Ingesta de frutas, verduras y sus motivaciones, barreras para consumir 5 porciones al día en los estudiantes de Nutrición de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos

Introducción: El bajo consumo de verduras y frutas se encuentra dentro de los 10 principales factores de riesgo de mortalidad en el ámbito mundial. La FAO y la OMS recomiendan consumir 5 porciones entre frutas y verduras al día para la prevención de enfermedades. El consumo promedio de frutas por día a nivel nacional en personas mayores de 15 años es de 1.9 porciones al día, mientras que el de verduras es 1.1. La reducción observada en el consumo de frutas y verduras en Latino América es parte de la llamada «modernización» de los patrones de alimentación. Objetivo: Determinar la ingesta habitual diaria de frutas y verduras, y las Motivaciones y Barreras para consumir “5 al día” en estudiantes de Nutrición de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos 2014. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal. Participantes: 280 estudiantes universitarios de 1ro a 5to año matriculados en el periodo 2014 de la Escuela académico Profesional de Nutrición. Según la fórmula para proporciones se obtuvo una muestra de 162 estudiantes, los cuales fueron elegidos según muestreo aleatorio simple. Intervención: Se aplicó el cuestionario de consumo de frutas y verduras para clasificarlos según nivel de consumo y se aplicó el cuestionario de motivaciones y barreras para consumir 5 porciones de frutas y verduras al día para conocer su nivel de motivación y barrera. Principales medidas de resultados: consumo habitual de frutas y verduras, nivel Motivación y Barrera. Resultados: Se encontró un consumo habitual promedio de frutas y verduras de 3 porciones al día. Siendo catalogado como un nivel regular. El nivel de motivación para el consumo es alta y el nivel de barreas es medio. La principal motivación es “porque me brindan vitaminas y minerales” y la principal barrera es “poca publicidad a estos alimentos”. Conclusiones: El consumo de frutas y verduras es de 3 porciones al día, mientras que el nivel de motivación que presentan para consumir 5 porciones de frutas y verduras al día es alto.Introduction: Low consumption of fruits and vegetables is within the 10 leading risk factors for mortality at the global level, FAO and who recommend eating 5 portions between fruits and vegetables a day for the prevention of diseases. The average consumption of fruit per day nationwide in people older than 15 years is 1.9 parts per day, while that of vegetables is 1.1. The reduction observed in the consumption of fruits and vegetables in Latin America is part of the so-called "modernization" of feeding patterns. Objective: To determine the usual daily intake of fruits and vegetables, and the motivations and barriers to consume "5 a day" in students of nutrition of the University national greater San Marcos 2014 design: descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study. Participants: 280 college students from 1st to 5th year enrolled in the period to 2014 school nutrition professional academic. According to the formula for ratios was obtained a sample of 162 students, which were chosen according to simple random sampling. Intervention: The questionnaire of consumption of fruits and vegetables was applied to classify them according to level of consumption and applied the questionnaire of motivations and barriers to consume five servings of fruits and vegetables a day to learn their level of motivation and barrier. Main outcome measures: regular consumption of fruits and vegetables, motivation and barrier level. Results: Found an average regular consumption of 3 servings a day of fruits and vegetables. Being listed as a regular level. The level of motivation for consumption is high and the level of barriers is average. The main motivation is "because they give me vitamins and minerals" and the main barrier is "little publicity to these foods" conclusions: The consumption of fruits and vegetables is 3 servings a day, while the motivation to consume five servings of fruits and vegetables per day is high. Keywords: body mass index, physical activity level, sports infrastructure, teenagers.Tesi

Rab11 regulates recycling through the pericentriolar recycling endosome

Small GTPases of the rab family are crucial elements of the machinery that controls membrane traffic. In the present study, we examined the distribution and function of rab11. Rab11 was shown by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and EM to colocalize with internalized transferrin in the pericentriolar recycling compartment of CHO and BHK cells. Expression of rab11 mutants that are preferentially in the GTP- or GDP-bound state caused opposite effects on the distribution of transferrin-containing elements; rab11-GTP expression caused accumulation of labeled elements in the perinuclear area of the cell, whereas rab11-GDP caused a dispersion of the transferrin labeling. Functional studies showed that the early steps of uptake and recycling for transferrin were not affected by overexpression of rab11 proteins. However, recycling from the later recycling endosome was inhibited in cells overexpressing the rab11-GDP mutant. Rab5, which regulates early endocytic trafficking, acted before rab11 in the transferrin-recycling pathway as expression of rab5-GTP prevented transport to the rab11-positive. recycling endosome. These results suggest a novel role for rab11 in controlling traffic through the recycling endosome

The Role of BCA2 in the Endocytic Trafficking of EGFR and Significance as a Prognostic Biomarker in Cancer

