Civil Indian Policy and aboriginal-white relations in nineteenth century Canada: a cultural genocide?

This dissertation examines the development of Indian Policy by the British Imperial Government in North America following its transition from the military to the civil branch of government. Through detailed analysis of primary and secondary material it will argue that there was a determined effort by the Church and State to destroy, in whole or in part, the social, political, spiritual, and other cultural traditions of the indigenous peoples in Canada. The dissertation will contextualise the Victorian ideology of superiority, and will provide a fresh outlook on the aboriginal-white relationship as it developed in the settlement era of Canadian expansion. The dissertation’s overall argument is that the culturally destructive intentions of Eurocentric policy makers and evangelisers should be seen as a kind of “cultural genocide”, because they imposed measures to dismantle forms of indigenous culture, with the intent of transferring or assimilating the physical person, as an individual, into the settler society. The dissertation explores different forms of genocide from the definition ratified at the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide 1948 which focused solely on physical destruction. These forms of cultural destruction include political, spiritual, and economic genocide. The dissertation develops the argument that cultural genocide was limited to article 3 (e), and should include other aspects of destruction that undermined First Nations’ traditions, such as: forms of government, gender roles, economic pursuits, ceremonies, and spiritual beliefs. An introduction contextualizes Eurocentricism, the ideology of superiority based upon European socio-political and religious belief, and the changing white perception of aboriginals from warrior to “expensive social nuisance”. A chapter on the Church-State effort to civilize the ‘Indian’ reveals how philanthropic measures intended to assist indigenous people were ultimately hindered by the assumption of Victorian superiority. Two further chapters – one an in-depth analysis on ‘Indian’ legislation, the other on historic treaties– highlight that economic prerogatives for a coast-to-coast settler society undermined Native sovereignty. The dissertation concludes that the Aboriginal-white relationship deteriorated as a result of the Civil Indian Policy; Indigenous people became wards of the State, were reduced spiritually and morally to a sub-human status; and were economically demoted to a peasant class that barely survived maybe

Explaining LSND by a decaying sterile neutrino

We propose an explanation of the LSND evidence for electron antineutrino appearance based on neutrino decay. We introduce a heavy neutrino, which is produced in pion and muon decays because of a small mixing with muon neutrinos, and then decays into a scalar particle and a light neutrino, predominantly of the electron type. We require values of $g m_4\sim$ few eV, $g$ being the neutrino--scalar coupling and $m_4$ the heavy neutrino mass, e.g. $m_4$ in the range from 1 keV to 1 MeV and $g \sim 10^{-6} - 10^{-3}$. Performing a fit to the LSND data as well as all relevant null-result experiments, we show that all data can be explained within this decay scenario. In the minimal version of the decay model, we predict a signal in the upcoming MiniBooNE experiment corresponding to a transition probability of the same order as seen in LSND. In addition, we show that extending our model to two nearly degenerate heavy neutrinos it is possible to introduce CP violation in the decay, which can lead to a suppression of the signal in MiniBooNE running in the neutrino mode. We briefly discuss signals in future neutrino oscillation experiments, we show that our scenario is compatible with bounds from laboratory experiments, and we comment on implications in astrophysics and cosmology.Comment: 23 pages, 5 figures, minor improvements, matches published versio

Variability of external load measures during soccer match play: Influence of player fitness or pacing?

Purpose: The aims of this study were to examine the variability of selected external load metrics within 15-min intervals during soccer match play and examine their relationship with players’ high-intensity intermittent fitness. Methods: A total of 18 male soccer players were monitored for their external load metrics during 26 matches which included: total distance (TD), high metabolic load distance (HMLD), and mechanical work (MW) (defined as the sum of accelerations and decelerations >3 m2). Additionally, players completed the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (VIFT). Results: TD had lower coefficient of variation (CV) values than HMLD and MW (ES; 5.2 to 6.4; very large). Within-players’ ∆-15min showed moderate-to-large decreases (ES; -0.7 to -1.6) and increases (ES; 0.9 to 1.8) in absolute and CV values, respectively. Large relationships (r= 0.55 to 0.61) were observed between VIFT and 15-minmean and 15-minbest in all selected external load metrics. However, small-to-moderate (0.27 to 0.41) associations were observed between VIFT and ∆-15min in selected external load metrics. Conclusion: These findings suggest that those players with relatively lower intermittent running capacity might show lower variability during the match, as evidenced by smaller reductions in high intensity actions during the final 15 minutes. We attribute these observations to players’ possessing better pacing strategies

Lower-volume muscle-damaging exercise protects against high-volume muscle-damaging exercise and the detrimental effects on endurance performance

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-015-3131-yPurpose: This study examined whether lower-volume exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) performed 2 weeks before high-volume muscle-damaging exercise protects against its detrimental effect on running performance. Methods: Sixteen male participants were randomly assigned to a lower-volume (five sets of ten squats, n = 8) or high-volume (ten sets of ten squats, n = 8) EIMD group and completed baseline measurements for muscle soreness, knee extensor torque, creatine kinase (CK), a 5-min fixedintensity running bout and a 3-km running time-trial. Measurements were repeated 24 and 48 h after EIMD, and the running time-trial after 48 h. Two weeks later, both groups repeated the baseline measurements, ten sets of ten squats and the same follow-up testing (Bout 2). Results: Data analysis revealed increases in muscle soreness and CK and decreases in knee extensor torque 24–48 h after the initial bouts of EIMD. Increases in oxygen uptake ˙V O2 , minute ventilation ˙V E and rating of perceived exertion were observed during fixed-intensity running 24–48 h after EIMD Bout 1. Likewise, time increased and speed and ˙V O2 decreased during a 3-km running time-trial 48 h after EIMD. Symptoms of EIMD, responses during fixed-intensity and running time-trial were attenuated in the days after the repeated bout of high-volume EIMD performed 2 weeks after the initial bout. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the protective effect of lower-volume EIMD on subsequent high-volume EIMD is transferable to endurance running. Furthermore, time-trial performance was found to be preserved after a repeated bout of EIMD

Trend Deviation Analysis for Automated Detection of Defects in GPR Data for Road Condition Surveys

This paper presents a novel approach for automated detection of defects and structural changes in GPR data acquired in HMA (Hot Mix Asphalt) road surveys. Unlike the majority of existing approaches for road GPR data processing that are mainly used for extraction of layer profile information, the proposed method focuses on automated identification of significant deviations in subsurface structure and material properties. It is based on the detection of variations in intensity trends of longitudinal lines of interpolated B-scans that are characterized by deviations above a defined threshold. The outputs include mapped defects and deterioration areas together with the locations of detected changes in road structure design

Author Correction: CHD3 helicase domain mutations cause a neurodevelopmental syndrome with macrocephaly and impaired speech and language.

© 2019, The Author(s). The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Laurence Faivre, which was incorrectly given as Laurence Faive. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article

Muscle glycogen utilisation during Rugby match play: Effects of pre-game carbohydrate

Objectives: Although the physical demands of Rugby League (RL) match-play are well-known, the fuel sources supporting energy-production are poorly understood. We therefore assessed muscle glycogen utilisation and plasma metabolite responses to RL match-play after a relatively high (HCHO) or relatively low CHO (LCHO) diet. Design: Sixteen (mean ± SD age; 18 ± 1 years, body-mass; 88 ± 12 kg, height 180 ± 8 cm) professional players completed a RL match after 36-h consuming a non-isocaloric high carbohydrate (n = 8; 6 g kg day−1) or low carbohydrate (n = 8; 3 g kg day−1) diet. Methods: Muscle biopsies and blood samples were obtained pre- and post-match, alongside external and internal loads quantified using Global Positioning System technology and heart rate, respectively. Data were analysed using effects sizes ±90% CI and magnitude-based inferences. Results: Differences in pre-match muscle glycogen between high and low carbohydrate conditions (449 ± 51 and 444 ± 81 mmol kg−1 d.w.) were unclear. High (243 ± 43 mmol kg−1 d.w.) and low carbohydrate groups (298 ± 130 mmol kg−1 d.w.) were most and very likely reduced post-match, respectively. For both groups, differences in pre-match NEFA and glycerol were unclear, with a most likely increase in NEFA and glycerol post-match. NEFA was likely lower in the high compared with low carbohydrate group post-match (0.95 ± 0.39 mmol l−1 and 1.45 ± 0.51 mmol l−1, respectively), whereas differences between the 2 groups for glycerol were unclear (98.1 ± 33.6 mmol l−1 and 123.1 ± 39.6 mmol l−1) in the high and low carbohydrate groups, respectively. Conclusions: Professional RL players can utilise ∼40% of their muscle glycogen during a competitive match regardless of their carbohydrate consumption in the preceding 36-h

Future Directions in Parity Violation: From Quarks to the Cosmos

I discuss the prospects for future studies of parity-violating (PV) interactions at low energies and the insights they might provide about open questions in the Standard Model as well as physics that lies beyond it. I cover four types of parity-violating observables: PV electron scattering; PV hadronic interactions; PV correlations in weak decays; and searches for the permanent electric dipole moments of quantum systems.Comment: Talk given at PAVI 06 workshop on parity-violating interactions, Milos, Greece (May, 2006); 10 page

Validity of an isometric mid-thigh pull dynamometer in male youth athletes

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the validity of an isometric mid-thigh pull dynamometer against a criterion measure (i.e., 1,000 Hz force platform) for assessing muscle strength in male youth athletes. Twenty-two male adolescent (age 15.3 ± 0.5 years) rugby league players performed four isometric mid-thigh pull efforts (i.e., two on the dynamometer and two on the force platform) separated by 5 minutes rest in a randomised and counterbalanced order. Mean bias, typical error of estimate (TEE) and Pearson correlation coefficient for peak force (PF) and peak force minus body weight (PFBW) from the force platform were validated against peak force from the dynamometer (DynoPF). When compared to PF and PFBW, mean bias (with 90% Confidence limits) for DynoPF was very large (-32.4 [-34.2 to -30.6] %) and moderate (-10.0 [-12.8 to -7.2] %), respectively. The TEE was moderate for both PF (8.1 [6.3 to 11.2] %) and PFBW (8.9 [7.0 to 12.4]). Correlations between DynoPF and PF (r 0.90 [0.79 to 0.95]) and PFBW (r 0.90 [0.80 to 0.95] were nearly perfect. The isometric mid-thigh pull assessed using a dynamometer underestimated PF and PFBW obtained using a criterion force platform. However, strong correlations between the dynamometer and force platform suggest that a dynamometer provides an appropriate alternative to assess isometric mid-thigh pull strength when a force platform is not available. Therefore, practitioners can use an isometric mid-thigh pull dynamometer to assess strength in the field with youth athletes but should be aware that it underestimates peak force

Physiological responses to an intensified period of rugby league competition

This study investigated the physiological responses to an intensified period of rugby league competition and the subsequent impact on match performance. The participants were 7 rugby league players competing in an international student tournament. The tournament involved three 80-minute games over a 5-day period, with 48 hours between each match. Baseline measures of upper and lower body neuromuscular functions via a plyometric press-up (PP) and countermovement jump (CMJ), respectively (peak power and peak force were measured), blood creatine kinase (CK), and perceptions of well-being were assessed with a questionnaire. These measures were repeated every morning of the competition; neuromuscular fatigue and CK were additionally assessed within 2 hours after the cessation of each game. During each match, player movements were recorded via global positioning system units. There were meaningful reductions in upper (effect size [ES] = 20.55) and lower body (ES = 20.73) neuromuscular functions, and perceptual well-being (ES = 21.56) and increases in blood CK (ES = 2.32) after game 1. These changes increased in magnitude as the competition progressed. There were large reductions in the relative distance covered in high-speed running (ES = 21.49) and maximal accelerations (ES = 20.85) during game 3. Additionally, moderate reductions in the percentage of successful tackles completed were observed during game 3 (ES = 20.59). Collectively, these results demonstrate that during an intensified period of rugby league competition, characterized by only 48 hours between matches, fatigue will accumulate. This cumulative fatigue may compromise highintensity match activities such as high-speed running, accelerations, and tackling. Furthermore, CMJs and PPs appear to be sensitive measures for monitoring neuromuscular function in rugby league players