The effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on the electrical characteristics of snail neurons in long-term sensitization

The effects of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine on the formation of long-term sensitization and changes in the membrane characteristics of identified neurons were studied. Injections of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine blocked the acquisition of long-term sensitization; when neurotoxin injections were given after the formation of long-term sensitization, they had no subsequent effect on conduction parameters. At the cellular level, recording of the electrical characteristics of common snail defensive behavior command neurons (LPa3, RPa3, LPa2, and RPa2) showed that the effects of 6-hydroxydopamine consisted of a small depolarization shift in the membrane potential and a change in the action potential generation threshold. Formation of long-term sensitization after injections of 6-hydroxydopamine did not lead to further decreases in the membrane and threshold potentials of command neurons as compared with snails only given injections of 6-hydroxydopamine. The changes in electrical measures of command neurons induced by administration of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine lasted at least two weeks. © 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc

Innovative Production Technology of Drinks from Grape Cryopowders

A technology, based on the production of wine beverages from grape cryopowders in the mountain-valley zone of the Republic of Dagestan, is proposed. The data on the vacuum microwave drying of grape raw materials and subsequent grinding in a cryomill are presented. The modes of grape raw material preparation and its subsequent dehydration and cryo-grinding, which provide the possibility of successful use in the dried state in the production technology of wine drinks, are proposed. The principal feature is the use of whole grapes as a raw material, with rinds and seeds. The physical and chemical indicators, the content of phenolic substances and the organoleptic indicators of wine beverages made according to the traditional technology and the beverage made from grape cryopowders were studied. A comparative assessment of beverages was made. It is established that vacuum microwave drying conduces to better preservation of the properties of raw materials and finished products. The organoleptic assessment showed that the wine drinks developed according to the proposed technology had a more intense color and a more pronounced flavor of sweetness and sourness than traditional wine beverages. The advantage of this technology is the ability to transport grape cryopowders in unregulated temperature conditions to any point close to the consumer and carry out the production of wine beverages there

Modulation of defensive reflex conditioning in snails by serotonin

© 2015 Andrianov, Bogodvid, Deryabina, Golovchenko, Muranova, Tagirova, Vinarskaya and Gainutdinov. Highlights • Daily injection of serotonin before a training session accelerated defensive reflex conditioning in snails. Daily injection of 5-hydroxytryptophan before a training session in snails with a deficiency of serotonin induced by the “neurotoxic” analog of serotonin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, restored the ability of snails to learn. • After injection of the “neurotoxic” analogs of serotonin 5,6- and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine as well as serotonin, depolarization of the membrane and decrease of the threshold potential of premotor interneurons was observed. We studied the role of serotonin in the mechanisms of learning in terrestrial snails. To produce a serotonin deficit, the “neurotoxic” analogs of serotonin, 5,6- or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6/5,7-DHT) were used. Injection of 5,6/5,7-DHT was found to disrupt defensive reflex conditioning. Within 2 weeks of neurotoxin application, the ability to learn had recovered. Daily injection of serotonin before a training session accelerated defensive reflex conditioning and daily injections of 5-HTP in snails with a deficiency of serotonin induced by 5,7-DHT restored the snail’s ability to learn. We discovered that injections of the neurotoxins 5,6/5,7-DHT as well as serotonin, caused a decrease in the resting and threshold potentials of the premotor interneurons LPa3 and RPa3

PRE-FLOW AND OF A NUCLEUS FORMATION OF LOCALIZED DEFORMATION BAND IN LOW-CARBON STEEL WITH DEFORMATION AGING

С использованием метода корреляции цифровых изображений изучены особенности пластического течения в ходе деформации растяжением образцов стали 08Г2Б, проявляющей эффект деформационного старения. Стандартные плоские образцы, вырезанные из листа, изготовленного по режиму контролируемой прокатки, испытаны на растяжение после термообработки: 680 °C, выдержка 30 мин, охлаждение на воздухе. Показано, что на стадии макроупругой деформации происходит как рассеянное пластическое течение в отдельных участках растягиваемого образца, так и возникновение зародышевого центра в приповерхностной области, из которой впоследствии вырастает зародыш полосы локализованной деформации.By means of digital image correlation method, the features of plastic flow during tensile deformation of 08G2B steel samples exhibiting the effect of deformation aging were studied. Standard flat samples were tested for tensile strength after heat treatment according to the mode: 680 °C, holding time 30 min, air cooling. It was shown that at the stage of macroelastic deformation, both scattered flow occurs in individual parts of the stretched sample, and the emergence of the nucleus center, the region from which the nucleus of the localized deformation band subsequently grows

Лимфорея в послеоперационном периоде у онкохирургических больных

Purpose: to evaluate the influence of postoperative lymphatic leakage volume and duration on homokinesis and incidence of postoperative complications in oncosurgury patients underwent different operative interventions.Material and methods. The results of treatment of 310 patients subjected to standard elective surgical intervention for a malignant pathology of different organs with regional lymph node dissection were evaluated. The selection criterion was prolonged (more than 7 days) and prominent (over 50 ml a day) lymphatic leakage during the postoperative period. The fluid discharged during the postoperative period was identified as a lymph by cytology. The diagnosis of a malignant pathology was verified in all patients after histological examination and patients were distributed according to established diagnosis.Results. The duration of lymphatic leakage including the outpatient treatment stage varied from 9 days to 1 year and 2 months depending on the type of surgery. The longest lymphatic leakage occurred in 2 patients after radical mastectomy. During the 1st week of observation in patients with daily lymph losses up to 100 ml, no changes in the blood composition were noted. Prolonged lymphatic leakage (1–2 weeks after operation) in a volume over 100 ml a day resulted in reduced protein content in blood plasma, severe lymphocytopenia, increased platelet count. During the postoperative period, complications were detected in 31 patients; at that, during the 1st week of observation, 27 patients experienced initial lymphatic leakage over 100 ml a day. Analysis of fatal outcomes (7 patients) showed that in all patients the lymphatic leakage exceeded 150 ml a day and lasted 1 to 2 weeks. The longest inpatient time was typical for patients after Wertheim's hysterectomy and cystectomy, whereas the longest outpatient treatment was experienced by patients after radical mastectomy and inguinofemoral lymph node dissection.Conclusion. In case of lymphatic leakage over 100 ml a day in oncosurgury patients, it was necessary to make up protein losses and after 7 days of persistent lymphatic leakage it became necessary to consider use of active surgical tactics aimed at liquidation of lymph losses.Цель: определить влияние объема и длительности послеоперационной лимфореи на гомеокинез и частоту развития послеоперационных осложнений у онкологических больных при различных хирургических вмешательствах.Материал и методы. Оценили результаты лечения 310 пациентов, которым проводили стандартное плановое хирургическое вмешательство по поводу злокачественной патологии различных органов с регионарной лимфодиссекцией. Критерием отбора была длительная (более 7 дней) и выраженная (более 50 мл в сутки) лимфорея в послеоперационном периоде. Отделяемую в послеоперационном периоде жидкость идентифицировали как лимфу цитологически. Диагноз злокачественной патологии верифицировали у всех пациентов после гистологического исследования и больных распределили по нозологическим формам.Результаты. Продолжительность лимфореи, включая амбулаторный этап лечения, в зависимости от вида операции составила от 9 дней до 1 года 2 месяцев. Максимально продолжительная лимфорея имелась у 2-х пациенток после радикальной мастэктомии. В течение 1-й недели наблюдения пациентов с ежедневными лимфопотерями до 100 мл изменений в составе крови не отметили. Продолжительная лимфорея (1–2 недели после операции) объемом более 100 мл в сутки приводила к снижению содержания белка в плазме крови, выраженной лимфоцитопении, увеличению количества тромбоцитов. Осложнения в послеоперационном периоде выявили у 31 пациента, при этом у 27 больных в течение 1-й недели наблюдения исходная лимфорея была более 100 мл в сутки. Анализ смертельных исходов (7 человек) показал, что у всех пациентов лимфорея превышала 150 мл в сутки, длилась от 1 до 2 недель. Наиболее продолжительным пребыванием в стационаре характеризовались пациенты после операции Вертгейма и цистэктомии, амбулаторно дольше всего лечились пациенты после радикальных мастэктомий и пахово-бедренных лимфодиссекций.Заключение. При лимфорее более 100 мл в сутки у пациентов онкохирургического профиля необходимо восполнение белковых потерь, а после 7 суток, при некупируемой лимфорее в таких объемах, возникает необходимость в постановке вопроса о применении активной хирургической тактики, направленной на ликвидацию лимфопотерь

