ЗЛОЧИННІСТЬ В УСРР ТА ПРОТИДІЯ ЇЙ У ПЕРШІЙ ПОЛОВИНІ 1930-Х РОКІВ

The development of the constitutional state in Ukraine, strengthening of the rule of law and order, as well as judicial reform and the creation of the National Police led to the need to rethink the experience of counteracting crime, the place and role of law enforcement agencies in these processes. This experience has positive and negative aspects. This especially concerns the Soviet era, in particular, the very controversial period of the early 1930s. Crime combating during this period was complicated by the low level of training of law enforcement officers. Law enforcement agencies were subjected to permanent cleansing by the committees of the Communist Party and various administrative agencies, and social origin was sufficient ground for dismissal. In the first half of 1930s there was a tendency to strengthen the punitive function of the state. This was clearly reflected in the law dated from August 7, 1932, which contributed to mass repression against the population, especially village inhabitants. One of the main tasks of law enforcement agencies was the fight against hooliganism. In the early 1930s, hooliganism was the main cause of murders, pushing out “jealousy” on the second place (although the total number of murders declined). Due to increased repression, the level of these crimes has been reduced. The militia also fought against banditism and street crime (robberies and plundering) during this period. Relatively new type of its activity was the counteraction to violations of traffic rules, accidents and road traffic events. Organization of voluntary militia assistance units was used among other things in order to counteract crime.Розглянуто причини й основні прояви злочинності в Українській СРР у першій половині 1930-х років. Основну увагу приділено сутності каральної політики радянської держави, спробам влади протидіяти злочинності й ролі міліції в цьому процесі

Zinc oxide-nickel cermet selective coatings obtained by sequential electrodeposition

The investigation of pulse electrodepositing modes influence on crystal structure, morphology and optical properties of ZnO has revealed the conditions in which quasi-one-dimensional (1D) ZnO nanorod arrays are formed as separate nanorods. Due to a sufficiently high resistance of zinc oxide, the electrodeposition of nickel on the fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/ZnO surfaces carried out in space between the ZnO nanorods. An incomplete filling of the gaps between nanorods by the nickel nanoparticles through subsequent Ni electrodeposition ensured the creation of ZnO–Ni graded cermets. The cermets, in which electrochemical filling of the spaces between ZnO nanorods by Ni, was performed in the pulse mode. It provided higher absorption of visible and near IR light. It was shown that the manufactured ZnO–Ni graded cermets have high light absorption combined with comparatively low thermal losses, so these cermets are promising cheap and affordable selective coatings for solar heat collectors

Optical Properties of Cu2S/SnS2 Precursor Layers for the Preparation of Kesterite Cu2SnS3 Photovoltaic Absorber

The Cu2S and SnS2 layers have been prepared by the chemical bath deposition method. The results of SEM and EDX analyses confirm a high stoichiometry of the synthesized semiconductor thin films. The optical properties of the Cu2S and SnS2 layers have been studied, and the optical band gap values have been determined. Keywords: thin films, sulfides, band gap, hydrochemical deposition, transmittance, photovoltaic absorbe

Structure, optical, electrical and thermoelectric properties of solution-processed Li-doped NiO films grown by SILAR

The article presents a new facial synthesis of Li-doped NiO films (NiO:Li) via an easy and cost-effective method Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) with the processing of the obtained NiO films in a lithium-containing aqueous solution for their transformation after annealing into NiO:Li layers. Comparative analysis of crystal structure, optical, electrical and thermoelectric properties of the obtained NiO and NiO:Li 420-1050 nm thick films have reveiled a cubic rock-salt NiO structure, at that, NiO:Li samples are nanocrystalline single phased Li-NiO solid solutions. The fabricated NiO and NiO:Li films are p-type semiconductors with activation energy Ea = 0.1 eV and Ea = 0.25‒0.31 eV, respectively. The obtained in-plane Seebeck coefficients Z are in the range 0.20–0.33 mV/К. Notwithstanding the fact that the maximum values of the thermoelectric power factors P=2.2 μW/K2·m, are rather small, they were achieved if the hot end of the NiO:Li film was heated only to 115 °C. Thus, the produced in this work new low cost thermoelectric thin film material is suitable for a production of electrical energy for low-power devices due to absorption of low-potential heat

Low-frequency properties of the phonon spectra, and low-temperature thermodynamics of disordered solid solutions

This is an analysis of the properties of quasi-local vibrations, and the conditions of the formation thereof, in a realistic model of the crystal lattice on a microscopic scale. The evolution of quasi-local vibrations with an increase in the concentration of impurity atoms, is examined. It is shown that the formation of boson peaks occurs mainly due to the additional dispersion of high-velocity acoustic phonons (connected to the atomic vibrations of the main lattice), caused by the scattering of these phonons by the quasi-local vibrations localized at the impurities. We demonstrate a connection between the boson peaks in disordered systems, and the first van Hove singularity, in regular crystal structures. We analyze the manifestation of quasi-local vibrations and boson peaks, as it relates to the behavior of low-temperature heat capacity, and how it changes with an increasing impurity concentration

Research of interferential factors of accounting and evaluation of cryptocurrency in the practical business model of a company

Cryptocurrency is a modern phenomenon of the digital economy, which is gradually becoming part of the business processes of companies of various profiles and economic sectors. The presence of unsettled issues at the legislative level of jurisdictions, as well as the ambiguity of approaches to the classification and assessment of cryptocurrency in financial reporting, gives rise to discussions of both practical and scientific nature. For trade organizations, the need to resolve this issue is evident, since already now businesses are considering the possibility of accepting payment for goods with some types of cryptocurrencies, as well as using cryptocurrencies to pay for the resources the company needs

Organizational and economic mechanism of a business security as a guarantee of its sustainable development

