Pengaruh Jumlah Katalisator Terhadap konversi Asam Borat Pada Esterifikasi Etanol dan Asam Borat

Abstrak:Asamboratmempunyai gugus sisa asamBO3-3,Jika asamini dipakai dalamesterifikasimaka gugus sisa asamnya akan menggantikan gugus hidroksil yang ada pada etanol. Produkdari esterifikasi ini adalah trietil borat yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan antiseptik,desinfektan dan antiknock agent(2). Sealain dari penggunaan diatas, etanol dapat diguunakansebagai pelarut dan bahan baku pembuat zat kimia lain. Pada waktu sekarang etanol banyakdiproduksi di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu penggunaannya sebagai bahan baku untuk esterifikasidiharapkan menjadi salah satu upaya untuk penganeka-ragaman pemanfaatan etanol. Objekyang akan diamati adalah “ Pengaruh jumlah katalisator yang digunakan terhadap konversiAsam boratâ€Â.Jumlah katalisator yang dimaksud disini adalah banyaknya katalisator yangdigunakan dalamjumlah campuran reaktan yang tertentu dan konstant. Sampai saat ini pengaruhvariabeljumlah katalisator terhadap kenaikan konversi asam borat belum diketahui secarapasti dengan eksperimental. Dalam tulisan ini penulis mencoba mencari berdasarkan studiliteratur text book yang ada dengan sedikit percobaan laboratorium,mencari jumlah katalisatorasam sulfat terhadap konversi asam borat. Pemakaian asamsulfat bervariasi dari 3 ml sampai8ml, dengan temperatur 810 C, asamborat 10 gram, etanol 300ml, kecepatan pengadukan 400rpmdan waktu 60menit.Selain jumlah katalisator, variabel lain adalah temperatur,waktu , jenis katalisator dan kecepatanpengadukan. Dalam hal ini ke 4 variabel tersebut bukan merupakan variabel utama sehingganilai dianggap konstant. Jumlah katalisator asamsulfat akanmempoengaruhi kenaikan konversiasamborat secara liner. Penulis bertujuanmengamati untukmengetahui gejala yang ditimbulkanoleh pemakaian jumlah katalisator asamsulfat terhadap konversi asam borat pada esterifikasietanol dengan asam borat.KataKunci: Etanol, Esterifikas

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN ZAT PENGATUR TUMBUH TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN STUM MATA TIDUR KARET (Hevea brasiliensis Muell Arg.) KLON BPM

This research aimed to assess the effect of alternative plant growth regulators to the growth of stum dorman see rubber Klon BPM 24. This research was done at Lubung Saung Village, District And Banyuasin III Regency South Sumatera Province. This research used a randomized block design with five treatment and five replications. The treatments studied were B0 = 0 ml L-1control, B1 = 2 ml L-1 of water, B3 = 6 ml L-1of water, B4 = 8 ml L-1 of water. Each treatment consisted of 10 plants, with a long soaking the whole treatment is 15 minutes. Thus obtained 25 combined treatment. Each unit experiments are 3 examples of plans. Parameters namely speed sprout observations (HST), shoot length (cm), number of leak stalk (strands), the percentage of seedlings grown (%), weight berangkasan wet plant (g), dry weight of berangkasan plant (g), weight of wet roots departure (g), dan root dry weight berangkasan (g). Based on result obtained it can ce concluded that, the concentration of growth regulators treatment 0f 8 ml L-1 water tends to give the highest yield and better seed to grow that percentage to 80 %, the speed of growth is 20.40 HST shoots, shoot length is 30.79 cm, weight is plants dry berangkasan 7.10 g, wet weight is 1.94 g root, root dry weight is 0.88 g

PERFORMANSI PERTUMBUHAN IKAN BANDENG DENGAN PEMBERIAN PAKAN TEPUNG BIOFLOK YANG DISUPLEMENTASI ASAM AMINO ESENSIAL

Bioflok merupakan campuran heterogen dari mikroba, partikel, koloid, polimer organik, kation yang saling berintegrasi dan memiliki kandungan nutrisi yang dapat dimanfaatkan oleh ikan bagi pertumbuhannya. Namun beberapa kandungan asam amino esensial (AAE) tepung bioflok seperti histidine, lysine, dan methionine masih defisiensi untuk ikan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pemanfaatan tepung bioflok yang disuplementasi beberapa asam amino esensial sebagai pakan ikan bandeng. Ikan uji yang digunakan adalah yuwana bandeng berukuran rata-rata 18,4 g yang dipelihara dalam bak serat kaca bervolume 250 L dengan kepadatan awal 15 ekor/bak, selama 60 hari. Perlakuan yang dicobakan adalah jenis pakan berupa: (A) tepung bioflok + asam amino esensial (histidine, lysine, dan methionine), (B) tepung bioflok, dan (C) pakan komersil, masing-masing 3 ulangan yang didisain dengan rancangan acak lengkap. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai kecernaan dan konsumsi pakan harian kedua pakan uji bioflok lebih rendah daripada pakan komersil. Laju pertumbuhan ikan, efisiensi pakan, efisiensi protein, retensi protein, retensi lemak, dan retensi methionine berbeda nyata (P<0,05) di antara perlakuan dan tertinggi terjadi pada ikan yang diberi pakan komersil diikuti berturut-turut pakan tepung bioflok + AAE dan terendah pakan tepung bioflok. Laju eskresi total ammonia nitrogen pada ikan yang diberi pakan tepung bioflok + AAE cenderung memiliki nilai yang lebih rendah daripada ikan yang diberi pakan tepung bioflok saja dan pakan komersil. Penambahan asam amino esensial (histidine, lysine, dan methionine) dalam tepung bioflok mampu memperbaiki pemanfaatan protein bioflok untuk pertumbuhan ikan bandeng

PENGEMBANGAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PKN BERBASIS COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION UNTUK KESETARAAN PAKET C DI PKMB ENGGANG GADING PONTIANAK

AbstractThe abstract thing, rote and counting are the fundamental things that become the difficulties in understanding the PKn for the students. Thus it requires learning media in the form of Computer Assisted Instruction to help the students improving their skill in PKn learning process and the PKn learning result especially on the stoichiometry subject. This study aimed to produce the design, the final product, the implementation, and the result of Computer Assisted Instruction in PKn learning at kelas XII paket C di PKBM Enggang Gading Pontianak. This study was a tiered training media development study by using the development stage of Borg and Gall, with the subject of study was the class XII students consist of 25 students. The number of students who passed the test was increased in the posstest result taken after the learning process by using Computer Assisted Instruction which was showed that 80,4% students passed the test and only 50,2% students did not pass the test. It means that there were differences in learning outcomes between learning PKn by using Computer Assisted Instruction and not. Thus a tiered training media in PKnlearning could help the students to learn PKn material easily.Key Words: Pengembangan, Computer Assisted Instruction, PKn

PENUMBUHAN BIOFLOK DALAM MEDIA BUDIDAYA IKAN BANDENG

Bioflok merupakan agregat campuran heterogen mikroba yang diinisiasi oleh bakteri heterotrof dan memiliki nutrisi yang cukup baik yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai makanan oleh beberapa jenis ikan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan informasi metode menumbuhkan bioflok dalam media budidaya ikan bandeng intensif. Penumbuhan bakteri heterotrof dilakukan dengan mempertahankan keseimbangan rasio Karbon/Nitrogen (C/N) sebesar 10 dalam media budidaya. Sumber nitrogen berasal dari limbah 40 ekor ikan bandeng (bobot rata-rata 75 g/ekor) yang dipelihara dalam bak fibre glass berisi air bersalinitas 25 ppt sebanyak 625 L. Ikan uji diberi pakan komersial dengan kadar protein 26%. Molase digunakan sebagai sumber Corganik. Perlakuan yang dicobakan adalah: (A) tanpa inokulasi bakteri heterotrof (0 cfu/mL), (B) inokulasi bakteri heterotrof sebanyak 102 cfu/mL, (C) inokulasi bakteri heterotrof sebanyak 104 cfu/mL, dan (D) inokulasi bakteri heterotrof sebanyak 106 cfu/mL. Hasil percobaan selama masa 30 hari menunjukkan bahwa penambahan inokulasi bakteri heterotrof sebanyak 106 cfu/mL cenderung lebih meningkatkan laju konversi limbah N menjadi bioflok dibandingkan jumlah inokulasi bakteri yang lebih rendah dan kontrol. Indikator utamanya dapat dilihat dari pola penurunan konsentrasi TAN dan peningkatan VSS. Penambahan inokulasi bakteri heterotrof (Bacillus sp.) cenderung meningkatkan kandungan asam amino bioflo

PENGARUH MANAJEMEN PEMBERIAN PAKAN TERHADAP PEMANFAATAN BIOFLOK UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN IKAN BANDENG

Upaya konversi limbah budidaya ikan menjadi bioflok mulai banyak dilakukan oleh pembudidaya untuk memperbaiki kualitas air dan menekan biaya pakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pemanfaatan bioflok sebagai makanan ikan bandeng melalui pengaturan dosis pemberian pakan. Perlakuan yang dicobakan adalah ikan uji dipelihara dengan: (A) bioflok tanpa diberi pemberian pakan buatan, (B) bioflok + pakan buatan sebanyak 2,5% per hari, (C) bioflok + pakan buatan sebanyak 5% perhari, (D) pemberian pakan buatan sebanyak 5%/hari tanpa bioflok. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ikan bandeng ukuran awal rata-rata 1,6 g yang hanya diberi bioflok dapat tumbuh dengan laju pertumbuhan 1,82%/hari, namun laju pertumbuhan ini masih lebih rendah dibandingkan yang diberi pakan buatan 5%/hari yaitu 2,01%/hari. Tanpa memperhitungkan jumlah pemberian molase, ikan yang diberi pakan buatan sebanyak 2,5%/hari dalam media bioflok, dapat meningkatkan efisiensi pakan sebanyak 58,5% dan efisiensi pemanfaatan protein sebanyak 59,2%. Kandungan TAN, nitrit dan oksigen terlarut dalam media budidaya cukup baik bagi pertumbuhan ikan bandeng