Разработка способа получения производного октреотида для диагностики нейроэндокринных опухолей

Currently the development of technologies for labeling somatostatin with technetium-99m for diagnosing radionuclide neuroendocrine tumors is under way. Somatostatin analogues are binded with technetium99m only by the preliminary addition of a chelating agent. Therefore, it is important to develop a method for preparation of an octreotide derivative by modifying octreotide with precursors: ligands with high chelating ability for its tight binding with technetium-99m. ω-Bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino)aliphatic acids can be used successfully as such precursors.The purpose of the study was to develop a method for obtaining a new octreotide derivative for diagnosing neuroendocrine tumors.Materials and methods. The somatostatin octreotide analogue was used as the object of the study; succinimid-1-yl 6-(bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino)hexanoate was used as a chelating agent. Methods of high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to separate and analyze the synthesized compounds.Results. A method to produce an original octreotide derivative using a succinimid-1-yl 6-(bis(pyridin2-ylmethyl)amino)hexanoate as a chelating agent was proposed. The conditions of analytical and semipreparative HPLC for the analysis and purification of the active octreotide derivative (a monosubstituted derivative of the amino acid residue of D-phenylalanine) were suggested.Conclusion. The synthesized derivative of octreotide has a chelating center for strong binding to technetium-99m in its structure, which can be useful for diagnosing neuroendocrine tumors. Введение. В настоящее время разработка технологии мечения аналогов соматостатина технецием99м (99mTc) для радинуклидной диагностики нейроэндокринных опухолей активно проводится по всему миру. Аналоги соматостатина, к которым относится октреотид, связываются с 99mTc только путем предварительного присоединения к ним хелатирующего агента. Поэтому актуальным является модификация октреотида прекурсорами с высокой хелатирующей способностью для прочного связывания 99mTc. В качестве таких прекурсоров успешно могут применяться ω-бис(пиридин-2- илметил)амино)алифатические кислоты.Цель исследования. Разработка способа получения нового производного октреотида, пригодного для диагностики нейроýндокринных опухолей.Материалы и методы. В качестве объекта исследования использовали октреотид – аналог соматостатина. В качестве бифункционального хелатирующего агента использовали сукцинимид-1-ил 6-(бис(пиридин-2-илметил)амино)гексаноат, синтезированный по модифицированной методике с учетом специфики агента. Для разделения и анализа синтезированных соединений применяли методы высокоýффективной жидкостной хроматографии и масс-спектрометрии.Результаты исследования. Предложен способ получения производного октреотида с применением хелатирующего агента сукцинимид-1-ил 6-(бис(пиридин-2-илметил)амино)гексаноата в среде 10 ммоль PBS (рН = 6,0) с добавлением 20%-го ацетонитрила в течение 24 ч. Разработаны условия для анализа и очистки активного производного октреотида с использованием аналитической и полупрепаративной жидкостной хроматографии.Заключение. Впервые в результате модификации октреотида по остатку D-фенилаланина создан центр хелатирования для технеция-99м на основе ω-бис(пиридин-2-илметил)амино)алифатических кислот. Производное октреотида является перспективным для дальнейшего изучения его функциональной пригодности для диагностики нейроэндокринных опухолей.

The effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on the electrical characteristics of snail neurons in long-term sensitization

The effects of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine on the formation of long-term sensitization and changes in the membrane characteristics of identified neurons were studied. Injections of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine blocked the acquisition of long-term sensitization; when neurotoxin injections were given after the formation of long-term sensitization, they had no subsequent effect on conduction parameters. At the cellular level, recording of the electrical characteristics of common snail defensive behavior command neurons (LPa3, RPa3, LPa2, and RPa2) showed that the effects of 6-hydroxydopamine consisted of a small depolarization shift in the membrane potential and a change in the action potential generation threshold. Formation of long-term sensitization after injections of 6-hydroxydopamine did not lead to further decreases in the membrane and threshold potentials of command neurons as compared with snails only given injections of 6-hydroxydopamine. The changes in electrical measures of command neurons induced by administration of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine lasted at least two weeks. © 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc