THE IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING DRAWINGS IN THE DESIGN PROCESS: A DIDACTIC CONTRIBUTION TO ENGINEERING EDUCATION

THE IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING DRAWINGS IN THE DESIGN PROCESS: A DIDACTIC CONTRIBUTION TO ENGINEERING EDUCATIONAbstracturing the direct design or reverse engineering process of products and machinery, various geometric and manufacturing information is generated according to the phases or stages of development applied during a project in different subjects. Much of this information is not used or lost and students face various problems when generating manufacturing drawings. This article discusses the importance of manufacturing drawings during the direct design process and its implications for engineering education. To generate the design information, the concept of manufacturing primitive and a classification of the manufacturing drawings that follow the stages of direct design are applied. It is using a case study to show the process of generating and documenting the information. The importance of transmitting knowledge to the student is necessary for their academic and professional training. Using tools that are actually used in industrial practice within their processes. Improving the results of students in their subjects and in academic or professional stays. Currently, this acquired knowledge has also been important in academic exchanges because the same way of working is being implemented worldwide.Keyword: Engineering Education, Manufacturing Drawings, Manufacturing

An Integrated Intervention Model for the Prevention of Zika and Other Aedes-Borne Diseases in Women and their Families in Mexico

We describe and discuss the rationale, design and current implementation of a model for an integrated intervention for the primary and secondary prevention of Zika and other Aedes-borne diseases and sexually transmitted infections that impact reproductive health, pregnancy and perinatal life stages in women and their families in Merida, Mexico. The intervention includes enhanced surveillance of pregnant women, implementation of communication strategies to promote good practices to prevent disease transmission, determination of the frequency of structural anomalies detected prenatally in the foetus, umbilical cord and placenta of pregnancies diagnosed with ZIK infection, detection of ZIKV and other arboviruses/viruses in products of abortion, in-utero and early newborn, provision of Aedes aegypti-proof houses? (protecting homes with door/window screens with insecticide to prevent the access of mosquitoes), mosquito repellents, larvicides and education/promotion of best practices for the prevention of infection with dengue (DENV), chikungunya (CHIKV) and Zika (ZIKV) and an anthropological studies on sociocultural factors of pregnant women associated with ZIKV. This intervention is being developed in a population of 10,000 people of the city of Merida and with the participation of a multidisciplinary group of public health professionals in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and the Government of Yucatan

Seaweed resources of Mexico: current knowledge and future perspectives

International audienceAbstract High diversity of marine macroalgae is reported for Mexican coasts, including numerous endemic species. Seaweed research in Mexico has focused on the northern regions of the Pacific coast (Temperate Pacific and Gulf of California) and on the Mexican Caribbean coast, leaving aside other regions (Tropical Pacific and Gulf of Mexico). Utilization of seaweed resources within the country has been based on artisanal collection of wild populations mainly for polysaccharide extraction, fertilizers, raw material for animal feed and cosmetic products. The main exploitation has occurred along the coasts of Baja California peninsula, based on few species ( Gelidium robustum , Macrocystis pyrifera , Chondracanthus canaliculatus and Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis ). Governmental regulations for management have allowed harvesting to reach approximately 11,500 wet tons per year (2013–2016). Nevertheless, in recent years (2014–2016) the total seaweed import volume has increased (5302 tons per year in average) over the export volume (2156 tons per year in average), suggesting a notably growing demand for seaweed resources in the country and representing an opportunity for investment projects. Several pilot studies on seaweed cultivation in Mexico propose that sustainable aquaculture techniques could complement the harvest in natural populations and ensure a homogeneous production with high quality in the long term

La incorporación y el aumento de oferta de alimentos industrializados en las dietas de las unidades domésticas y su relación con el abandono del sistema de subsistencia propio en las comunidades rurales mayas de Yucatán, México

