Pré-concentração em linha para a determinação simultânea de ácidos carboxílicos de baixo peso molecular e ânions inorgânicos em amostras de rios da Amazônia empregando cromatografia de íons com detecção por condutividade elétrica

An ion chromatography procedure, employing an IonPac AC15 concentrator column was used to investigate on line preconcentration for the simultaneous determination of inorganic anions and organic acids in river water. Twelve organic acids and nine inorganic anions were separated without any interference from other compounds and carry-over problems between samples. The injection loop was replaced by a Dionex AC15 concentrator column. The proposed procedure employed an auto-sampler that injected 1.5 ml of sample into a KOH mobile phase, generated by an Eluent Generator, at 1.5 mL min-1, which carried the sample to the chromatographic columns (one guard column, model AG-15, and one analytical column, model AS15, with 250 x 4mm i.d.). The gradient elution concentrations consisted of a 10.0 mmol l-1 KOH solution from 0 to 6.5 min, gradually increased to 45.0 mmol l-1 KOH at 21 min., and immediatelly returned and maintained at the initial concentrations until 24 min. of total run. The compounds were eluted and transported to an electro-conductivity detection cell that was attached to an electrochemical detector. The advantage of using concentrator column was the capability of performing routine simultaneous determinations for ions from 0.01 to 1.0 mg l-1 organic acids (acetate, propionic acid, formic acid, butyric acid, glycolic acid, pyruvate, tartaric acid, phthalic acid, methanesulfonic acid, valeric acid, maleic acid, oxalic acid, chlorate and citric acid) and 0.01 to 5.0 mg l-1 inorganic anions (fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, bromide, sulfate and phosphate), without extensive sample pretreatment and with an analysis time of only 24 minutes.A metodologia analítica foi desenvolvida empregando coluna pré-concentradora AC15 em linha na cromatografia iônica na determinação simultânea de ânions orgânicos e inorgânicos, com uso de coluna de guarda AG15 e analítica AS15, 250 x 4 mm i.d. (Dionex Corp.). O gradiente de concentração do eluente foi fixo em 10,0 mmol.l-1 KOH nos tempos de retenção de 0 até 6,5 min, seguido do aumento da concentração até 45,0 mmol.l-1 KOH a 21 min, imediatamente retornando e mantendo a concentração inicial até o tempo total de análise de 24 min. Os compostos foram separados com boa resolução e deslocados para uma cela de detecção de condutividade elétrica acoplada a um detector eletroquímico. O emprego da coluna pré-concentradora em linha apresentou vantagens analíticas na determinação de rotina dos íons na faixa linear de 0,01 até 1,0 mg l-1 (r=0,9989) de ácidos orgânicos (acético, propiônico, fórmico, butírico, glicólico, pirúvico, tartárico, ftálico, metanossulfônico, valérico, maleico, oxálico e cítrico) e 0,01 até 5,0 mg.l-1 (r=0,9987) de ânions inorgânicos (fluoreto, cloreto, nitrito, brometo, nitrato, sulfato, clorato e fosfato) sem pré-tratamento da amostra. Um tempo de análise de 24 min e limite de detecção de 5 µ.l-1 foram obtidos para os ânions orgânicos ácido ácetico, ácido fórmico, ácido butírico, ácido glicólico, ácido valérico, ácido cítrico e de 10 µg.l-1 para ácido propiônico, piruvato, ácido tartárico, ácido ftálico, ácido metasulfônico e ácido maleico. Para os ânions inorgânicos 2 µg.l-1 de fluoreto, cloreto, nitrato, brometo, sulfato e 10 µg.l-1 de clorato, nitrito e fosfato foram estimados, segundo metodologia sugerida por IUPAC.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)The Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazoni

Desempenho de sementes de soja (Glycine max) tratadas com fungicida isolado e combinado à inseticida e fertilizante