PENGARUH LAMA PENYIMPANAN ENTRES DALAM MEDIA SIMPAN TERHADAP TINGKAT KEBERHASILAN OKULASI TANAMAN KARET (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) KLON PB 260

Effect of Long Storage entres in Media Store Against Rubber Plant GraftingSuccess Rate (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg) clone PB 260. This study aims to assess theOld Influence Storage entres In Store Media Success Rate Against Plant Grafting Rubber(Hevea brasiliensis) clone PB 260. This research has been conducted in the VillageDistrict of Sembawa Sembawa Banyuasin, with a height of 10 m above sea level. Thisstudy was conducted from September 2014 to November 2014. This study used aRandomized Block Design (RBD), at 4 (four) experimental media store, with longstorage consists of 8 (eight) level and repeated three (3) times. Each experimental unitconsisted of 5 (five) buds and require 480 trial plants. Parameters observation that thepercentage of successful grafting after 30 days (%), shoots mentis (stalk/day), shootheight (cm), number of leaves (strands). The results showed Media store sawdust (M1)show that is capable of storing entres for 1 day resulted in grafting success rate after 30days by 80%, bud stalk mentis 0.19 stalk/day, shoots as high as 18.16 cm high, and thenumber leaves as much as 41 strands. Media store coco (M2) shows that is capable ofstoring entres for 1 day resulted in a success rate of grafting after 30 days at 100%, budstalk mentis 0.29 stalk/day, shoots as high as 13.3 cm high, and the number of leaves of30 strands. Media store banana (M3) indicates that is capable of storing entres for 1 dayresulted in a success rate of grafting after 30 days at 100%, bud stalk mentis 0.37stalk/day, shoots as high as 18.33 cm high, and the number of leaves as much as 49strands. Media store newsprint (M4) show that is capable of storing entres for 1 dayresulted in grafting success rate after 30 days by 70%, bud stalk mentis 0.14 stalk/day,shoots as high as 10.2 cm height and number of leaves as much as 42 strands.Keyword : Long storage, Media store, Entres PB26

KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS BAMBU (Bambusodae) DALAM KAWASAN HUTAN AIR TERJUN RIAM ODONG DUSUN ENGKOLAI KECAMATAN JANGKANG KABUPATEN SANGGAU

The purpose of this study is to determine diversity of Bamboo (Bambusodae) and level of dominance. Determination of observation using purposive sampling method with plot size of 10 x 10 m. Based on identification result of research in the area of waterfall forest Riam Odong there are 3 types of Bamboo, among other Bamboo Poring (Dendrocalamus asper (Schultes f.) Backer ex heyne), Bamboo Munti (Schizostachyum sp), and Bamboo Buru (Schizostachyum zollingeri Stuedel). The most important index is Schizostachyum sp with value (INP=149,07%), followed by Schizostachyum zollingeri Stuedel with (INP=31,64%), lowest type is Dendrocalamus asper (Schultes f.) Backer ex heyne with value (INP=19,29%). The dominant species is Schizostachyum sp with highest dominance value (C=0,5555), while lowest is Dendrocalamus asper (Schultes f.) Backer ex heyne with value (C=0093). The highest diversity index Dendrocalamus asper (Schultes f.) Backer ex heyne nemely (H’= 0,9949) and type of Schizostachyum zollingeri Stuedel (H’=0,9817) while lowest diversity index for the types of Schizostachyum sp (H’=0,3779). The value of highest evennes of Bamboo was Dendrocalamus asper (Schultes f.) Backer ex heyne with an evennes of types of 0,3673 and lowest evennes found in Schizostachyum sp kind of 0,0743.Keywords: Bamboo, Diversity, Riam Odong Waterfall Fores

Degradation of Ciprofloxacin by Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticles: Optimization of Conditions, Toxicity, and Degradation Pathway

The popular use of ciprofloxacin is often irrational, so it causes environmental pollution such as resistance. The solution to overcome environmental pollution due to ciprofloxacin is degradation by using TiO2 nanoparticles. TiO2 nanoparticles performance is influenced by environment such as light source, pH solvent, duration of lighting and TiO2 nanoparticles mass. The residual levels determination of ciprofloxacin was carried out by using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Toxicity test of ciprofloxacin degradation products with TiO2 nanoparticles used Escherichia coli bacteria. Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) was used to determine the type of ciprofloxacin degradation product with TiO2 nanoparticles. The optimum condition for the ciprofloxacin degradation with TiO2 nanoparticles is lighting for 5 hours by using a white mercury UV lamp and 50 mg TiO2 nanoparticles with pH solvent of 5.5. The toxicity of ciprofloxacin degradation product with TiO2 nanoparticles was low. The smallest degradation product identified with m/z was p-fluoraniline (m/z 111). Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries