ЗНАК ПУТИ В СИМВОЛИКЕ ФЕДОРОВСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ

The authors offer an interpretation of one of the exclusive attributes of the Fedorovo culture such as clay containers known as dishes. Artifacts from two burial sites are considered as the main source: Urefty I (forest-steppe Trans-Urals, Chelyabinsk region) and Lisakovsky I (Northern Kazakhstan, Kostanay region). The analysis of contexts and analogies in the Bronze Age cultures of Central Europe makes it possible to regard clay dishes as wagon models. This symbolism corresponds to the dynamics of the Fedorovo culture, the bearers of which had a pronounced motivation to move. The Fedorovo culture has a widespread distribution of its sites within the Andronovo community. The main features of this culture are the complexity of the funeral rite, a significant influence on aboriginal cultures during the colonization of the lands to the North and East of the original migration territory. All of the above indicates the formation of an autonomous group in the hierarchy of local society, which had a high degree of mobility. The original core of the Fedorovo culture was formed in the steppe Trans-Urals and Kazakhstan in the status of the subculture of one of the local community elites, which was represented by sites of the Alakul culture. It was here that the original "chariot complex" had been formed, which reflected innovations in the field of transport and speed, representing an expressive form of ritual practice. The development of the "mobility sign" in the funeral rite from the chariot (the Sintashta culture) to its imitation (the Petrovka culture), and then to a more capacious expression in the form of a wagon model (the Fedorovo culture) corresponds to the symbol's universal trajectory. © 2020 Institute of History and Archeology of the Ural Branch of RAS. All rights reserved

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ЗЕРНОВОГО ПРОДУКТА «ЗЛАКОВЫЙ БАТОНЧИК»

The study of food products is the most important method for creating proves of their food safety based on generally accepted scientific ideas and current international and national legal norms of food safety. At the stage of laboratory research it is possible to objectively prove the efficiency and safety of new types of food products while their consumption according to certain health indications among the relevant group of people, including staff working in hazardous industrial environment. In the Russian Federation the procedure for assessing the safety and running the laboratory tests of food products are regulated by the Federal Laws on the Quality and Safety of Food Products, regulations on provision of public catering services, methodological recommendations for assessing the risk to public health in case of exposure to microbial factors contained in food products, as well as technical regulations of the Customs Union on food safety. The authors have developed regulatory and technical documentation for the cereal product “Cereal bar” and presented data on its safety when consumed. Conclusions about the product are made on the basis of a study of its chronic toxicity. It has been established that the ingredients composition of the cereal bar, included in the diet of laboratory animals, provided a positive effect on their body condition, weight gain and did not cause abnormal changes in the volume of internal organs and the development of pathologies that could indicate a side effect of the product. During study of the hematological and biochemical parameters, no significant differences were found between the data of the control group and experimental group of the animals. The conducted studies of the cereal product “Cereal bar” confirm the absence of a potential risk of developing chronic toxicity in case of introduction of the cereal bar to the animals’ diets and its consumption over a long period of time.Исследование пищевых продуктов является важнейшим инструментом построения доказательной базы их безопасности исходя из общепринятых научных представлений и действующих международных и национальных правовых норм. На этапе лабораторных исследований можно объективно доказать эффективность и безопасность новых видов пищевой продукции при применении по определенным показаниям у соответствующего контингента лиц, в том числе работающих во вредных производственных условиях. В Российской Федерации порядок оценки безвредности и проведение лабораторных исследований продуктов питания регламентируются Федеральными законами о качестве и безопасности пищевых продуктов, постановлениями об оказании услуг общественного питания, методическими рекомендациями по оценке риска здоровью населения при воздействии факторов микробной природы, содержащихся в пищевых продуктах, а также техническим регламентом Таможенного союза о безопасности пищевой продукции. Авторами разработана нормативно-техническая документация на зерновой продукт «Злаковый батончик» и представлены данные о его безвредности при употреблении в пищу Выводы о продукте сделаны на основе изучения его хронической токсичности. Установлено, что ингредиентный состав злакового батончика, включенного в рацион питания лабораторных животных, положительно влияет на прирост массы их тела и не вызывает аномального изменения объема внутренних органов и развития патологий, которые могли бы свидетельствовать о побочном действии продукта. В процессе изучения гематологических и биохимических показателей не найдено достоверных отличий между данными контрольной и опытных групп животных. Проведенные исследования зернового продукта «Злаковый батончик» подтверждают отсутствие потенциальной опасности развития хронической токсичности при добавлении его в рационы питания и употреблении в течение длительного периода времени

