Observations on the use of Anaplasma centrale for immunization of cattle against anaplasmosis in Zimbabwe

A total of 93 Bos taurus cattle was used in pen trials to compare vaccine stocks of Anaplasma centrale from South Africa and Australia (which stock came from South Africa in 1934) in protecting against three virulent field isolates from clinical Anaplasma marginale infections. In addition, field observations were made on the use of a vaccine, prepared from the Australian stock, in over 9553 cattle of mixed age and breeds on 16 co-operator farms and at one communal dip. The results of the pen trials indicated that the two vaccine stocks were comparable and that neither provided adequate protection against two of the three isolates of A. marginale. The field observations indicated that the vaccine was highly infective and produced mild reactions in most recipient cattle, and that users were generally satisfied with the vaccine. These somewhat conflicting results are discussed in the context of observations in Australia and future vaccination against anaplasmosis in Zimbabwe.The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 600dpi. Adobe Acrobat X Pro was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format.Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zimbabwe. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Australia.mn201

New insights into the genetic etiology of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias

Characterization of the genetic landscape of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias (ADD) provides a unique opportunity for a better understanding of the associated pathophysiological processes. We performed a two-stage genome-wide association study totaling 111,326 clinically diagnosed/'proxy' AD cases and 677,663 controls. We found 75 risk loci, of which 42 were new at the time of analysis. Pathway enrichment analyses confirmed the involvement of amyloid/tau pathways and highlighted microglia implication. Gene prioritization in the new loci identified 31 genes that were suggestive of new genetically associated processes, including the tumor necrosis factor alpha pathway through the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex. We also built a new genetic risk score associated with the risk of future AD/dementia or progression from mild cognitive impairment to AD/dementia. The improvement in prediction led to a 1.6- to 1.9-fold increase in AD risk from the lowest to the highest decile, in addition to effects of age and the APOE ε4 allele

Observations on the use of Anaplasma centrale for immunization of cattle against anaplasmosis in Zimbabwe

The efficacy of vaccine containing A. centrale against 3 Zimbabwean isolates of A. marginale was evaluated between November 1994 and June 1996. 93 cattle were used in 3 pen trials and 9553 cattle from 16 farms in a field trial. A. centrale stocks used for vaccination of cattle in pen trials were imported from South Africa and from Australia. The vaccine used in the field trial was of Australian origin. The results of pen trials indicated that 2 vaccine stocks were comparable and that neither provided adequate protection against challenge with 2 of 3 A. marginale isolates. The field observations indicated that the vaccine had high antigenicity and produced mild reactions in post-vaccination period. The users were generally satisfied with the cost and efficacy of the vaccine. However, 3 unconfirmed cases of death caused by anaplasmosis were reported on 1 farm 12 months after last vaccination. It is suggested that the use of A. centrale vaccine is justifiable until more effective alternative becomes available