Approximate calculation of the basic parameters of energodinamic processes starting and stopping planetary drive

The paper presents a simplified engineering method, which at the stage of conceptual design allows you to define the parameters of the preliminary processes starting and stopping of the planetary drive. Introduction of the proposed simplifications, gives an opportunity to solve a differential equation of motion of the inertial elements of the dynamic model of the drive.В статье представлена упрощенная инженерная методика, которая на стадии эскизного проектирования позволяет определять предварительные параметры процессов включения и остановки планетарного привода. Введение предложенных упрощений дает возможность решить дифференциальное уравнение движения инерционных элементов динамической модели привода

Thermoelectric behavior of BaZr0.9Y0.1O3−d proton conducting electrolyte

BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ (BZY10), a promising proton conducting material, exhibits p-type conduction under oxidative conditions. Holes in BZY10 are of the small polaron type. However, there is no clear understanding at which places in the lattice they are localized. The main objectives of this work were, therefore, to discuss the nature of electronic defects in BZY10 on the basis of the combined measurements of the thermo-EMF and conductivity. Total electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient of BZY10 were simultaneously studied depending on partial pressures of oxygen (pO2), water (pH2O) and temperature (T). The model equation for total conductivity and Seebeck coefficient derived on the basis of the proposed defect chemical approach was successfully fitted to the experimental data. Transference numbers of all the charge carriers in BZY10 were calculated. The heat of transport of oxide ions was found to be about one half the activation energy of their mobility, while that of protons was almost equal to the activation energy of their mobility. The results of the Seebeck coefficient modeling indicate that cation impurities, rather than oxygen sites, should be considered as a place of hole localization. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Russian Science Foundation, RSF: 18-73-00022Funding: This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 18-73-00022

Что такое Рунглиш?

Статья посвящена определению, статусу и функции русско-английского языка (рунглиш). В работе выявлено, что рунглиш встречается как в повседневном общении молодежи, так и в профессиональной коммуникации. В заключении подчеркивается, что хотя рунглиш и не является самостоятельным языком, данный феномен значительно ускоряет профессиональную коммуникацию, маркирует статус, вкус, образование говорящего.The article focuses on the definition, the status and the function of the Russian English (Runglish). The paper states that Runglish can be found in everyday talk of young people as well as professional communication. The article concludes with the idea that Runglish is not a separate language, though its usage greatly facilitates and speeds up professional communication, marks status, taste, education

PrBaCo 2 O 6−δ -Ce 0.8 Sm 0.2 O 1.9 composite cathodes for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells: Stability and cation interdiffusion

The single-phase oxide PrBaCo 2 O 6−δ and composites (100 − y)PrBaCo 2 O 6−δ -yCe 0.8 Sm 0.2 O 1.9 (y = 10–30 wt.%) were investigated as cathode materials for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells. The chemical compatibility, cation interdiffusion, thermal expansion and dc conductivity were studied. As a result, strong interdiffusion of Pr and Sm was found between PrBaCo 2 O 6−δ and Ce 0.8 Sm 0.2 O 1.9 . This leads to only insignificantly decreasing thermal expansion coefficient of composite with increasing fraction of Ce 0.8 Sm 0.2 O 1.9 and, thus, mixing PrBaCo 2 O 6−δ with Ce 0.8 Sm 0.2 O 1.9 does not improve thermal expansion behavior of the cathode material. Moreover, formation of poorly-conducting BaCeO 3 , caused by chemical interaction between the double perovskite and doped ceria, was shown to lead to pronounced drop in the electrical conductivity of the composite cathode material with increasing Ce 0.8 Sm 0.2 O 1.9 content. © 2019 by the authors

Biochemical markers of vital biodestruction in common oak (Quercus robur)

