Optimization of Vehicle to Grid System in a Power System With Unit Commitment

This thesis provides a comprehensive overview and analysis of the benefits of using plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in solving the unit commitment problem. PEVs are becoming more attractive and a rapid replacement of conventional fuel vehicles due to their environmental-friendly operation. Through collective control by an aggregator, PEVs batteries can also provide ancillary services such as load leveling and frequency regulation to improve the quality of power supplied in the power grid and reduce the cost of power generation. This study presents the modeling, simulation, and analysis of a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) system connected to a smart power grid. The model considers different penetration levels of PEVs in a system and investigates the economic and technical effects of using PEVs to support the grid. The model is tested using an IEEE 24 bus network to verify the effects that PEVs penetration has on generation cost in power systems. A comparison has been made between a system without V2G and a system with V2G to produce justification for the role that V2G can play in solving the unit commitment problem. The results of this study show that the optimal scheduling of PEVs was effective in flattening the load profile through valley filling and peak load reduction

Biomechanical testing of upright range of motion versus overhead supine range of motion

Rehabilitation of an elbow, following injury, is not a well-studied subject. Clinically, there is not a general consensus on which recovery method is optimal for healing an unstable elbow. When dealing with medial collateral ligament deficiency, many authors have proposed several forearm positions that will yield proper healing of the unstable elbow. Some researchers believe that active mobilization of the elbow with the arm in a vertical position is a safe protocol for rehabilitation with the forearm oriented in a supine pronated position. It was also mentioned that the compressive forces due to the active mobilization of the arm will stabilize the MCL deficient elbow\u27. This study is unique in that the proposal is that supine overhead range of motion will stabilize the MCL deficient elbow because gravity will act as a compressive force keeping the MCL deficient elbow intact. In this study, the gravitational stabilizing factor will be demonstrated comparing both the supine overhead range of motion and the commonly used upright range of motion protocol. The hypothesis is that supine overhead range of motion provides stability to a collateral deficient elbow. Moreover, supine overhead range of motion is a superior way to rehabilitate an unstable elbow because the forces of gravity hold the elbow in concentric reduction rather than distracting the elbow joint when the forearm is rehabilitated in an upright manner. The overhead ROM provided more stability to the unstable elbow, more especially to the elbows with the AC still intact

Gender Relations and Domestic Power Politics

Issues on gender have gained global significance since the mid nineteenth century largely because of the increasing efforts by women to correct the several social ills of inequality and marginalization that women experience based prominently on patriarchy. The concern of this paper is not necessarily on how the male and the female relate, but really on what they do to gain power at the micro level to be able to operate on complementary bases or to be superior to the other, as the case may be. This study develops from the premise that there are certain activities and tendencies that engender power for a person, and this is enhanced by some factors including educational attainment, professional affiliations, natural endowments, etc. The implications of the power generated within the relationship form the thrust of this investigation, which aims at evolving a paradigm for contemporary African women in relationship with their male counterparts within the family contexts

Romancing the Gun: the press as a promoter of military rule

This book's rare insight on media practice shakes conventional notions of the role and enabling environment of the modern press. "Romancing the Gun" rattles academic tradition by illustrating that Nigeria's hard-hitting press has not only thrived better while military regimes were in power but that it actually welcomed and supported praetorian rule. This compelling book draws its energy and depth from the combination of Ndaeyo Ulo's engaging media practice in Nigeria, and his international education and academic career in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. It exposes the chasm between the armchair media scholarship of Westerns scholars and the damning reality of the media institutions in non-western societies. "Romancing the Gun" retells the history of the press in Nigeria, and confronts some of the issues that Nigeria's brand of journalism and the country's debased political system had driven into oblivion. One example is the letter-bomb death of prominent Nigerian editor and columnist, Dele Giwa, in 1986 that made headlines around the world. This books asks some questions which the international and local media as well as scholars were 'too polite to conceive and ask' about the incident that shook the media world. One such burning question is: "what would a renowned journalist be expecting in a large envelope from a military dictator on a Saturday morning?" By posing startling questions and querying conventional wisdom and mental habits, "Romancing the Gun" unveils the power and irresponsibility of the Nigerian press—one of the world’s freest presses—and provides crucial missing pieces in the puzzle of global media scholarship and practice

The Law of Obligation in Ghana and Nigeria, a Comparative Study.

This study is a comparative investigation of the law of obligations in Ghana and Nigeria. It has often been suggested that the law of civil responsibility in Ghana and Nigeria is the same as the current English law position. This thesis sets out to examine the basis of this assumption, an exercise which has never before been attempted by any previous writer in West African law. This investigation is in eight Parts of a total of twenty-one sections. In the Introductory Part, the meaning, scope and content of the title are fully discussed. The case for a new approach to the classification of obligations in Ghana and Nigeria is stated and argued. Part II examines the vital question of the sources of obligations. This is the issue of the juristic basis for the application of extraneous law in Ghana and Nigeria, what this law is, limits on its application and the concurrent application of indigenous rules of law. A reassessment of the whole position in the light of extant documentary data is attempted. The law of obligations is substantially made up of case-law. Part III examines what cases bind which courts. Parts IV and V deal with valid agreements, the former with two-party situations while the latter treats situations in which more than two parties are involved. Part VI examines the all-important category of defective agreements, an approach totally different from the conventional treatment of the subject. Part VII is a functional study of obligations. Here in three sections, we examine the role of the Courts in the enforcement of agreements, the role of the state, and the effectiveness of remedies for breach of agreements. The final part analyses and sets out to argue a case for obligations imposed by law

Performance and Nutrient Retention of Broilers fed Treated Pumpkin Kernel Diets in Replacement for Groundnut Cake

