Efficient Load Balancing Algorithm in Long Term Evolution (LTE) Heterogeneous Network Based on Dynamic Cell Range Expansion Bias

The traditional scheme for load balancing in a homogeneous Long Term Evolution (LTE) Network where User Equipment (UEs) associate to a node with the strongest received signal strength is not practical for LTE Heterogeneous Network (LTE HetNet) due to power disparity between the nodes. Therefore, dynamic Cell Range Expansion (CRE) based load-balancing schemes were employed by several scholars to address the challenges in the LTE HetNet. However, the fairness index in achieving the desired average user throughput and UE offloading effect is relatively low. In this work, an efficient load-balancing algorithm for LTE HetNet based on dynamic Cell Range Expansion (CRE) was developed to improve the fairness of the network for the desired throughput and UE offloading effect. The simulation results achieve a throughput gain improvement of up to 11%, while the fairness index improves by 6% compared to the existing algorithm. Further, the UEs offloading effect shows a significant improvement of 3% relative to the existing algorithm. Keywords: Fairness Index; Cell Range Expansion; Load Balancing; LTE Heterogeneous Network; Throughpu

The Impact of the Gold Mining on the Social, Economic, Andcultural in the Bombana District Southeast Sulawesi Province

The phenomenon of a gold mine brings a lot of changes in people's daily life in the Bombana District. This study aims to: (a) Aware of the social and cultural changes in society before and after the gold mining business, and (b) Knowing the changes in people's income before and after the gold mining business. The study population is the people who are in the gold mining sites. This study result, namely: (a) Gold mining have negative impact on social, economic, and cultural of communities around the gold mining area. Social, economic, and cultural societies tend to be in better shape before the gold mining. Average income communities after the gold mining increase by Rp 755.392 per month. (c) Gold mining do not increase the welfare of society, especially for farmers. The implication of this study is the government should strictly supervise and tighten even a moratorium against IUP, and gold mining companies should have corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the form of incentives to the affected communities of the businesses under their management in the fields of education, health, agriculture, economics, and culture as well as other aspects relating to the welfare of society

Evolutionary algorithm for content-based image search

Content-based image retrieval systems attempt to provide a means of searching for images in large repositories without using any information other than that contained in the image itself, usually in the form of low-level descriptors. Since these descriptors do not accurately represent the semantics of the image, evaluating the perceptual similarity between two images based only on them is not a trivial task. This paper describes an effective method for image recovery based on evolutionary computing techniques. The results are compared with those obtained by the classical approach of the movement of the query point and the rescheduling of the axes and by a technique based on self-organizing maps, showing a remarkably higher performance in the repositories

Effect of Age on Variability in the Production of Text-Based Global Inferences

As we age, our differences in cognitive skills become more visible, an effect especially true for memory and problem solving skills (i.e., fluid intelligence). However, by contrast with fluid intelligence, few studies have examined variability in measures that rely on one’s world knowledge (i.e., crystallized intelligence). The current study investigated whether age increased the variability in text based global inference generation–a measure of crystallized intelligence. Global inference generation requires the integration of textual information and world knowledge and can be expressed as a gist or lesson. Variability in generating two global inferences for a single text was examined in young-old (62 to 69 years), middle-old (70 to 76 years) and old-old (77 to 94 years) adults. The older two groups showed greater variability, with the middle elderly group being most variable. These findings suggest that variability may be a characteristic of both fluid and crystallized intelligence in aging

Identifying chemokines as therapeutic targets in renal disease: Lessons from antagonist studies and knockout mice

Chemokines, in concert with cytokines and adhesion molecules, play multiple roles in local and systemic immune responses. In the kidney, the temporal and spatial expression of chemokines correlates with local renal damage and accumulation of chemokine receptor-bearing leukocytes. Chemokines play important roles in leukocyte trafficking and blocking chemokines can effectively reduce renal leukocyte recruitment and subsequent renal damage. However, recent data indicate that blocking chemokine or chemokine receptor activity in renal disease may also exacerbate renal inflammation under certain conditions. An increasing amount of data indicates additional roles of chemokines in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, which may adversively affect the outcome of interventional studies. This review summarizes available in vivo studies on the blockade of chemokines and chemokine receptors in kidney diseases, with a special focus on the therapeutic potential of anti-chemokine strategies, including potential side effects, in renal disease. Copyright (C) 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel

On the Origin of the OER Activity of Ultrathin Manganese Oxide Films

There is an urgent need for cheap, stable, and abundant catalyst materials for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Manganese oxide is an interesting candidate as an oxygen evolution reaction OER catalyst, but the minimum thickness above which MnOx thin films become OER active has not yet been established. In this work, ultrathin lt;10 nm manganese oxide films are grown on silicon by atomic layer deposition to study the origin of OER activity under alkaline conditions. We found that MnOx films thinner than 1.5 nm are not OER active. X ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that this is due to electrostatic catalyst support interactions that prevent the electrochemical oxidation of the manganese ions close to the interface with the support, while in thicker films, MnIII and MnIV oxide layers appear as OER active catalysts after oxidation and electrochemical treatment. From our investigations, it can be concluded that one MnIII,IV O monolayer is sufficient to establish oxygen evolution under alkaline conditions. The results of this study provide important new design criteria for ultrathin manganese oxide oxygen evolution catalyst

Lanthanide-doped inorganic nanoparticles turn molecular triplet excitons bright.

The generation, control and transfer of triplet excitons in molecular and hybrid systems is of great interest owing to their long lifetime and diffusion length in both solid-state and solution phase systems, and to their applications in light emission1, optoelectronics2,3, photon frequency conversion4,5 and photocatalysis6,7. Molecular triplet excitons (bound electron-hole pairs) are 'dark states' because of the forbidden nature of the direct optical transition between the spin-zero ground state and the spin-one triplet levels8. Hence, triplet dynamics are conventionally controlled through heavy-metal-based spin-orbit coupling9-11 or tuning of the singlet-triplet energy splitting12,13 via molecular design. Both these methods place constraints on the range of properties that can be modified and the molecular structures that can be used. Here we demonstrate that it is possible to control triplet dynamics by coupling organic molecules to lanthanide-doped inorganic insulating nanoparticles. This allows the classically forbidden transitions from the ground-state singlet to excited-state triplets to gain oscillator strength, enabling triplets to be directly generated on molecules via photon absorption. Photogenerated singlet excitons can be converted to triplet excitons on sub-10-picosecond timescales with unity efficiency by intersystem crossing. Triplet exciton states of the molecules can undergo energy transfer to the lanthanide ions with unity efficiency, which allows us to achieve luminescent harvesting of the dark triplet excitons. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the triplet excitons generated in the lanthanide nanoparticle-molecule hybrid systems by near-infrared photoexcitation can undergo efficient upconversion via a lanthanide-triplet excitation fusion process: this process enables endothermic upconversion and allows efficient upconversion from near-infrared to visible frequencies in the solid state. These results provide a new way to control triplet excitons, which is essential for many fields of optoelectronic and biomedical research