Spillover

Discussion of the positive and negative effects of work-family spillover: the transfer of mood, affect, and behavior between work and home

Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in elite junior tennis players: a systematic review

Item does not contain fulltextThe objective was to systematically review the literature on risk factors and prevention programs for musculoskeletal injuries among tennis players. PubmedMedline, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane, SportDiscus were searched up to February 2017. Experts in clinical and epidemiological medicine were contacted to obtain additional studies. For risk factors, prospective cohort studies (n > 20) with a statistical analysis for injured and non-injured players were included and studies with a RCT design for prevention programs. Downs&Black checklist was assessed for risk of bias for risk factors. From a total of 4067 articles, five articles met our inclusion criteria for risk factors. No studies on effectiveness of prevention programs were identified. Quality of studies included varied from fair to excellent. Best evidence synthesis revealed moderate evidence for previous injury regardless of body location in general and fewer years of tennis experience for the occurrence of upper extremity injuries. Moderate evidence was found for lower back injuries, a previous back injury, playing >6hours/week and low lateral flexion of the neck for risk factors. Limited evidence was found for male gender as a risk factor. The risk factors identified can assist clinicians in developing prevention-strategies. Further studies should focus on risk factor evaluation in recreational adult tennis players

Space weather challenges of the polar cap ionosphere

This paper presents research on polar cap ionosphere space weather phenomena conducted during the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) action ES0803 from 2008 to 2012. The main part of the work has been directed toward the study of plasma instabilities and scintillations in association with cusp flow channels and polar cap electron density structures/patches, which is considered as critical knowledge in order to develop forecast models for scintillations in the polar cap. We have approached this problem by multi-instrument techniques that comprise the EISCAT Svalbard Radar, SuperDARN radars, in-situ rocket, and GPS scintillation measurements. The Discussion section aims to unify the bits and pieces of highly specialized information from several papers into a generalized picture. The cusp ionosphere appears as a hot region in GPS scintillation climatology maps. Our results are consistent with the existing view that scintillations in the cusp and the polar cap ionosphere are mainly due to multi-scale structures generated by instability processes associated with the cross-polar transport of polar cap patches. We have demonstrated that the SuperDARN convection model can be used to track these patches backward and forward in time. Hence, once a patch has been detected in the cusp inflow region, SuperDARN can be used to forecast its destination in the future. However, the high-density gradient of polar cap patches is not the only prerequisite for high-latitude scintillations. Unprecedented highresolution rocket measurements reveal that the cusp ionosphere is associated with filamentary precipitation giving rise to kilometer scale gradients onto which the gradient drift instability can operate very efficiently. Cusp ionosphere scintillations also occur during IMF BZ north conditions, which further substantiates that particle precipitation can play a key role to initialize plasma structuring. Furthermore, the cusp is associated with flow channels and strong flow shears, and we have demonstrated that the Kelvin- Helmholtz instability process may be efficiently driven by reversed flow events

Militær ledelse etter tjue år med internasjonale operasjoner

I denne oppgaven ønsker vi å belyse hvordan Forsvaret forvalter faget ledelse, og særlig hvordan ledelseserfaringer fra de siste 20 års internasjonale operasjoner tilkommer nye ledere i Forsvaret. Vi har tatt utgangspunkt i teori om ledelse, militær ledelse og læring i organisasjoner for å danne et analytisk rammeverk. Empirien er basert på to kilder; innholdsanalyse av pensum innen ledelse ved Forsvarets tre krigsskoler, og intervjuer med fagansvarlige innen ledelse ved de tre krigsskolene. Vårt viktigste funn er at Forsvaret i liten grad tar vare på ledelseserfaringer fra internasjonale operasjoner. Dette henger sammen med at det ikke er en helhetlig forvaltning av ledelsesfag i Forsvaret. Norsk forskning på militær ledelse forekommer i mindre utstrekning enn det som er ønskelig blant de fagansvarlige. Manglende forskning kan eksemplifiseres ved at krigsskolenes pensum ikke inneholder forskningsbasert norsk litteratur som konkret omhandler det å være leder i en internasjonal operasjon etter år 2000. Forsvaret utgir doktriner for ledelse som bidrar til styring, men disse har en svak kobling til forskning og undervisningsmiljøene. Til tross for manglende helhetlig forvaltning av ledelsesfaget er krigsskolenes pensum hensiktsmessig satt sammen når det gjelder å dekke en bred moderne militær kontekst. Det finnes ikke én riktig militær kontekst, men en dynamisk kontekst som er gjenkjennbar for mottakeren er mest hensiktsmessig for læring. Krigsskolene benytter ulike metoder for å kontekstualisere teori om ledelse, og metoder og innhold er tilpasset kadettenes læringsmål. Denne kontekstualiseringen inneholder innslag av erfaringer fra internasjonale operasjoner. Dermed kan vi konkludere med at ledelseserfaringer fra 20 år med internasjonale operasjoner i noen grad tilkommer nye ledere i Forsvaret. Måten erfaringene tilkommer nye ledere er egnet til å utdanne individuelle ledere, som er skolenes mål, men er mindre egnet til å forvalte den kollektive kunnskapen om ledelse i Forsvaret som organisasjon. Fordi bestanddelene i en helhetlig kunnskapsforvaltning er på plass vil det være mulig å oppnå mer læring ved å bevare desentralisert forskning og undervisning, men innføre sentralisert koordinering av ledelsesfaget.Military leadership after twenty years of international operations. In this study we wish to illuminate the way in which the Norwegian military manages the subject of leadership, and especially how experiences from the last 20 years of military operations outside Norway benefits new military leaders. The analytical framework has been constructed on a theoretical basis of leadership; military and otherwise, and organizational learning. The empirical evidence is collected from two sources: a content analysis of the leadership curriculum at the three Norwegian military academies, as well as interviews from the leadership subject managers from the same military academies. Our most important findings are that the Norwegian Armed Forces only to a small extent makes use of the leadership experiences gained through international operations. This is related to the Norwegian Armed Forced not having one strategy with retards to the subject of leadership or a centralized system to manage knowledge gained. Norwegian research on military leadership happens to a smaller extent than what is preferred by the subject managers at the military academies. The lack of research is exemplified by the fact that the curriculum of the military academies does not contain any research based Norwegian literature on the experience of being a leader in a combat zone or international operation after the year 2000. The Norwegian Armed Forced issues doctrines on leadership which does provide guidance. However, the doctrines seemingly have little connection to the research and teaching environments. Despite the lack of a centralized strategy and administration of the subject of leadership the military academies have a curriculum that covers a broad and modern military context. There is no one correct military context, but a dynamic context recognizable to the student is the most appropriate to the learning situation. The military academies use different methods to contextualize theoretical literature on leadership, and the methods as well as the content is adapted to the aims of the education. This contextualization does contain experiences from international operations, which enables us to conclude that leadership experiences from the last 20 years of international operations to some extent benefits new military leaders. The way this is achieved is suitable to educate individual leaders, which is the aim of the military academies. However, it is less suited to manage and enhance the collective learning in the Norwegian Armed Forces as an organization. Greater effect through learning will be possible with the addition of centralized coordinating authority in leadership, while maintaining decentralized research and teaching

The Texas Library Directory Database: A Multipurpose Database for the Library of Texas

The paper presents an overview of the Texas Library Directory Database development effort. The TLDD was designed and implemented by the Texas Center for Digital Knowledge at the University of North Texas team as part of a project for the Texas State Library and Archives Commission to support the Library of Texas Resource Discovery Service. The TLDD offers a unique centralized controlled environment to collect a wide range of information about Texas libraries, to manage these data, and to offer a common repository of current information about Texas libraries for use by various TSLAC divisions, members of the Texas library community and library users. The paper examines issues that shaped the development of the TLDD, such as an international standard for directories of libraries, archives, information and documentation centre, and their databases (ISO2146); selection of the open source technical platform for the database and interface applications development; availability and quality of the data sources available to populate the database, etc. Challenges encountered during the project and suggestions for future library directory database development efforts are described

Comparative Analyses of Transcriptional Profiles in Mouse Organs Using a Pneumonic Plague Model after Infection with Wild-Type Yersinia pestis CO92 and Its Braun Lipoprotein Mutant

We employed Murine GeneChips to delineate the global transcriptional profiles of the livers, lungs, and spleens in a mouse pneumonic plague infection model with wild-type (WT) Y. pestis CO92 and its Braun lipoprotein (Δlpp) mutant with reduced virulence. These organs showed differential transcriptional responses to infection with WT Y. pestis, but the overall host functional processes affected were similar across all three tissues. Gene expression alterations were found in inflammation, cytokine signaling, and apoptotic cell death-associated genes. Comparison of WT and Δlpp mutant-infected mice indicated significant overlap in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) associated gene expression, but the absence of Lpp perturbed host cell signaling at critical regulatory junctions resulting in altered immune response and possibly host cell apoptosis. We generated a putative signaling pathway including major inflammatory components that could account for the synergistic action of LPS and Lpp and provided the mechanistic basis of attenuation caused by deletion of the lpp gene from Y. pestis in a mouse model of pneumonic plague

Maternal prenatal depressive symptoms and risk for early-life psychopathology in offspring: results from a genetically-informative, population-based sample

Background: Maternal prenatal depression is a known risk factor for early-life psychopathology among offspring; however, potential risk transmission mechanisms need to be distinguished. We aimed to test the relative importance of passive genetic transmission, direct exposure, and indirect exposure in the association between maternal prenatal depressive symptoms and early-life internalising and externalising psychopathology in offspring. Methods: We used structural equation modelling of phenotypic data and genetically informative relationships from the families of participants in the Norwegian Mother and Child Birth Cohort Study (MoBa). The analytic subsample of MoBa used in the current study comprises 22 195 mothers and 35 299 children. We used mothers' self-reported depressive symptoms during pregnancy, as captured by the Symptom Checklist, and their reports of symptoms of psychopathology in their offspring during the first few years of life (measured at 18, 36, and 60 months using the Child Behavior Checklist). Findings: Maternal prenatal depressive symptoms were found to be associated with early-life psychopathology primarily via intergenerationally shared genetic factors, which explained 41% (95% CI 36–46) of variance in children's internalising problems and 37% (30–44) of variance in children's externalising problems. For internalising problems, phenotypic transmission also contributed significantly, accounting for 14% (95% CI 5–19) of the association, but this contribution was found to be explained by exposure to concurrent maternal depressive symptoms, rather than by direct exposure in utero. Interpretation: Associations between maternal prenatal depressive symptoms and offspring behavioural outcomes in early childhood are likely to be at least partially explained by shared genes. This genetic confounding should be considered when attempting to quantify risks posed by in-utero exposure to maternal depressive symptoms. Funding: UK Economic and Social Research Council, Norwegian Research Council, Norwegian Ministries of Health and Care Services, and Education & Research, Wellcome Trust, Royal Society, and National Institute for Health Research

DeepOtolith v1.0: An Open-Source AI Platform for Automating Fish Age Reading from Otolith or Scale Images

Every year, marine scientists around the world read thousands of otolith or scale images to determine the age structure of commercial fish stocks. This knowledge is important for fisheries and conservation management. However, the age-reading procedure is time-consuming and costly to perform due to the specialized expertise and labor needed to identify annual growth zones in otoliths. Effective automated systems are needed to increase throughput and reduce cost. DeepOtolith is an open-source artificial intelligence (AI) platform that addresses this issue by providing a web system with a simple interface that automatically estimates fish age by combining otolith images with convolutional neural networks (CNNs), a class of deep neural networks that has been a dominant method in computer vision tasks. Users can upload otolith image data for selective fish species, and the platform returns age estimates. The estimates of multiple images can be exported to conduct conclusions or further age-related research. DeepOtolith currently contains classifiers/regressors for three fish species; however, more species will be included as related work on ageing will be tested and published soon. Herein, the architecture and functionality of the platform are presented. Current limitations and future directions are also discussed. Overall, DeepOtolith should be considered as the first step towards building a community of marine ecologists, machine learning experts, and stakeholders that will collaborate to support the conservation of fishery resources.publishedVersio

Variability of dayside convection and motions of the cusp/cleft aurora

We present measurements of the ionospheric plasma flow over the range of invariant latitudes 71–76°, observed at 10-second resolution using both the EISCAT radars, with simultaneous observations of the 630 nm cusp/cleft aurora made by a meridian-scanning photometer at Ny Ålesund, Svalbard. A major increase in the trans-auroral voltage from 5 to 40 kV (associated with sunward convection in the early afternoon sector) is found to follow a southward motion of the aurora and coincide with the onset of regular transient auroral breakup events. It is shown that these observations are consistent with recent theoretical work on how ionospheric flows are excited by time-dependent reconnection at the dayside magnetopause