounts in the preparation phase of NP nanoparticles increased both the loading amount (ranging from 0.8 to 1.5 % w/w) and the release rate. The free prodrug was hydrolyzed in rat liver homogenates with an half life of 2.7 ± 0.14 min, whereas the loaded NP nanoparticles appeared able to significantly stabilize the prodrug in this physiologic fluid