The Comparison of Therapeutic Effects and the Side Effects in the Use of Various Dosages of Gabapentin on Patients with Neurophatic Pain

Introduction: The use of gabapentin for the treatment of neuropathic is found to provide a good effect of the therapeutic while the side effects still can be tolerated. This study aims to describe the difference in pain score reduction and incidence of drug side effects in patients who suffering from neuropathic pain receiving Gabapentin therapy of 300 mg in once a day, compared with the use of Gabapentin of 300 mg in twice a day. The re- search was conducted at Neurology Department of Hasanuddin University Hospital in Makassar from 19th of April to 8th of June 2016. Methods: It was a prospective cohort study using 50 samples selected with the consecutive sampling technique. The samples were divided into two groups. The first group (n=25) received Gabapentin of 300 mg in once a day; while the second group (n=25) received Gabapentin of 300 mg in twice a day. Each group was examined in terms of the pain score reduction using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the incidence of side effects using a questionnaire after the first and the second week of the medical treatment. Results: The results revealed that the use of Gabapentin of 300 mg in once a day and Gabapentin of 300 mg in twice a day for two weeks in reducing pain scores (examined based on VAS) resulted in the value of 4.12 and4.92 with P=0,000 (P<0,05). This showed a significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: The use of Gabapentin of 300 mg in twice a day for two weeks, as a therapy of neuropathic pain at Neurology Departement of Hasanuddin University Hospital in Makassar, resulted in a better decrease in pain scores. Meanwhile, side effects with the highest percentage found in the group using Gabapentin of 300 mg in once a day, in comparison with the group using Gabapentin 300 mg in twice a day were drowsiness and dizziness

Uji Stabilitas dan Aktivitas Sabun Mandi Cair Ekstrak Etanol Daun Alpukat (Persea americana Mill.)

Alpukat (Persea americana Mill) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang memiliki kandungan seperti tannin, alkaloid, saponin, alfa tokoferol dan flavonoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat formula, evaluasi stabilitas fisik dan menguji aktivitas antibakteri dari sediaan sabun mandi cair dari ekstrak etanol daun alpukat. Formula sediaan dibuat dalam 3 konsentrasi ekstrak yaitu F1 (10%), F2 (15%), dan F3 (20%).  Uji stabilitas menggunakan metode penyimpanan dipercepat  selama 6 siklus (1 siklus = 1x24 jam disuhu 4oC dan 1x24 jam disuhu 40oC), sedangkan uji aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode difusi dengan bakteri uji Staphylococcus aureus. Hasil uji stabilitas menunjukkan F1, F2, dan F3 secara organoleptis memiliki bentuk yang cair, bau yang khas, dan warna hijau tua. Pada uji stabilitas menunjukkan tidak terjadi perubahan secara organolpetik dan homogenitas baik sebelum dan setelah penyimpanan dipercepat. Perubahan nilai pH terjadi pada F2 dan perubahan tinggi busa terjadi pada F1. Meski demikian, perubahan yang terjadi pada F1 dan F2 masih memenuhi syarat SNI.  Secara keseluruhan stabilitas yang paling memadai adalah F3 karena tidak terjadi perubahan di setiap parameter uji stabilitas sediaan.  Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri menunjukkan bahwa zona hambat rata-rata yang terbentuk dari  kontrol negatif, F1, F2, F3 dan kontrol positif terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aurreus berturut-turut 0; 6,67 mm; 8,33 mm; 10,43 mm dan 14,57 mm. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa formula terbaik adalah F3 karena memiliki stabilitas yang paling baik dan aktivitas antibakteri yang paling kuat dibandingkan F1 dan F2. Jadi, semakin tinggi konsentrasi ekstrak pada formula semakin stabil dan tinggi pula zona hambat yang dihasilkan Avocado (Persea americana Mill) is a plant that contains tannin, alkaloid, saponin, alpha tocopherol and flavonoid. This study aims to make a formula, evaluate physical stability and antibacterial activity test of a liquid body wash made from ethanol extract of avocado leaves. The preparation formula was made in 3 extract concentrations, namely F1 (10%), F2 (15%), and F3 (20%). The stability test used the accelerated life testing for 6 cycles (1 cycle = 1x24 hours at 4oC and 1x24 hours at 40oC), while antibacterial activity test used the diffusion method with Staphylococcus aureus as bacteria agent. Stability test results showed that organoleptic of F1, F2, and F3 had a liquid form, a characteristic odor, and a dark green color. The stability test showed no changes in organoleptic and homogenity both before and after accelerated life testing. Changes in pH values ​​occur in F2 and changes in foam height occur in F1. However, the changes that occur in F1 and F2 still appropriate with value of SNI. Overall the most adequate stability was F3 because there was no change in any of the stability test parameters of the preparation. The results of the antibacterial activity test showed that the average inhibition zone formed from negative controls, F1, F2, F3 and positive controls on the growth of Staphylococcus aurreus bacteria was 0; 6.67mm; 8.33mm; 10.43mm and 14.57mm. It can be concluded that the best formula is F3 because it has the best stability and the strongest antibacterial activity compared to F1 and F2. So, the higher the concentration of the extract in the formula, the more stable and the higher the inhibition zone produce

Uji Aktivitas UV Protektif Secara In Vivo pada Krim dari Bahan Aktif Cangkang Telur Ayam Ras Menggunakan Hewan Coba Kelinci Betina

Previously, an in vitro study of the SPF value of a cream formulation with active ingredients from broiler eggshells was conducted using UV-vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 290-320 nm and obtained an SPF value of 8.335 at a concentration of 9000 ppm. This study aims to continue testing the UV protective activity in vivo on creams from these active ingredients with combination of adding 5% titanium dioxide. The experimental animals used consisted of 12 female rabbits divided into 4 groups, namely (1) positive control: market product spf 15, (2) Negative control: cream base, (3) Formula I: (15% egg shell), and (4 ) Formula II: (a combination of 15% eggshell and 5% titanium dioxide). The activity test was carried out by determining (SPF) against UV-B rays in vivo in 4 groups of experimental animals by comparing the Minimum Erythema Dose (MED) value on protected skin with those not protected by sunscreen. The test results were then analyzed based on the category of sunscreen uv protection. The results showed the SPF value of Group 1; 2; 3 and 4 respectively 15.3; 0 ; 8.55 and 12.37. Group 4 has the same activity as group 1 and has better activity than group 3

PROFIL KECERDASAN NATURALIS DENGAN PERSPEKTIF TAKSONOMI BLOOM REVISI PADA PELAJARAN BIOLOGI

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil kecerdasan naturalis dengan perspektif taksonomi Bloom revisi pada pelajaran biologi di MAN 2 Kabupaten Tangerang. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain penelitian studi kasus. Teknik keabsahan data menggunakan triangulasi metode, sedangkan untuk analisis data dengan teknik Miles, Huberman, & Saldana (2014) yang terdiri dari pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah seluruh kelas X dan XI MIA di MAN 2 Kabupaten Tangerang. Teknik pengumpulan data memakai angket, studi dokumentasi, dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa kecerdasan naturalis siswa kelas X MIA pada kategori sangat tinggi sebanyak 80 siswa, kategori tinggi 32 siswa. Sedangkan kecerdasan naturalis siswa kelas XI MIA pada kategori sangat tinggi sebanyak 70 siswa, kategori tinggi 40 siswa, dan kategori cukup 1 siswa. Hasil dari kecerdasan naturalis dan kemampuan kognitif yang didapat menunjukkan perbedaan antara siswa yang memiliki kecerdasan naturalis dengan kemampuan kognitif C1, C2, C3, dan C4. Perbedaan tersebut dapat  dilihat dari setiap komponen kecerdasan naturalis siswa dengan kemampuan kognitif C1, C2, C3, dan C4 yang memiliki nilai berbeda-beda di setiap komponennya. This study aimed to determine the profile of naturalist intelligence with a revised Bloom's taxonomy perspective in biology lessons at MAN 2 Tangerang Regency. The research method used was a qualitative approach with a case study research design, with data validity techniques using the triangulation method, while for data analysis using the Miles, Huberman, & Saldana (2014) technique, which consisted of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The sample in this study were all class X and XI MIA at MAN 2 Tangerang Regency. Data collection techniques used questionnaires, documentation studies, and interviews. The results of the study can be seen that the naturalist intelligence of class X MIA students in the very high category is 80 students, the high category is 32 students. Meanwhile, the naturalist intelligence of class XI MIA students in the very high category is 70 students, the high category is 40 students, and the category is quite 1 student. The results of naturalist intelligence and cognitive abilities obtained show differences between students who have naturalist intelligence with cognitive abilities of C1, C2, C3, and C4. These differences can be seen from each component of the naturalist intelligence of students with cognitive abilities C1, C2, C3, and C4 which have different values in each component

THE COMPARISON OF THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS AND THE SIDE EFFECTS IN THE USE OF VARIOUS DOSAGES OF GABAPENTIN ON PATIENTS WITH NEUROPHATIC PAIN