A study was conducted to examine the Proximate Composition of raw Pumpkin Kernel and to assess its nutritional value with broilers. Analysis showed that the Kernel contained crude protein level (38.51%), crude fibre(13.34%), ether extract (42.69), total ash (5.14%), nitrogen free extract (0.32%), calcium (0.29%) and phosphorus (0.07%). One portion of Pumpkin Kernel was used raw and another autoclaved at 120C for 20 minutes. A third portion similarly autoclaved, coarsely ground andsoaked in water for 24 hours before washing and drying were used. The three pumpkin kernel groups were finely ground and used each at single level of 225g/kg diet while the control did not have Pumpkin meal. Each diet was fed to twenty four, 2-day old, broiler chicks in three replicates of 8chicks and feeding lasted 56 days. Weight gain of birds offered the control diet did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) from those fed other diets although the consumption of raw or autoclaved pumpkin kernel diets was significantly (P 0.05) mortality of chicks. In addition, nutrient retention study did not reveal any significant effect of diets on the parameter. Pumpkin kernel could be a good plant protein source for broiler production. The kernel could be used raw since heating and water washing did not improve feeding value of the kerne

ARMED BANDITRY AND BORDER MONITORING: CHALLENGES FOR NIGERIA’S SECURITY, PEACE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The greatest challenge facing Nigeria today is international terrorism that is aided by religious extremism, porosity of borderline and cross-border security challenges and crime. Indeed, the existence of porous borders and cross-border and frontier activities in Nigeria has aided crimes and security challenges across Nigerian borders for long without any specific solutions. This paper examines the security challenges and the socio-economic effects of insurgency and armed banditry in Nigeria. The country as a nation state is under a severe internal socio economic and security threat. At a more general level, the threat has social, economic, political and environmental dimensions. Each of these dimensions has greatly affected the nation’s stability, and can be traced to the ethnic militia armies, ethnic and religious conflicts, poverty, terrorism, armed robbery, corruption, economic sabotage and environmental degradation. The efforts of the government to eradicate insurgency, banditry and corruption have been slow and costly in terms of public funds spent, lives and properties lost. This has made the citizenry to question, the efficiency of the menace. Using frustration-aggression theory, the paper then revealed that the major criminal activities in Nigeria borders are smuggling of contraband goods and illegal immigrants, trafficking in weapons and human parts, drug trafficking, vehicle crime, trafficking of illegally exploited natural resources, including the illicit trade in timber, oil and diamond among others. This growth and flourishing entry without proper check or monitoring, has brought about insurgency, armed banditry, kidnapping and corruption, etc. which has become a problem of security as a result of these borderless-borders in Nigeria, with armed banditry becoming one of the most intractable challenges facing the country today. There are many speculations that the groups may have found their way through our porous borders. Therefore, the study probes into the nature of Nigeria borders using Historical/descriptive method of research and analysis in Armed Banditry and Border Monitoring: Challenges for Nigeria’s Security, Peace and Sustainable Development. The study data were collected through documentation of secondary sources, including review of related literature journals and write-ups even as it built on the findings of already existing works about emerging security threats in Nigeria. The study is concluded by recommending among others that the country should evolve a sustainable social security system which will discourage public office holders from engaging in corruption, with good information sharing techniques providing gainful employment opportunities for the citizenry, etc. Article visualizations

THIRTY THREE (33) YEARS ON: AN ASSESSMENT OF ECOWAS TRADE LIBERALIZATION SCHEME AND ECONOMIC INTEGRATION IN THE WEST AFRICAN SUB-REGION

The ECOWAS Trade Liberation Scheme (ETLS) is the main ECOWAS Operational tool in bringing a free trade area and economic interaction for the West African Sub-region. Although there are few minimal achievements of the scheme, there are a lot more obstacles bedevilled the full implementation of the scheme after 44 years it had been drawn up, and 33 years after it became fully operational. Therefore, the crux of this study was an assessment of whether the scheme has succeeded in the creation of a free trade area, customs union and economic integration in the West African sub-region. The study adopted the custom Union theory as the theoretical framework of analysis. The major finding of the work was that there cannot be a free trade area without any products to trade as the lack of export diversification has been one of the major obstacles to attaining a free trade area and economic integration in West Africa. Other findings included but were not limited to, the inadequacies of laid-down policies coupled with the constant circumvention of such policies, the absence of harmonization of policies and standards and much more. In the final analysis, the study recommended among others, the improvement in levels of production in individual member states through policies and programmes, eliminating of all forms of trade barriers as well as the private sector involvement in the decision-making and the implementation process of ECOWAS protocols and schemes for a fair representation of their interest.  Article visualizations

EFFECT OF SHADOWING AND MULTIPATH FADING ON THE AREA SPECTRAL FOR CELL-EDGE USERS IN HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS

irrespective of their location. The traditional macro-only network have been proved ineffective when communication signal is required for users located in the cell edge and a certain distance away from the macrocell base station. This is because of excess attenuation of the signal due to fading and shadowing. Multipath fading and shadowing are major causes of performance degradation in mobile communication systems. This phenomenon which arises as a result of propagation effects (like scattering, diffraction and reflection), renders the traditional macro-only network communication with users far away from the macrocell base station and located in the cell edge less effective. The deployment of femtocells around the cell edge of this macrocell helps to reduce the effect of fading and shadowing thereby increasing the overall efficiency of the cellular network. Numerical simulation carried out for the macro-femto heterogeneous network using MATLAB shows how the effect of fading and shadowing was reduced. This holds a great promise for adaptive space-based wireless sensor networks, formation-flying satellites and constellations. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v35i2.2