This research work focuses on the study of the relationship between the abandonment of the milpa, the subsistence system developed around corn as a basic crop in Mesoamerica, with the supply of industrialized foods. Thus, we analyze what factors are responsible for the inclusion of this type of food into the diet of the Mayan rural households of Yucatan, Mexico. By means of a two-way variance analysis, the proportionof industrialized foods consumed by peasant households that produced milpa was compared with those that no longer implemented it in communities with different industrialized food offerings. It was found that, compared with the households that no longer cultivated milpa, the milpa-producing communities consumed a smaller proportion of industrialized foods, regardless of the offer in their community of residence.El presente trabajo de investigación se dedica al estudio de la relación del abandono de la milpa, el sistema de subsistencia desarrollado alrededor del maíz como cultivo básico en Mesoamérica, con la oferta de alimentos industrializados. Así, se analiza cuál de esos factores es el responsable de la incorporación de alimentos de ese tipo a la dieta de las unidades domésticas rurales mayas de Yucatán, México. Mediante un análisis de varianza de dos vías se comparó la proporción de alimentos industrializados consumidos por unidades doméstica campesinas que hacían milpa con las que ya no la implementaban en comunidades 1 con diferente oferta de alimentos industrializados. Se encontró que, en relación con las unidades domésticas que ya no hacían milpa, las milperas consumían una menor proporción de alimentos industrializados, independientemente de la oferta que ofreciera su comunidad de residencia

La incorporación y el aumento de oferta de alimentos industrializados en las dietas de las unidades domésticas y su relación con el abandono del sistema de subsistencia propio en las comunidades rurales mayas de Yucatán, México

This research work focuses on the study of the relationship between the abandonment of the milpa, the subsistence system developed around corn as a basic crop in Mesoamerica, with the supply of industrialized foods. Thus, we analyze what factors are responsible for the inclusion of this type of food into the diet of the Mayan rural households of Yucatan, Mexico. By means of a two-way variance analysis, the proportionof industrialized foods consumed by peasant households that produced milpa was compared with those that no longer implemented it in communities with different industrialized food offerings. It was found that, compared with the households that no longer cultivated milpa, the milpa-producing communities consumed a smaller proportion of industrialized foods, regardless of the offer in their community of residence.El presente trabajo de investigación se dedica al estudio de la relación del abandono de la milpa, el sistema de subsistencia desarrollado alrededor del maíz como cultivo básico en Mesoamérica, con la oferta de alimentos industrializados. Así, se analiza cuál de esos factores es el responsable de la incorporación de alimentos de ese tipo a la dieta de las unidades domésticas rurales mayas de Yucatán, México. Mediante un análisis de varianza de dos vías se comparó la proporción de alimentos industrializados consumidos por unidades doméstica campesinas que hacían milpa con las que ya no la implementaban en comunidades 1 con diferente oferta de alimentos industrializados. Se encontró que, en relación con las unidades domésticas que ya no hacían milpa, las milperas consumían una menor proporción de alimentos industrializados, independientemente de la oferta que ofreciera su comunidad de residencia

Chemical Composition and Carbohydrate Characterization of Beach-Cast Marine Macrophytes from the Mexican Caribbean: Implications for Potential Bioethanol Production

International audienceAbstract Marine macrophytes are considered promising biomass for bioethanol production. The increases in anthropogenic nutrients and climate change have caused unprecedented blooming of ‘sargasso’ across the Atlantic since 2011. This biomass reaches the Caribbean Sea, stranding in large amounts along shorelines, and creating a serious waste management problem. The knowledge of its chemical composition is important to assess whether this material could serve as feedstock for third-generation bioethanol. The beach-cast marine macrophytes collected on the Mexican Caribbean coast in December 2018 were composed of brown seaweeds and a seagrass (23.5 and 76.5% relative abundance, respectively) including Sargassum fluitans , Sargassum natans I, Sargassum natans VIII, Turbinaria turbinata , and the angiosperm Syringodium filiforme . For valorization purposes, glucans, non-glucans carbohydrates and lignin were determined. Besides its abundance, underutilization, and low-cost this whole biomass may have potential as a promising raw material for third-generation bioethanol because it contains easily fermentable glucose such as mannitol (36.3% in whole biomass and 56% in the Sargassum species) and cellulose (36.3% on average). Other specific carbohydrates such as alginate (20–31%) and fucoidan (9.1–8.2%) were present in smaller amounts but they can also be converted to fermentable sugars with the proper methodology. Some advantages and limitations for the potential production of third-generation bioethanol from this biomass are discussed