Modern approaches to the diagnosis of risk of development of caries and inflammatory periodontal diseases at young age

The article reflects modern methods for predicting risk predictors and diagnosing the risks of caries and inflammatory periodontal disease. Modern diagnostic non-invasive methods of oral fluid research have been applied, allowing early diagnostics and further therapeutic and prophylactic measures to reduce their prevalence. From this it follows that not only the forecasting of risks is urgent, but also the development and introduction of methods for early diagnosis of caries and periodontal inflammatory diseases, as well as the development of effective therapeutic and prophylactic measures in young people.В статье отражены современные методы прогнозирования предикторов риска и диагностики рисков развития кариеса и воспалительных заболеваний пародонта. Применены современные диагностические неинвазивные методы исследования ротовой жидкости, позволяющие провести раннюю диагностику и в дальнейшем лечебно-профилактические мероприятия позволяющие снизить их распространенность. Из этого следует, что актуальными являются не только прогнозирование рисков, но и разработка и внедрение методов ранней диагностики кариеса и воспалительных заболеваний пародонта, а также разработка эффективных лечебно-профилактических мероприятий у лиц молодого возраста

The interrelation between oral microbiota and factors of local immunity in the development of inflammatory periodontal diseases

The article presents the current understanding of the state of microbiota of the oral cavity, its species diversity, the properties of microbial associations and their impact on the clinical state of periodontal tissues. The effectiveness of complex microbiological studies of smears from the oral cavity and immunological methods of studies of oral fluid samples in the diagnosis of the risk of development and weighting of inflammatory periodontal diseases depending on the revealed violation of the oral microbiota is analyzed. In 17 (35.42+0.05%) patients with TRC, yeast - like fungi of the genus Candida spp (C. albicans) were found in oral fluid samples in an average of 103 -104 CFU/ml in a state of chronic candidiasis (p < 0.05), in chronic gingivitis (CG) on average in 376 (61.44+0.05%) of the examined persons, including pseudomycelial forms were found in 124 patients (32.98+0.03%), yeast form in 252 67.02+0.05%), indicating a dysbiotic shift towards candidiasis, an average of 104-105 CFU/ml (p< 0.05).В статье изложено современное представление о состоянии микробиоты полости рта, его видовом разнообразии, свойствах микробных ассоциаций и их влиянии на клиническое состояние тканей пародонта. Проанализирована эффективность применения комплексных микробиологических исследований мазков с полости рта и иммунологических методов исследований проб ротовой жидкости в диагностике риска развития и утяжеления воспалительных заболеваний пародонта в зависимости от выявленного нарушении микробиоты полости рта. У 17 (35,42+0,05%) пациентов с КИП в пробах ротовой жидкости обнаружены дрожжеподобные грибы рода Candida spp (С. albicans) в среднем 103-104 КОЕ/мл в состоянии хронического кандидоносительства (р < 0,05), при хроническом гингивите (ХГ) в среднем у 376 (61,44±0,05%) обследованных лиц, в том числе псевдомицелиальные формы обнаружены у 124 пациентов (32,98+0,03%), дрожжевая форма у 252 (67,02+0,05%), что свидетельствовало о дисбиотическом сдвиге в сторону кандидоза, в среднем до 104 -105 КОЕ/мл (р< 0,05)

The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from AAAS via the DOI in this recordThe file includes the article, supplementary material and additional supplementary materialThe published version of the supplementary materials are at http://science.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2018/05/08/science.aar7711.DC1Part of the additional supplementary materials for this article are in ORE at http://hdl.handle.net/10871/32792The Yamnaya expansions from the western steppe into Europe and Asia during the Early Bronze Age (~3000 BCE) are believed to have brought with them Indo-European languages and possibly horse husbandry. We analyze 74 ancient whole-genome sequences from across Inner Asia and Anatolia and show that the Botai people associated with the earliest horse husbandry derived from a hunter-gatherer population deeply diverged from the Yamnaya. Our results also suggest distinct migrations bringing West Eurasian ancestry into South Asia before and after but not at the time of Yamnaya culture. We find no evidence of steppe ancestry in Bronze Age Anatolia from when Indo-European languages are attested there. Thus, in contrast to Europe, Early Bronze Age Yamnaya-related migrations had limited direct genetic impact in Asia.The study was supported by the Lundbeck Foundation (EW), the Danish National Research Foundation (EW), and KU2016 (EW). Research at the Sanger Institute was supported by the Wellcome Trust (grant 206194). RM was supported by an EMBO Long-Term Fellowship (ALTF 133-2017). JK was supported by the Human Frontiers Science Program (LT000402/2017). Botai fieldwork was supported by University of Exeter, Archeology Exploration Fund and Niobe Thompson, Clearwater Documentary. AB was supported by NIH grant 5T32GM007197-43. GK was funded by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond and European Research Council. MP was funded by Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), project number 276-70-028, IU was funded by the Higher education commission of Pakistan. Archaeological materials from Sholpan and Grigorievka were obtained with partial financial support of the budget program of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan “Grant financing of scientific research for 2018-2020” No. AP05133498 “Early Bronze Age of the Upper Irtysh”

Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia.

Western Eurasia witnessed several large-scale human migrations during the Holocene &lt;sup&gt;1-5&lt;/sup&gt; . Here, to investigate the cross-continental effects of these migrations, we shotgun-sequenced 317 genomes-mainly from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods-from across northern and western Eurasia. These were imputed alongside published data to obtain diploid genotypes from more than 1,600 ancient humans. Our analyses revealed a 'great divide' genomic boundary extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic. Mesolithic hunter-gatherers were highly genetically differentiated east and west of this zone, and the effect of the neolithization was equally disparate. Large-scale ancestry shifts occurred in the west as farming was introduced, including near-total replacement of hunter-gatherers in many areas, whereas no substantial ancestry shifts happened east of the zone during the same period. Similarly, relatedness decreased in the west from the Neolithic transition onwards, whereas, east of the Urals, relatedness remained high until around 4,000 BP, consistent with the persistence of localized groups of hunter-gatherers. The boundary dissolved when Yamnaya-related ancestry spread across western Eurasia around 5,000 BP, resulting in a second major turnover that reached most parts of Europe within a 1,000-year span. The genetic origin and fate of the Yamnaya have remained elusive, but we show that hunter-gatherers from the Middle Don region contributed ancestry to them. Yamnaya groups later admixed with individuals associated with the Globular Amphora culture before expanding into Europe. Similar turnovers occurred in western Siberia, where we report new genomic data from a 'Neolithic steppe' cline spanning the Siberian forest steppe to Lake Baikal. These prehistoric migrations had profound and lasting effects on the genetic diversity of Eurasian populations

137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes

Descriptive and Comparative Linguistic

The Origins and Spread of Domestic Horses from the Western Eurasian Steppes

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2–4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture11,12. © 2021, The Author(s).We thank all members of the AGES group at CAGT. We are grateful for the Museum of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology (UB RAS, Ekaterinburg) for providing specimens. The work by G. Boeskorov is done on state assignment of DPMGI SB RAS. This project was supported by the University Paul Sabatier IDEX Chaire d’Excellence (OURASI); Villum Funden miGENEPI research programme; the CNRS ‘Programme de Recherche Conjoint’ (PRC); the CNRS International Research Project (IRP AMADEUS); the France Génomique Appel à Grand Projet (ANR-10-INBS-09-08, BUCEPHALE project); IB10131 and IB18060, both funded by Junta de Extremadura (Spain) and European Regional Development Fund; Czech Academy of Sciences (RVO:67985912); the Zoological Institute ZIN RAS (АААА-А19-119032590102-7); and King Saud University Researchers Supporting Project (NSRSP–2020/2). The research was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (19-59-15001 and 20-04-00213), the Russian Science Foundation (16-18-10265, 20-78-10151, and 21-18-00457), the Government of the Russian Federation (FENU-2020-0021), the Estonian Research Council (PRG29), the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (PRG1209), the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (Project NF 104792), the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Momentum Mobility Research Project of the Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities); and the Polish National Science Centre (2013/11/B/HS3/03822). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie (grant agreement 797449). This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreements 681605, 716732 and 834616)

The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes

Analysis of 273 ancient horse genomes reveals that modern domestic horses originated in the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region.Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare(1). However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling(2-4) at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc(3). Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia(5) and Anatolia(6), have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association(7) between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc(8,9) driving the spread of Indo-European languages(10). This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture(11,12).Descriptive and Comparative Linguistic