Security Information and Event Management -järjestelmät

Opinnäytetyö tehtiin Itä-Suomen yliopistolle, jolla on tarve keskitettyyn lokienhallintaan ja tietoturvan monitorointiin. Työn päätavoitteena on toimia apuvälineenä Security Information and Event Management -järjestelmiin perehtymiseen. Tästä aiheesta on tehty aiemmin vain vähän suomenkielisiä julkaisuja. Teoriaosuudessa esitellään liiketoiminnallista näkökulmaa ja projektin läpivientiä. Osuudessa käsitellään myös SIEMin keskeiset käsitteet ja teknologiat. Esitetyt laskukaavat auttavat järjestelmän mitoittamista IT-ympäristöön sopivaksi. Yhtenä opinnäytetyön tehtävänä oli esitellä eri valmistajien SIEM-ratkaisuja. Käsiteltäväksi valittiin tuotteita kahdeksalta eri valmistajalta, joista avoimen lähdekoodin AlienVault OSSIM kuvataan tarkemmin. Opinnäytetyötä varten tehty demoympäristö esittelee AlienVault OSSIMin käyttöönottoa pienessä ympäristössä. Teknisen dokumentaation tarkoituksena ei ole toimia asennusohjeena, vaan esitellä SIEMin toiminnallisuutta käytännön esimerkkien avulla. Tiedonkulku on kuvattu datan keräämisestä korreloidun tapahtuman analysointiin.This thesis was commissioned by the University of Eastern Finland. There is a demand for a centralized log management and information security monitoring. The main goal was to provide aid for familiarization with Security Information and Event Management systems. There are not many Finnish publications about this topic yet. The theory section describes the business perspective and the completion of the project. SIEM concept and its technologies are also explained. The introduced formulas help the scaling system to fit for an IT environment. One objective of the thesis was to demonstrate various SIEM solutions from different vendors. Products from eight different vendors are introduced. An open source SIEM system AlienVault OSSIM is described in more detail. The test environment was made to demonstrate AlienVault OSSIM’s deployment in a small network. The technical documentation is not a deployment guide for SIEM. It presents the functionality of SIEM with practical examples. The information flow is described from data collection to analysis of correlated events

Vähittäiskaupan myynnin johtamisen kehittäminen työtä ohjaavan viestinnän ja sisäisen markkinoinnin avulla

Tämä opinnäytetyö käsittelee vähittäiskaupan myynnin johtamisen kehittämistä yhteisöviestintään kuuluvien työtä ohjaavan viestinnän ja sisäisen markkinoinnin avulla. Opinnäytetyössä kuvattu kehityshanke toteutettiin SOK Käyttötavarakaupan organisaatiossa. Kehityshankkeen tarkoituksena oli muodostaa kaikille SOK Käyttötavarakaupan ketjuille yhtenäiset viestintämallit, ja jalkauttaa ne eri organisaatioiden käyttöön. Liiketoimintahyötyinä kehityshankkeella tavoiteltiin työn ja myynnin johtamisen tehostumista sekä myynnin kasvua. Opinnäytetyön teoreettinen viitekehys koostuu organisaation toimintaympäristöä kuvaavasta ketjuliiketoiminnan teoriasta, viestintään kuuluvasta yhteisöviestinnän teoriasta, sekä myynnin johtamisen teoriasta. Tutkimus toteutettiin toimintatutkimuksena. Aineisto hankittiin haastattelemalla sekä viestien lähettäjiä että vastaanottajia organisaation eri tasoilta ja eri ketjuista. Haastattelut nauhoitettiin ja aineisto litteroitiin sanatarkasti. Kehityshankkeen tuloksena kaikille SOK Käyttötavarakaupan ketjuille muodostettiin yhtenäiset viestintämallit, jotka jalkautettiin eri organisaatioihin esimiesten johdolla. Tavoitellut liiketoimintahyödyt, eli työn ja myynnin johtamisen tehostuminen sekä myynnin kasvu näkyvät pitkällä tähtäimellä. Kehityshankkeen onnistumista viestien vastaanottajien näkökulmasta mitattiin sähköisellä Digium-kyselyllä. Tarkastelujaksolla viestien vastaanottajien tyytyväisyys viestintään ei kuitenkaan parantunut, vaan huonontui. Suurin syy tähän tulokseen oli muutamaa kuukautta aiemmin toteutettu suuri organisaatiomuutos, jonka seurauksena viestintään tuli selkeä katkos. Uudessa organisaatiossa eri tehtäväkuvien viestintätehtävät otettiin myös hieman hitaasti haltuun. Jotta viestintätyytyväisyys saadaan jatkossa paremmalle tasolle, on viestit kohdennettava paremmin oikeille vastaanottajille ja viestien vastaanottajien tarpeet otettava paremmin huomioon viestien sisällön rakentamisessa. Viestit tulisi myös tiivistää entistä kompaktimpaan muotoon, sekä selkeyttää entisestään eri kanavien ja viestien lähettäjien rooleja.The present thesis deals with how to utilize organizational communication in developing retail sales management in the case organization. The case organization is SOK Consumer Goods. The purpose of this research was to create and implement similar communication models for all SOK Consumer Goods retail chains. The business objectives of the research were to intensify work and sales management, and also to increase sales. The theoretical framework of the thesis was based on theories related to retail chain business models, organizational communication as well as sales management. The research was implemented as an action research. The data was collected through interviews from message senders and recipients at different levels of the organization and from different chains. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. The research resulted in similar communication models for all SOK Consumer Goods retail chains that were put in practice by the managers in different organizations. The targeted business benefits, ie. efficiency in work and sales management as well as increase in sales will be displayed in the long run. The success of the research was measured by an electronic survey Digium. The results of the survey showed that the satisfaction with communication did not improve, but rather worsened. The main reason for this result was a big organizational change undertaken a few months earlier, which caused a clear break in communication. In addition, the new communication tasks were adopted fairly slowly in the new organization. In order to improve communication satisfaction in the future, the messages should be targeted better to the right recipients and the needs of the recipients should be taken into account better when the messages are written. The messages should also be shorter and the roles of the different channels and senders should be further clarified