ABSTRACTIntroduction:  The use of gabapentin  for the treatment of neuropathic  is found to provide a good effect of the therapeutic  while the side effects still can be tolerated.  This study aims to describe the difference in pain score reduction and incidence of drug side effects in patients who suffering from neuropathic  pain receiving Gabapentin  therapy of 300 mg in once a day, compared  with the use of Gabapentin  of 300 mg in twice a day. The re- search  was conducted  at Neurology  Department  of Hasanuddin  University  Hospital  in Makassar  from 19th   of April to 8th  of June 2016. Methods:  It was a prospective  cohort study using 50 samples selected with the consecutive  sampling technique. The samples were divided into two groups. The first group (n=25) received  Gabapentin  of 300 mg in once a day; while the second group (n=25) received Gabapentin of 300 mg in twice a day. Each group was examined  in terms of the pain score reduction  using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the incidence of side effects using a questionnaire after the first and the second  week of the medical  treatment.  Results:  The results  revealed  that the use of Gabapentin  of 300 mg in once a day and Gabapentin  of 300 mg in twice a day for two weeks in reducing pain scores (examined based on VAS) resulted in the value of 4.12 and4.92 with P=0,000 (P&lt;0,05). This showed a significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: The use of Gabapentin of 300 mg in twice a day for two weeks, as a therapy of neuropathic  pain  at Neurology  Departement of Hasanuddin  University  Hospital  in Makassar,  resulted in a better decrease in pain scores. Meanwhile,  side effects with the highest  percentage  found  in the group using Gabapentin  of 300 mg in once a day, in comparison with the group using Gabapentin 300 mg in twice a day were drowsiness and dizziness. Keywords: Neuropathic  pain, Gabapentin,  Dosage Variation, Pain score

Uji Fitokimia dan Stabilitas Fisik Sediaan Hair Tonic Ekstrak Jeruk Nipis (Citrus aurantifolia)

Jeruk nipis (Citrus auratifolia) adalah tanaman yang kaya akan kandungan seperti flavanoid, tanin, akaloid, saponin, kalsium, fosfor, vitamin A, vitamin B1, dan vitamin C. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui senyawa fiokimia dari ekstrak jeruk nipis serta membuat formula dan mengevaluasi stablitas fisik dari sediaan hair tonic ekstrak jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia). Formula sediaan hair tonic di buat sebanyak tiga konsentrasi ekstrak yang berbeda yaitu F1 (6,25%), F2 (8,25%) dan F3 (10,25%). Metode pengujian stabilitas fisik yang diimplementasikan yaitu: pengujian organoleptik, pengujian homogenitas, pengujian pH dan pengujian viskositas. Pengujian dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah cycling test yaitu masing-masing formula hair tonic disimpan didalam wadah inkubator pada suhu panas (400C) secara bergantian dan suhu dingin 40C (freezer) selama 24 jam sebanyak 5 siklus. Hasil pengujian fitokimia menunjukkan ekstrak jeruk nipis mengandung senyawa aktif flavanoid, alkaloid, tanin dan saponin. Hasil pengujian stabilitas membuktikan seluruh sediaan hair tonic (F1,F2 dan F3) memenuhi kriteria sediaan yang baik meliputi pengujian organoleptik, pengujian homogenitas, pengujian pH dan pengujian viskositas. Pada pegujian pH dan pengujian viskositas sediaan hair tonic terjadi perubahan pH dan viskostas baik sebelum dan sesudah cycling test. Namun perubahan tersebut masih berdasar pada Standar Nasional Indonesia. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etanol jeruk nipis (Citrus auratifolia) mengandung senyawa alkaloid, flavanoid, tanin dan saponin. Ekstrak etanol jeruk nipis (Citrus auratifolia)dapat diimplementasikan dalam bentuk sediaan hair toni

Implementasi Pembelajaran Worksheet Berbasis ICT Untuk Peningkatan Kemampuan High Order Mathematical Thinking (HOMT) Siswa SMP

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh rendahnya tingkat belajar siswa dipengaruhi oleh persepsi mengenai pembelajaran matematika yang dianggap sulit. Siswa harus mengembangkan pengetahuan baru mereka secara aktif dari pengalaman dan pengetahuan sebelumnya sehingga dibutuhkan kemampuan High Order Mathematical Thinking (HOMT) siswa SMP. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut diperlukan salahsatu model  pembelajaran  yang  diharapkan  mampu  mengembangkan kemampuan High Order Mathematical Thinking (HOMT) siswa  adalah pembelajaran worksheet berbasis ICT. Melalui pembelajaran ini terdapat lembaran-lembaran berisi tugas instruksional yang terdiri dari serangkaian pertanyaan dan informasi yang dirancang berbasis ICT untuk membimbing siswa agar memahami masalah matematika yang memuat soal-soal sistematis bertujuan meningkatkan High Order Mathematical Thinking (HOMT) siswa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah  quasi experimental dengan bentuk desain Nonequivalent Control Group Design, dimana subyek penelitian tidak dikelompokkan secara acak. Data dalam penelitian ini dikumpulkan melalui pretes dan postes  kemampuan  HOTM siswa.Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah mengkaji pencapaian dan peningkatan kemampuan high order mathematical thinking (HOMT) siswa SMP  di kelas yang mendapat pembelajaran Worksheetberbasis ICT  lebih baik daripada siswa di kelas yang mendapatkan pembelajaran ekspositori.Hasil dari peenlitian ini adalah peningkatan kemampuan HOTM siswa SMP yang menggunakan pembelajaran worksheet berbasis ICT lebih baik dibandingkan kelas yang pembelajarannnya menggunakan ekspositori.