In the process of the writing of this article, it was established that the organizational and economic mechanism of a business security ensuring involves the use of various techniques, methods, and tools. Their combination is necessary to ensure a reliable security system and stable sustainable development of a business activity as a whole. It has been established that enterprises of different sizes, types, volumes of activity possess unequal organizational and financial capabilities. In addition, various is the level of risk under which business entities are engaged. However, the conclusion is definite that the implementation of the organizational and economic mechanism for the enterprise security ensuring is vital in financial and economic aspects and can be organized in different business areas in different ways. It is proved that the security mechanism action from the point of view of financial and economic aspect implies enterprise adaptation to innovations under the following conditions: the innovations are to be maximally ready for implementation; the motivation to implement them is the need to protect the enterprise interests; the probability of obtaining a positive result in the implementation of innovations should be high. It has been established that significant factors in the process of increasing the level of a business security are the financial and economic measures, which aim to cover losses and to eliminate the causes of their occurrence, to recover (preserve) the liquidity and solvency, to reduce the amount of debt, to improve the working capital structure, etc. It is proved that further research in the field of planning and implementation of tactical measures for ensuring the financial and economic security of business is needed. It is aimed at the assessment and analysis of the level of a business security and its dynamics, which will allow to determine the effectiveness of the implemented measures; an assessment of the efficiency of utilization of the enterprise financial potential, which is the main basis for the implementation of measures to ensure the organizational and economic mechanism of a business security. Since the implementation of organizational and economic tools into the security field often requires the allocation of significant financial resources and opportunities (financial potential), the substantiation of scientific recommendations for assessing cost-effectiveness become significant. It was found that the organizational and economic mechanism of a business security ensuring would effectively use corporate resources, create preconditions for achieving business targets, timely identify and optimize all possible hazards, threats, and risks of the enterprise activity in the conditions of acute competition and changing environment. It is recommended to propose the following measures to enhance business security: development and implementation of security system (structure) in business processes of the enterprise activity; improvement and optimization of the existing enterprise security service; business security outsourcing services; services of the enterprise personnel security; provision of services to provide economic and internal security of the enterprise; providing necessary data and information for the business functioning security insurances; checking (auditing) of existing security services of enterprises for their effective work and reliability; services for the enterprise security employees training (advanced training); personnel selection of professionally trained staff for the enterprise security service

Psychological “portrait” of boys and girls of high qualification in sport-ballroom dancing

The article discusses the manifestations of the psychological portrait of highly qualified young men and women engaged in sports and ballroom dancing. As a result of the study, it was revealed that both boys and girls have similar psychological characteristics that allow them to achieve high results in dance sports.В данной статье рассматриваются проявления психологического «портрета» юношей и девушек высокой квалификации, занимающихся спортивно-бальными танцами. В результате проведенного исследования было выявлено, что как юноши, так и девушки обладают схожими психологическими характеристиками, позволяющими добиваться высоких результатов в танцевальном спорте

Solution-processed flexible broadband ZnO photodetector modified by Ag nanoparticles

In this work, we present flexible broadband photodetectors (PDs) fabricated by a deposition of nanostructured zinc oxide (ZnO) films on polyimide (PI) substrates by using cheap and scalable aqueous method Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR). In order to increase the long-wavelength absorption of the nanostructured ZnO layer, we created its intrinsic defects, including oxygen vacancies by post-treatment at 300 °C in vacuum and thus the light-sensitive material ZnO/PI was obtained. Then we applied silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) from a silver sol onto a nanostructured ZnO film, which were visualized using SEM in the form of spheres up to 100 nm in size that increased the photocurrent and figures of merit of thus obtained light-sensitive material ZnO_Ag/PI due to localized surface plasmon resonance and double Schottky barriers at the Ag-ZnO interface. To fabricate photodetectors based on a photoconductive effect, these ZnO/PI and ZnO_Ag/PI materials were equipped with ohmic aluminum contacts. The spectral responsivity (Rλ up to 275 A/W to UV light) of solution-processed flexible broadband photodetector based on ZnO_Ag/PI material at different wavelengths of light and light power densities is better than Rλ of the ZnO/PI photodetector, and at least an order of magnitude higher than Rλ of photodetectors based on nanostructured zinc oxide described in recent articles. The external quantum efficiency (EQE) of both PDs in this study in UV–Vis-NIR spectra is very high in the range from 1∙102 to 9∙104 % and is better or of the same order of magnitude as the EQE data of modern flexible broadband high-sensitivity PDs based on nanostructured heterostructures containing ZnO. The specific detectivity in UV–Vis-NIR spectra is large for ZnO/PI (from 3.5∙1010 to 1∙1012 Jones) and especially for ZnO_Ag/PI (from 1.6∙1011 to 8.6∙1013 Jones), which indicates the ability of the PDs based on light-sensitive materials ZnO/PI and ZnO_Ag/PI to recognize a very weak light signal

Crystal Structure of Nanoscale Tin Dioxide Films Produced by Magnetron Sputtering

Investigation of direct current magnetron sputtering parameters effects on the crystal structure of gas sensitive tin dioxide films has revealed that the change in the substrate temperature and in the film thickness leads to the transition from the condensation of metastable conglomerates of amorphous globules to the ≈15 nm SnO₂ crystallites with three-dimensional shape and well-defined edges. The dependence of the SnO₂ structure from the working Ar-O₂ gas mixtures and from their humidity evidences the significant role of the adsorption in the kinetics of the magnetron sputtering of tin dioxide. Due to the adsorption the morphological and dimensional characteristics of the tin dioxide films demonstrate the anomalous stability of the amorphous globules with their enhanced specific surface energy and the stabilization of the amorphous state, selectively retained even after the SnOv film reach in general the critical thickness of the crystallization