The wood of the common oak (Quercus robur L.) has high mechanical strength, elasticity and resistance to fracture. However, constitutional stability is not always able to provide the plants with reliable protection from wood-decay fungi, and the initial stages of biodegradation are difficult to determine. Therefore, this study concerns research on appropriate biochemical markers for early diagnostics of wood defects. The total content of phenolic compounds in leaves and wood was determined by a spectrophotometer Optizen Pop using Folin & Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent; the flavonoid content in leaves – by adding solutions of aluminum chloride and sodium acetate to methanolic extracts; catechins content – by the reaction with vanillin reagent; the concentration of phenolic antioxidants – by Brand Williams; chlorophyll and carotenoids’ contents in leaves – by the formula for methanol extracts; the qualitative composition of phenolic compounds – by high performance liquid chromatography and highly effective thin-layer chromatography. During the planned felling of oak trees on the territory of the Boyar Forest Research Station, trees were found with signs of brown streak and biodestruction of wood. Brown streak in wood is caused by a polycondensation of phenolic compounds, which are deposited on the internal surfaces of tracheal elements. In cases of an increase in the total amount of oxidized polyphenols, the cell walls are also stained. Active oxidation processes in wood have a systemic nature for the plants and affect the physiological state of the assimilation apparatus. We determined that in leaves of the trees with signs of brown streak the total phenol content increases in comparison with the control by 1.6 times, as well as flavonoid and catechin content. Our research has shown that the complex of plastid pigments in common oak leaves does not significantly change in the early stages of destructive processes. Increase of brown streak and appearance of rot in wood are associated with slight increase in chlorophyll a to b ratio in leaves. Chromatographic profiling of the leaves showed that the presence of brown streak changes the content of individual phenolic compounds. The trees with brown rot have more substances with UV spectrum characteristic for kaempferol glycosides compared to the control. The results have shown that the biochemical profiles of the trees with signs of brown streak and brown rot differ from the control by the composition of low and medium polar compounds. The absence or presence of some individual phenolic components and their ratio in the leaves are considered as biochemical markers of hidden wood defects

Impact of hydrotechnical construction on aquatic ecosystems of the Kiliia branch of the Danube Delta

Resumption of shipping in the Bystryi branch in the Ukrainian part of the Danube Delta, one of the largest aquatic-wetland areas of Europe and the world, has made it necessary to control the anthropogenic impact on the neighboring water areas of the Danube Biosphere Reserve. The objective of the study was comparing the compositions and structure of phytoplankton, microphytobenthos, macrophytes, benthic invertebrates and ichthyofauna of the mouth area of the Bystryi branch with such communities of the mouths of the branches Vostochnyi, Tsyhanka and Starostambulskyi, which are situated in the protected zone and characterized by limited anthropogenic activity. We also determined the correspondence of the descriptors of biotic groups to the categories of the ecological status according to the Water Framework Directive of the EU. The studies were performed in the autumn and summer periods in 2020–2021. We recorded 367 species of animals and plants, the richest biodiversity was seen for the biota of the Bystryi branch – 250 species, and 180–231 species of hydrobionts were found in the undisturbed mouths. We determined 25.3% of shared species for the water areas, and therefore high values of similarity of the species compositions according to Bray-Curtis (47.5% to 81.5%). We determined no significant differences between the groups of the mouths of the examined branches according to most indicators of taxonomic and ecological structure. As the descriptors of ecological status, we chose assemblage indices of phytoplankton and microphytobenthos, which are based on ratios of biomass of functional groups of algae, and also the Macrophyte Biological Index for Rivers, saprobic index of Zelinka & Marvan and Biological Monitoring Working Party Index of Benthic Invertebrates and Representation of Species of Ichthyfauna according to vulnerability to actions of environmental factors. We determined that the range of descriptors of phytoplankton and microphytobenthos corresponded to the “high” ecological status category, such of macrophytes and benthic invertebrates to “good”, and such of ichthyofauna varied “high” to “good”. In general, all the mouth areas were characterized by “good” ecological status. Similarities of the species composition and the structure of biotic communities of the mouths of the studied branches of the delta indicate the absence of negative impact of the deepwater shipping on adjacent ecosystems, which may be related to the peculiarities of reactions of groups in the water areas with natural stress, as well as local impact of the hydrotechnical construction

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ КОРОЗІЙНОЇ СТІЙКОСТІ КОНСТРУКЦІЙНИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ, ПРАЦЮЮЧИХ В УМОВАХ СУЛЬФАТНИХ РОЗЧИНІВ КОКСОХІМІЧНОГО ВИРОБНИЦТВА

The article presents the results of the study of the corrosion resistance of austenitic and austenitic-ferritic steels in the environments of the sulfate department of PJSC “Zaporozhkoks”. Now in the coking industry, the problem of corrosion protection of welded joints in the equipment of sulfate sections is most acute. Aggressive medium sulfate compartments are mother liquors, which include: sulfuric acid, ammonium sulfate, chlorides. In the mother solution with the acidity of 3-6%, the following ions are present, g/l: sulfates – 400-450; chlorides – 0.2-2.8; cyanides – 0.065-0.16; rodanid – 0.1-1.2; total iron – 0,002-0,05; pyridine bases – 10-20. The presence of pyridine bases in the working solutions of the sulfate separation somewhat reduces the aggressiveness of the solutions. However, at a concentration of 10-20 g/l in 6-10% H2SO4 at 60°C, their protective effect does not exceed 50-60%. According to researchers, the content in process solutions of mineral salts and in coke oven gas with the almost complete absence of O2 makes it difficult to form protective passive films on the surface of nickel-chromium steels, leading to the occurrence of local types of corrosion damage (ulcers and pitting). In addition, the occurrence of corrosion processes stimulates increased temperature and velocity of movement of the solutions.It has been established that the corrosion resistance of materials depends on the acidity of the mother liquor and when applying strong sulfuric acid in these zones, it is necessary to use lined materials, enameled pipes or steels of alloy type 943 (0Х23Н28М3Д3Т) capable of withstanding increased acidity (10-15%) of the mother liquor. Avesta 254 SMO stainless austenitic steel containing slightly more than 6% molybdenum (Mo) – (АКС 254 SMO (X20Н18AM6D) shows the highest corrosion resistance in sulphate separation environments.В статье приведены результаты исследования коррозионной стойкости аустенитных и аустенитно-ферритных сталей в средах сульфатного отделения ПАО «Запорожкокс». Сейчас в коксохимической промышленности наиболее остро стоит проблема защиты от коррозии сварных соединений в аппаратуре сульфатных отделений. Агрессивной средой сульфатных отделений являются маточные растворы, в состав которых входят: серная кислота, сульфат аммония, хлориды. В маточном растворе при кислотности 3-6% присутствуют следующие ионы, г/л: сульфаты – 400-450; хлориды – 0,2-2,8; цианиды – 0,065-0,16; роданид – 0,1-1,2; общее железо – 0,002-0,05; пиридиновые основания – 10-20. Наличие в рабочих растворах сульфатного отделения пиридиновых оснований несколько снижает агрессивность растворов. Однако при концентрации их 10-20 г/л в 6-10% Н2SO4 при 60°С защитное действие их не превышает 50-60%. По данным исследователей, содержание в технологических растворах минеральных солей и  в коксовом газе при практически полном отсутствии О2 затрудняет образование защитных пассивных пленок на поверхности хромоникелевых сталей, приводит к протеканию локальных видов коррозионных разрушений (язвы и питтинга). Кроме того, протекание коррозионных процессов стимулирует повышенная температура и скорость движения растворов.Установлено, что коррозионная стойкость материалов зависит от кислотности маточного раствора и при подаче крепкой серной кислоты в этих зонах необходимо использовать футерованные материалы, эмалированные трубы или стали типа сплава 943 (0Х23Н28М3Д3Т), способные выдерживать повышенную кислотность (10-15%) маточного раствора. Наибольшую коррозионную стойкость в средах сульфатного отделения проявляет нержавеющая аустенитная сталь Avesta 254 SMO, содержащая чуть больше чем 6% молибдена (Мо) – (АКС 254 SMO (X20Н18AM6D).У статті наведено результати дослідження корозійної стійкості аустенітних і аустенітно-феритних сталей в середовищах сульфатного відділення ПАТ «Запоріжкокс». Нині в коксохімічній промисловості найбільш гострою є проблема захисту від корозії зварних з’єднань в апаратурі сульфатних відділень. Агресивним середовищем сульфатних відділень є маткові розчини, до складу яких входять: сірчана кислота, сульфат амонію, хлориди, , HCN. У матковому розчині при кислотності 3-6% є присутніми наступні іони, г/л: сульфати–400-450; хлориди–0,2-2,8; ціаніди – 0,065-0,16; роданід – 0,1-1,2; загальне залізо , – 0,002-0,05; піридинові підстави – 10-20. Наявність в робочих розчинах сульфатного відділення піридинових підстав дещо знижує агресивність розчинів. Проте при концентрації їх 10-20 г/л в 6-10% Н2SO4 при 60°С захисна дія їх не перевищує 50-60%. За даними дослідників вміст в технологічних розчинах мінеральних солей і  в коксовому газі при прак-тично повній відсутності О2 утрудняє утворення захисних пасивних плівок на поверхні хромонікелевих сталей, що призводить до протікання локальних видів корозійних руйнувань (виразки і пітинга). Крім того, протікання корозійних процесів стимулює підвищена температура і швидкість руху розчинів.Встановлено, що корозійна стійкість матеріалів залежить від кислотності маткового розчину і при поданні міцної сірчаної кислоти в цих зонах необхідно використати футеровані матеріали, емальовані труби або сталі типу сплаву 943 (0Х23Н28М3Д3Т), здатні витримувати підвищену кислотність (10-15%) маткового розчину. Найбільшу корозійну стійкість в середовищах сульфатного відділення проявляє нержавіюча аустенітна сталь Avesta 254 SMO, що містить трохи більше ніж 6% молібдену (Мо) – (АКС 254 SMO (X20Н18AM6D)

Method of gas flows calculation in solid propellant rocket engines taking into account the combustion of solid fuel charge

The paper presents a method for calculating the local and integral characteristics of the flow in the axisymmetric gas-dynamic paths of solid propellant rocket motors, taking into account the combustion of a charge of solid fuel. The numerical method of calculation is based on the use of the Godunov scheme, formulated for moving computational grids. The speed of movement of the combustion surface is defined locally on the edge of each calculation boundary cell. This approach allows us to take into account the uneven distribution of the pressure of the combustion products in the free volume of the combustion chamber. In test calculations, the power law of burning rate is used. Calculations of the gas flow in the solid propellant combustion chamber with cylindrical charge of solid fuel are carried out. Unsteady pressure curve in the combustion chamber is obtained. The method allows to determine all integral characteristics of the developed solid propellant rocket motors as a function of the engine running tim

Formación de la interacción social competencia de futuros especialistas del ámbito gerencial

Trends in the economic situation development in the Russian Federation determine the basic requirements for graduates of Russian universities in the direction of “management” training, whose professional competence depends directly on the level of mastering communication skills and social interaction skills. The social interaction competence for managers is the key one in the formation of professional competencies and affects the decision-making of many professional tasks. The social interaction competence plays an important role in the management personnel training because they have a need for constant interaction with people, staff and clients. Lack of social interaction competence can lead to failures in professional activities. Thus, the bachelor of management should have not only knowledge in the professional sphere, but also be able to interact with various specialists, clients, and partners, carrying out high-level social communication that can affect effectively the result of professional activity.Las tendencias en el desarrollo de la situación económica en la Federación de Rusia determinan los requisitos básicos para los graduados de las universidades rusas en la dirección de la formación de “gestión”, cuya competencia profesional depende directamente del nivel de dominio de las habilidades de comunicación y de interacción social. La competencia de interacción social para los gerentes es la clave en la formación de competencias profesionales y afecta la toma de decisiones de muchas tareas profesionales. La competencia de interacción social juega un papel importante en la capacitación del personal de gestión, ya que tienen una necesidad de interacción constante con las personas, el personal y los clientes. La falta de competencia de interacción social puede conducir a fallas en las actividades profesionales. Por lo tanto, el licenciado en administración debe tener no solo conocimiento en el ámbito profesional, sino también poder interactuar con varios especialistas, clientes y socios, llevando a cabo una comunicación social de alto nivel que pueda afectar de manera efectiva el resultado de la actividad profesional