Yhteiskuntavastuiden noudattaminen suomalaisella rakennustyömaalla

Suomalaisella rakennustyömaalla on monenlaisia yhteiskuntavelvoitteita, joita siellä työskentelevien yritysten tulee noudattaa. Olen valinnut opinnäytetyöni aiheeksi selvittää lukijalle näistä velvoitteista tilaajavastuuvelvoitetta ja verottajan asettamaa tiedonantovelvollisuutta, koska ne ovat keskeisimmät velvoitteet yhteisellä rakennustyömaalla työskenteleville yrityksille. Työssäni haluan paitsi esitellä yllä mainitut velvoitteet, haluan myös selvittää lukijalle miksi tällaiset velvoitteet on maassamme luotu. Lisäksi kerron, mitä tilaajan vastuu käytännössä pitää sisällään ja kuka verottajalle on velvollinen raportoimaan mitäkin tietoja. Haluan lukijan työni luettuaan myös ymmärtävän miksi Suomen kansantaloudelle on tärkeää, että näitä asetettuja velvollisuuksia noudatetaan ja noudattamista valvotaan. Opinnäytetyöni aihe on käytännössä omaa työtäni yhteisen rakennustyömaan toimistopäällikkönä. Kerronkin työssäni myös oman kokemuksen kautta mitä kyseisten velvollisuuksien noudattaminen ja seuranta ihan kenttätasolla tehtynä tarkoittaa ja minkälaisia haasteita tilaajavastuuvelvollisuuksia hoitava henkilö voi matkallaan kohdata. Työni tarkoitus ei ole olla tieteellinen kirjoitus, vaan haluan sen toimivan käytännönläheisenä oppaana, jota kenen tahansa tulisi olla helppo lukea. Työni perimmäinen tarkoitus on siis toimia oppaana aloittelevalle hallinnolliselle toimihenkilölle, joka joutuu työssään tilaajavastuu- ja tiedonantovelvollisuuden kanssa toimimaan. Kerään työhöni oleellisimmat tiedot käytännön kokemuksin lisättynä tarkoituksena helpottaa rakennustyömaalla uutena aloittavan ihmisen hallinnollisten asioiden opiskelutaakkaa. Lisäksi toivon työni lisäävän lukijan ymmärtämystä yhteiskuntamme rakenteesta ja siitä, mitä meille tavallisille palkansaajillekin tarkoittaa, jos annettuja yhteiskuntavelvoitteita ei noudateta, eikä niistä välitetä

3 '-UTR poly(T/U) repeat of EWSR1 is altered in microsatellite unstable colorectal cancer with nearly perfect sensitivity

Approximately 15 % of colorectal cancers exhibit instability of short nucleotide repeat regions, microsatellites. These tumors display a unique clinicopathologic profile and the microsatellite instability status is increasingly used to guide clinical management as it is known to predict better prognosis as well as resistance to certain chemotherapeutics. A panel of five repeats determined by the National Cancer Institute, the Bethesda panel, is currently the standard for determining the microsatellite instability status in colorectal cancer. Recently, a quasimonomorphic mononucleotide repeat 16T/U at the 3' untranslated region of the Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 gene was reported to show perfect sensitivity and specificity in detecting mismatch repair deficient colorectal, endometrial, and gastric cancers in two independent populations. To confirm this finding, we replicated the analysis in 213 microsatellite unstable colorectal cancers from two independent populations, 148 microsatellite stable colorectal cancers, and the respective normal samples by PCR and fragment analysis. The repeat showed nearly perfect sensitivity for microsatellite unstable colorectal cancer as it was altered in 212 of the 213 microsatellite unstable (99.5 %) and none of the microsatellite stable colorectal tumors. This repeat thus represents the first potential single marker for detecting microsatellite instability.Peer reviewe

Diagnostic yield of genetic testing in a heterogeneous cohort of 1376 HCM patients

Background Genetic testing in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a published guideline-based recommendation. The diagnostic yield of genetic testing and corresponding HCM-associated genes have been largely documented by single center studies and carefully selected patient cohorts. Our goal was to evaluate the diagnostic yield of genetic testing in a heterogeneous cohort of patients with a clinical suspicion of HCM, referred for genetic testing from multiple centers around the world. Methods A retrospective review of patients with a suspected clinical diagnosis of HCM referred for genetic testing at Blueprint Genetics was undertaken. The analysis included syndromic, myopathic and metabolic etiologies. Genetic test results and variant classifications were extracted from the database. Variants classified as pathogenic (P) or likely pathogenic (LP) were considered diagnostic. Results A total of 1376 samples were analyzed. Three hundred and sixty-nine tests were diagnostic (26.8%); 373 P or LP variants were identified. Only one copy number variant was identified. The majority of diagnostic variants involved genes encoding the sarcomere (85.0%) followed by 4.3% of diagnostic variants identified in the RASopathy genes. Two percent of diagnostic variants were in genes associated with a cardiomyopathy other than HCM or an inherited arrhythmia. Clinical variables that increased the likelihood of identifying a diagnostic variant included: an earlier age at diagnosis (p <0.0001), a higher maximum wall thickness (MWT) (p <0.0001), a positive family history (p <0.0001), the absence of hypertension (p = 0.0002), and the presence of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) (p = 0.0004). Conclusion The diagnostic yield of genetic testing in this heterogeneous cohort of patients with a clinical suspicion of HCM is lower than what has been reported in well-characterized patient cohorts. We report the highest yield of diagnostic variants in the RASopathy genes identified in a laboratory cohort of HCM patients to date. The spectrum of genes implicated in this unselected cohort highlights the importance of pre-and post-test counseling when offering genetic testing to the broad HCM population.Peer reviewe

Evaluation of Allele-Specific Somatic Changes of Genome-Wide Association Study Susceptibility Alleles in Human Colorectal Cancers

Tumors frequently exhibit loss of tumor suppressor genes or allelic gains of activated oncogenes. A significant proportion of cancer susceptibility loci in the mouse show somatic losses or gains consistent with the presence of a tumor susceptibility or resistance allele. Thus, allele-specific somatic gains or losses at loci may demarcate the presence of resistance or susceptibility alleles. The goal of this study was to determine if previously mapped susceptibility loci for colorectal cancer show evidence of allele-specific somatic events in colon tumors.We performed quantitative genotyping of 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showing statistically significant association with colorectal cancer in published genome-wide association studies (GWAS). We genotyped 194 paired normal and colorectal tumor DNA samples and 296 paired validation samples to investigate these SNPs for allele-specific somatic gains and losses. We combined analysis of our data with published data for seven of these SNPs.No statistically significant evidence for allele-specific somatic selection was observed for the tested polymorphisms in the discovery set. The rs6983267 variant, which has shown preferential loss of the non-risk T allele and relative gain of the risk G allele in previous studies, favored relative gain of the G allele in the combined discovery and validation samples (corrected p-value = 0.03). When we combined our data with published allele-specific imbalance data for this SNP, the G allele of rs6983267 showed statistically significant evidence of relative retention (p-value = 2.06×10(-4)).Our results suggest that the majority of variants identified as colon cancer susceptibility alleles through GWAS do not exhibit somatic allele-specific imbalance in colon tumors. Our data confirm previously published results showing allele-specific imbalance for rs6983267. These results indicate that allele-specific imbalance of cancer susceptibility alleles may not be a common phenomenon in colon cancer

Modulation of enhancer looping and differential gene targeting by Epstein-Barr virus transcription factors directs cellular reprogramming

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) epigenetically reprogrammes B-lymphocytes to drive immortalization and facilitate viral persistence. Host-cell transcription is perturbed principally through the actions of EBV EBNA 2, 3A, 3B and 3C, with cellular genes deregulated by specific combinations of these EBNAs through unknown mechanisms. Comparing human genome binding by these viral transcription factors, we discovered that 25% of binding sites were shared by EBNA 2 and the EBNA 3s and were located predominantly in enhancers. Moreover, 80% of potential EBNA 3A, 3B or 3C target genes were also targeted by EBNA 2, implicating extensive interplay between EBNA 2 and 3 proteins in cellular reprogramming. Investigating shared enhancer sites neighbouring two new targets (WEE1 and CTBP2) we discovered that EBNA 3 proteins repress transcription by modulating enhancer-promoter loop formation to establish repressive chromatin hubs or prevent assembly of active hubs. Re-ChIP analysis revealed that EBNA 2 and 3 proteins do not bind simultaneously at shared sites but compete for binding thereby modulating enhancer-promoter interactions. At an EBNA 3-only intergenic enhancer site between ADAM28 and ADAMDEC1 EBNA 3C was also able to independently direct epigenetic repression of both genes through enhancer-promoter looping. Significantly, studying shared or unique EBNA 3 binding sites at WEE1, CTBP2, ITGAL (LFA-1 alpha chain), BCL2L11 (Bim) and the ADAMs, we also discovered that different sets of EBNA 3 proteins bind regulatory elements in a gene and cell-type specific manner. Binding profiles correlated with the effects of individual EBNA 3 proteins on the expression of these genes, providing a molecular basis for the targeting of different sets of cellular genes by the EBNA 3s. Our results therefore highlight the influence of the genomic and cellular context in determining the specificity of gene deregulation by EBV and provide a paradigm for host-cell reprogramming through modulation of enhancer-promoter interactions by viral transcription factors

Prevalence of RPGR-Mediated Retinal Dystrophy in an Unselected Cohort of Over 5000 Patients

Purpose: Comprehensive genetic testing for inherited retinal dystrophy (IRD) is challenged by difficult-to-sequence genomic regions, which are often mutational hotspots, such as RPGR ORF15. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic contribution of RPGR variants in an unselected IRD patient cohort referred for testing in a clinical diagnostic laboratory. Methods: A total of 5201 consecutive patients were analyzed with a clinically validated next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based assay, including the difficult-to-sequence RPGR ORF15 region. Copy number variant (CNV) detection from NGS data was included. Variant interpretation was performed per the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. Results: A confirmed molecular diagnosis in RPGR was found in 4.5% of patients, 24.0% of whom were females. Variants in ORF15 accounted for 74% of the diagnoses; 29% of the diagnostic variants were in the most difficult-to-sequence central region of ORF15 (c.2470-3230). Truncating variants made up the majority (91%) of the diagnostic variants. CNVs explained 2% of the diagnostic cases, of which 80% were one- or two-exon deletions outside of ORF15. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that high-throughput, clinically validated NGS-based testing covering the difficult-to-sequence region of ORF15, in combination with high-resolution CNV detection, can help to maximize the diagnostic yield for patients with IRD. Translational Relevance: These results demonstrate an accurate and scalable method for the detection of RPGR-related variants, including the difficult-to-sequence ORF15 hotspot, which is relevant given current and emerging therapeutic opportunities.Peer reviewe

Systematic meta-analyses, field synopsis and global assessment of the evidence of genetic association studies in colorectal cancer

Objective: To provide an understanding of the role of common genetic variations in colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, we report an updated field synopsis and comprehensive assessment of evidence to catalogue all genetic markers for CRC (CRCgene2). Design: We included 869 publications after parallel literature review and extracted data for 1063 polymorphisms in 303 different genes. Meta-Analyses were performed for 308 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 158 different genes with at least three independent studies available for analysis. Scottish, Canadian and Spanish data from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) were incorporated for the meta-Analyses of 132 SNPs. To assess and classify the credibility of the associations, we applied the Venice criteria and Bayesian False-Discovery Probability (BFDP). Genetic associations classified as â € positive' and â € less-credible positive' were further validated in three large GWAS consortia conducted in populations of European origin. Results: We initially identified 18 independent variants at 16 loci that were classified as â € positive' polymorphisms for their highly credible associations with CRC risk and 59 variants at 49 loci that were classified as â € less-credible positive' SNPs; 72.2% of the â € positive' SNPs were successfully replicated in three large GWASs and the ones that were not replicated were downgraded to â € less-credible' positive (reducing the â € positive' variants to 14 at 11 loci). For the remaining 231 variants, which were previously reported, our meta-Analyses found no evidence to support their associations with CRC risk. Conclusion: The CRCgene2 database provides an updated list of genetic variants related to CRC risk by using harmonised methods to assess their credibility.</p

Systematic search for enhancer elements and somatic allelic imbalance at seven low-penetrance colorectal cancer predisposition loci

Peer reviewe