Breast Cancer Associated gene 2 (BCA2) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is over-expressed in >50% of primary breast cancers, and has been shown to increase in vitro cell proliferation and invasion. The protein has been linked to alterations in EGFR degradation, however there is some dispute as to its role and influence on the biology of this receptor. Our work aimed to ascertain the role of BCA2 in EGFR endocytosis and down-regulation and to examine its links with breast cancer outcome. Data generated with the online expression analysis tool KM-Plotter showed that high BCA2 levels are associated with poor prognosis in ovarian, gastric and breast cancer, particularly HER2 over-expressing breast cancers. Experimentally, we demonstrate that over-expression of BCA2 induced a reduction in total EGFR levels. BCA2 over-expressing cells stimulated with EGF exhibited reduced lysosomal degradation of both this ligand and its receptor. Signalling downstream of EGFR in BCA2 over-expressing cells was characterized by a lower magnitude but increased duration. Our findings support a role for BCA2 in receptor endocytosis. Consistent with this we show that BCA2 over-expression reduces the level of vesicle-associated Rab7, a regulator of late endocytosis and documented interaction partner of BCA2. Levels of transferrin receptor and the uptake of transferrin were unaltered by over-expression of BCA2 indicating that trafficking changes may be limited to late endocytic sorting events. This report offers a thorough exploration of BCA2 biology and suggests a context-dependent role for the protein in the endocytic regulation of EGFR and as a prognostic biomarker in cancer

The centrosomal Deubiquitylase USP21 regulates Gli1 transcriptional activity and stability

USP21 is a centrosome-associated deubiquitylase (DUB) that has been implicated in the formation of primary cilia – crucial organelles for the regulation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway in vertebrates. Here, we identify KCTD6 – a cullin-3 E3-ligase substrate adapter that has been previously linked to Hh signaling – as well as Gli1, the key transcription factor responsible for Hh signal amplification, as new interacting partners of USP21. We identify a cryptic structured protein interaction domain in KCTD6, which is predicted to have a similar fold to Smr domains. Importantly, we show that both depletion and overexpression of catalytically active USP21 suppress Gli1-dependent transcription. Gli proteins are negatively regulated through protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent phosphorylation. We provide evidence that USP21 recruits and stabilises Gli1 at the centrosome where it promotes its phosphorylation by PKA. By revealing an intriguing functional pairing between a spatially restricted deubiquitylase and a kinase, our study highlights the centrosome as an important hub for signal coordination

Loss of the deubiquitylase BAP1 alters class I histone deacetylase expression and sensitivity of mesothelioma cells to HDAC inhibitors

Histone deacetylases are important targets for cancer therapeutics, but their regulation is poorly understood. Our data show coordinated transcription of HDAC1 and HDAC2 in lung cancer cell lines, but suggest HDAC2 protein expression is cell-context specific. Through an unbiased siRNA screen we found that BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) regulates their expression, with HDAC2 reduced and HDAC1 increased in BAP1 depleted cells. BAP1 loss-of-function is increasingly reported in cancers including thoracic malignancies, with frequent mutation in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Endogenous HDAC2 directly correlates with BAP1 across a panel of lung cancer cell lines, and is downregulated in mesothelioma cell lines with genetic BAP1 inactivation. We find that BAP1 regulates HDAC2 by increasing transcript abundance, rather than opposing its ubiquitylation. Importantly, although total cellular HDAC activity is unaffected by transient depletion of HDAC2 or of BAP1 due to HDAC1 compensation, this isoenzyme imbalance sensitizes MSTO-211H cells to HDAC inhibitors. However, other established mesothelioma cell lines with low endogenous HDAC2 have adapted to become more resistant to HDAC inhibition. Our work establishes a mechanism by which BAP1 loss alters sensitivity of cancer cells to HDAC inhibitors. Assessment of BAP1 and HDAC expression may ultimately help identify patients likely to respond to HDAC inhibitors

Rab3D is critical for secretory granule maturation in PC12 cells.

Neuropeptide- and hormone-containing secretory granules (SGs) are synthesized at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) as immature secretory granules (ISGs) and complete their maturation in the F-actin-rich cell cortex. This maturation process is characterized by acidification-dependent processing of cargo proteins, condensation of the SG matrix and removal of membrane and proteins not destined to mature secretory granules (MSGs). Here we addressed a potential role of Rab3 isoforms in these maturation steps by expressing their nucleotide-binding deficient mutants in PC12 cells. Our data show that the presence of Rab3D(N135I) decreases the restriction of maturing SGs to the F-actin-rich cell cortex, blocks the removal of the endoprotease furin from SGs and impedes the processing of the luminal SG protein secretogranin II. This strongly suggests that Rab3D is implicated in the subcellular localization and maturation of ISGs

DMXL2 drives epithelial to mesenchymal transition in hormonal therapy resistant breast cancer through Notch hyper-activation

The acquisition of endocrine therapy resistance in estrogen receptor a (ERa) breast cancer patients represents a major clinical problem. Notch signalling has been extensively linked to breast cancer especially in patients who fail to respond to endocrine therapy. Following activation, Notch intracellular domain is released and enters the nucleus where activates transcription of target genes. The numerous steps that cascade after activation of the receptor complicate using Notch as biomarker. Hence, this warrants the development of reliable indicators of Notch activity. DMXL2 is a novel regulator of Notch signalling not yet investigated in breast cancer. Here, we demonstrate that DMXL2 is overexpressed in a subset of endocrine therapy resistant breast cancer cell lines where it promotes epithelial to mesenchymal transition through hyper-activation of Notch signalling via V-ATPase dependent acidification. Following DMXL2 depletion or treatment with Bafilomycin A1, both EMT targets and Notch signalling pathway significantly decrease. We show for the first time that DMXL2 protein levels are significantly increased in ERa positive breast cancer patients that progress after endocrine therapy. Finally, we demonstrate that DMXL2 is a transmembrane protein with a potential extra-cellular domain. These findings identify DMXL2 as a novel, functional biomarker for ERa positive breast cancer