Percepción de la hipertensión arterial como factor de riesgo: Aporte del día mundial de lucha contra la hipertensión arterial Perception of arterial hypertension as a risk factor: Contribution ot the world day of fight against arterial hypertension

Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal y multicéntrico, en 3 unidades del sistema nacional de salud a una muestra de 502 personas de 15 años o más, de ambos sexos, en su mayoría trabajadores de la salud que acudieron de forma voluntaria a medirse la presión arterial, motivados por la labor de propaganda desplegada por el Día Mundial de Lucha contra la Hipertensión Arterial, para determinar la frecuencia de hipertensión arterial (casos conocidos y nuevos), evaluar el grado de control de los hipertensos conocidos, identificar la frecuencia de hipertensión sistólica aislada y su relación con la edad. La medida de la PA utilizada fue la casual, según las recomendaciones de la Sociedad Americana de Cardiología y los criterios y recomendaciones del VII Informe del Comité Conjunto Norteamericano (JNC-VII) sobre prevención, detección, evaluación y tratamiento de la HTA. Los datos se recogieron en modelo que contenía variables como edad, sexo, antecedentes personales de HTA, si recibían tratamiento farmacológico y cifras de PA. Los datos se tabularon en una base de datos Microsoft Access con texto en sistema Microsoft Word; se empleó el sistema estadístico SPSS de Windows 2000. Los resultados se expresaron en frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes. Se detectó una frecuencia de hipertensión arterial de 50,2 %, la frecuencia de casos nuevos fue de 9,8 %, el mayor número de hipertensos conocidos se concentró entre las edades de 55 y 64 años (27,6 %). Se demostró asociación entre el incremento de la edad y el del porcentaje de casos con hipertensión, tanto nuevos como conocidos. La forma más frecuente de elevación de PA fue la sistodiastólica (64 %). La prevalencia de hipertensión arterial sistólica aislada fue de 15,9 % y se asoció de manera significativa al incremento de la edad. El 75,4 % de los hipertensos seguía terapia antihipertensiva. Se detectó 46,8 % de control en los hipertensos conocidos y tratados. Se concluyó que la celebración del Día Mundial de Lucha contra la Hipertensión Arterial, con la aplicación de consultas en lugares no convencionales incrementó la percepción de riesgo de este síndrome, el pesquisaje de casos nuevos y elevó la educación sobre el grado de control de los casos conocidos.A cross-sectional multicenter study was conducted in a sample of 502 subjects aged 15 or over of both sexes in 3 units of the national health system. Most of them were health workers that volunteered to measure their arterial pressure motivated by the propaganda carried out on the occasion of the world day of fight against arterial hypertension to determine the frequency of arterial hypertension (known and new cases), to evaluate the control degree of the known hypertensives, and to identify the frequency of isolated systolic hypertension and its relation to age. The casual determination of arterial hypertension was used according to the recommendations of the American Society of Cardiology and the criteria and recommendations of the VII Report of the Joint Northamerican Committee (JNC-VII) on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of Arterial Hypertension.The data were collected in a form containing variables such as age, sex, personal history of arterial hypertension, pharmacological treatment, and arterial hypertension readings. The data were tabulated in a Microsoft Access database with text in Microsoft Word system. The SPSS statistical system of Windows 2000 was used. the results were expressed in absolute frequencies and percentages. A frequency of arterial hypertension of 50.2 % was detected. The frequency of new cases was 9.8 % and the highest number of known hypertensives were aged 55-64 (27.6 %). It was found an association between the age increase and the percentage of new and known cases with hypertension. The most common way of arterial blood pressure elevation was the systodiastolic (64 %). The prevalence of isolated arterial systolic hypertension was 15.9 % and it was significantly associated with the age rise. 75.4 % of the hypertensives were under treatment. 46.8 % of the known and new cases were controlled. It was concluded that the celebration of the world day of fight against arterial hypertension together with the consultations in non-conventional places, increased the perception of risk of this syndrome, the screening of new cases and enhanced the education on the control of the known cases