カイワ ニ ミラレル ナンカ ト ブンポウカ マエオキ ヒョウゲン ノ ナンカ ハ タンナル クチグセカ

In this paper, I examine where nanka in ordinary conversations comes from. Here I take into consideration the relationship between nanka and "concept" (Halliday 1994:59) in "information unit" (ibid.). From analysis and discussion, I point out (1) nanka is not "a habit of saying" to make introductory remarks, but discourse marker which follows new concepts for hearers and (2) nanka is born of metaphorical grammaticalization from pronoun and metonymic one from adverbial particle to discourse marker. Moreover, I make clear the process of grammaticalization concerning nanka. That is, nanka is derived from pronoun expressing what is unspecified. Later, influenced by adverbial particle, it marks the whole utterances after nanka as something vague and is used in order to connect to clear contexts before nanka. Then, it is grammaticalized as an expression that implies the speaker\u27s attitude to or judgement on what remains vague after nanka

Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase Activity in Human Endometrial Stromal Cells Promotes Extracellular Matrix Remodelling and Limits Embryo Invasion

Invasion of the trophoblast into the maternal decidua is regulated by both the trophoectoderm and the endometrial stroma, and entails the action of tissue remodeling enzymes. Trophoblast invasion requires the action of metalloproteinases (MMPs) to degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and in turn, decidual cells express tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs). The balance between these promoting and restraining factors is a key event for the successful outcome of pregnancy. Gene expression is post-transcriptionally regulated by histone deacetylases (HDACs) that unpacks condensed chromatin activating gene expression. In this study we analyze the effect of histone acetylation on the expression of tissue remodeling enzymes and activity of human endometrial stromal cells (hESCs) related to trophoblast invasion control. Treatment of hESCs with the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) increased the expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 while decreased MMP-2, MMP-9 and uPA and have an inhibitory effect on trophoblast invasion. Moreover, histone acetylation is detected at the promoters of TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 genes in TSA-treated. In addition, in an in vitro decidualized hESCs model, the increase of TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 expression is associated with histone acetylation at the promoters of these genes. Our results demonstrate that histone acetylation disrupt the balance of ECM modulators provoking a restrain of trophoblast invasion. These findings are important as an epigenetic mechanism that can be used to control trophoblast invasion

The Exercise of Power and Participants' Emergent Network in Faculty Meeting

大学の教員会議での参与者は、それぞれ異なる社会的地位にあるが、会話の中で常にそれが顕在化されているわけではない。本稿では、パワーというものを会話を自分の望む方向に持って行く力と位置付け、その行使の方法について分析を行なった。その結果、(1)会話におけるパワーの行使は他の参与者の承認を得た上で成し遂げられていること、(2)会話における割り込みでは、相手の発話の中断だけでなく、参与者の反応に見られるトピックの移行によってもパワーの行使やその場その場の地位の変化がより顕在化すること、(3)状況説明によって物事の決定がなされていることから、会話内での地位の形成は会議で決定される事項に大きく関わっていることを明らかにした。以上をふまえ、教員会議というフォーマルで社会的地位の順位づけがはっきりしている場面においても、会話における参与者の地位はその都度変化し、創発的なネットワークを作り上げていることを主張する。Each participant in a faculty meeting is in different social status, but it is not always crucial in a conversation. The authors, then, define power as the capacity to bring conversation to desired goals for one of the participants to analyze the way that power is exercised. Through the analysis, they show the following three results: (1) Social role of the participants is used for exercising power in the conversation. (2) About interruption, not only interruption itself but also others' reaction to the interruption or changing topics clarifies the exercise of power. (3) The explanation of circumstances leads to the final decision in a faculty meeting and the fact makes it clear that the formation of the participants' status in the conversation bears a deep relation to what is decided in the meeting. Based on these three results, the authors argue that a participant's status in conversation changes from occasion to occasion to create the emergent network among the participants even in a faculty meeting which is systematic and reveals their ranks in latent status