Microorganism Test on Biscuits Combined with Red Algae Extract (Eucheuma denticulatum) and Tempeh (Glycine max)

Background and Objective: Biscuits are snacks that are widely circulated in the market but do not meet Indonesian National standards so they are harmful to consumer health. This study aims to determine the total plate count (TPC) value of bacteria and mold/yeast and determine the presence or absence of bacterial contamination of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in biscuit products. Materials and Methods: This study is descriptive in nature using three different sample types. Total plate count (TPC) value testing was carried out using the pour plate method. Meanwhile, to determine the presence or absence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria using MSA (mannitol salt agar) media with the spread plate technique. The Escherichia coli test uses EMBA (eosin methylene blue agar) media with a streak plate technique. Results: Three samples of biscuit formula obtained ALT of bacteria in sample A) 2.2×107 colonies/g, sample B) 1.9×107 colonies/g and sample C) 4.1×107 colonies/g. Mold/khamir obtained in sample A) 7.7×105 colonies/g, sample B) 5.1×106 colonies/g and sample C) 1.1×106 colonies/g. In the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria test, the results were not overgrown with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and in the Escherichia coli bacteria test, the results were easily purplish red in color. Conclusion: It can be concluded that only formula C samples meet the requirements of the SNI quality standards. In the pathogenic microbial test, there was no growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli microbes in the three biscuit formula samples

Formulasi dan Uji In Vitro Nilai Sun Protecting Factor (SPF) Krim dari Cangkang Telur Ayam Ras

Potensi limbah cangkang telur (CT) ayam ras di Indonesia cukup besar yakni dihasilkan + 133.703 ton per tahunnya. Penyusun utama dari cangkang tersebut adalah kalsium karbonat (CaCO3) sebesar + 98% dapat berfungsi memblok sinar ultraviolet yang akan terpapar pada kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat formula dan penentuan nilai sun protecting factor (SPF) secara in vitro krim dari limbah cangkang telur ayam ras. Formula dibuat  dengan perbedaan konsentrasi cangkang telur F1(10%) dan F2 (15%).  Kemudian dilakukan evaluasi karakteristik fisik yang meliputi uji organoleptis, tipe emulsi, kriming, viskositas dan pH serta inversi fase sebelum dan setelah kondisi dipercepat selama 10 siklus. Selanjutnya ditentukan nilai SPF menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-VIS pada panjang gelombang 290-320 nm dan hasil pengukurannya dihitung menggunakan rumus SPF. Data hasil evaluasi kestabilan fisik krim dianalisis menggunakan SPSS dengan uji T parsial dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95% dan signifikansi dianggap bermakna jika P<0,05. Sedangkan nilai SPF dianalisis berdasarkan kategori proteksi tabir surya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan F1 dan F2 memiliki stabilitas fisik yang memadai. Hasil uji nilai SPF baik CT 7500; CT 9000, F1 dan F2 menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan kategori proteksi UV. Semua kelompok menunjukkan aktivitas uv protektif dengan kategori ekstra.The potential of chicken eggshell waste in Indonesia is quite large, which is produced + 133.703 every years. The main constituent of this shell is 98% of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) which functions to block ultraviolet light that will be exposed to the skin. This study aims to make a formula and determine the sun protecting factor (SPF) by in vitro test of cream from waste of this eggshells. The formula was made with difference concetration of  this eggshell  F1 (10%) and F2 (15%). Then the evaluation of physical characteristics includes organoleptic test, emulsion type, creaming, viscosity and pH as well as phase inversion before and after the accelerated condition for 10 cycles. Furthermore, the SPF was determined using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 290-320 nm and the measurement results were calculated using the SPF formula. The data from the evaluation of the physical stability of the cream were analyzed using SPSS with a partial T test with a confidence level of 95% and the significance was considered significant if P <0.05. Meanwhile, the SPF value was analyzed based on the sunscreen protection category. The results showed that F1 and F2 had adequate physical stability. The SPF value test results are CT 7500; CT 9000, F1 and F2 showed no difference in the UV protection category. All groups showed extra category protective UV activity