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação)A soja é uma cultura de grande importância econômica para o Brasil, sendo a principal cultura do agronegócio brasileiro e a produtividade da cultura é dependente de diversos fatores que variam desde a um bom preparo do solo, a semeadura na época adequada, a utilização correta de fungicidas e inseticidas, um bom tratamento de sementes associadas à utilização de sementes de boa qualidade. A utilização de tratamentos de sementes tem a finalidade de permitir a germinação, controlar patógenos transmitidos pela semente e proteger as sementes de ataques de fungos e pragas de início de cultivo, além de oferecer uma redução no custo da lavoura. Por este motivo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de cultivares de soja associadas a fungicida isolado e combinado à inseticida e fertilizante. O experimento foi realizado nos canteiros da empresa Protec Produtos Agrícolas LTDA, localizada na cidade de Uberlândia–MG, no período de outubro a novembro de 2019. O experimento foi conduzido em esquema fatorial 3X3, sendo o primeiro caracterizado por cultivares de sementes de soja (CD2728IPRO (Brevant), AS3680IPRO (Agroeste) e DS6217IPRO (Brevant). Os tratamentos químicos de sementes foram: Testemunha, fungicida a base de Tiofanatometilico+Fluazinam isolado e Tiofanatometilico+Fluazinam combinado com inseticida a base de Fipronil e um fertilizante a base de Fósforo=12%, Potássio=2,5%, Molibdênio=2,5%, Boro=1,6%, Cobalto=0,5%, Zinco=0,7%, Nitrogênio=4,0%, Cálcio=2,5%. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em quatro repetições analisadas em delineamento de blocos casualizados. A utilização do tratamento completo da semente, apresentou um melhor comprimento de raiz principal em comparação ao tratamento apenas com o fungicida isolado, e o fungicida isolado ainda foi melhor que a semente sem tratamento. Quanto ao vigor, germinação e comprimento de parte aérea, os tratamentos químicos não influenciaram no desempenho das cultivares

Simplificação do indice periodontal de Russell atraves do exame de seis dentes

Tese (livre-docencia) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de PiracicabaResumo: Não informadoAbstract: Not informedLivre DocênciaLivre-Docente em Odontologi

A CD25− Positive Population of Activated B1 Cells Expresses LIFR and Responds to LIF

B1 B cells defend against infectious microorganisms by spontaneous secretion of broadly reactive “natural” immunoglobulin that appears in the absence of immunization. Among many distinguishing characteristics, B1 B cells display evidence of activation that includes phosphorylated STAT3. In order to identify the origin of pSTAT3 we examined interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) expression on B1 cells. We found that some (about 1/5) B1a cells express the IL-2R α chain, CD25. Although lacking CD122 and unresponsive to IL-2, B1a cells marked by CD25 express increased levels of activated signaling intermediates, interruption of which results in diminished CD25. Further, CD25+ B1a cells contain most of the pSTAT3 found in the B1a population as a whole. Moreover, CD25+ B1a cells express leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR), and respond to LIF by upregulating pSTAT3. Together, these results define a new subset of B1a cells that is marked by activation-dependent CD25 expression, expresses substantial amounts of activated STAT3, and contains a functional LIFR

Regulation of immunity during visceral Leishmania infection

Unicellular eukaryotes of the genus Leishmania are collectively responsible for a heterogeneous group of diseases known as leishmaniasis. The visceral form of leishmaniasis, caused by L. donovani or L. infantum, is a devastating condition, claiming 20,000 to 40,000 lives annually, with particular incidence in some of the poorest regions of the world. Immunity to Leishmania depends on the development of protective type I immune responses capable of activating infected phagocytes to kill intracellular amastigotes. However, despite the induction of protective responses, disease progresses due to a multitude of factors that impede an optimal response. These include the action of suppressive cytokines, exhaustion of specific T cells, loss of lymphoid tissue architecture and a defective humoral response. We will review how these responses are orchestrated during the course of infection, including both early and chronic stages, focusing on the spleen and the liver, which are the main target organs of visceral Leishmania in the host. A comprehensive understanding of the immune events that occur during visceral Leishmania infection is crucial for the implementation of immunotherapeutic approaches that complement the current anti-Leishmania chemotherapy and the development of effective vaccines to prevent disease.The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement No.602773 (Project KINDRED). VR is supported by a post-doctoral fellowship granted by the KINDReD consortium. RS thanks the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for an Investigator Grant (IF/00021/2014). This work was supported by grants to JE from ANR (LEISH-APO, France), Partenariat Hubert Curien (PHC) (program Volubilis, MA/11/262). JE acknowledges the support of the Canada Research Chair Program

Irf4 is a positional and functional candidate gene for the control of serum IgM levels in the mouse

Natural IgM are involved in numerous immunological functions but the genetic factors that control the homeostasis of its secretion and upholding remain unknown. Prompted by the finding that C57BL/6 mice had significantly lower serum levels of IgM when compared with BALB/c mice, we performed a genome-wide screen and found that the level of serum IgM was controlled by a QTL on chromosome 13 reaching the highest level of association at marker D13Mit266 (LOD score¼3.54). This locus was named IgMSC1 and covered a region encompassing the interferon-regulatory factor 4 gene (Irf4). The number of splenic mature B cells in C57BL/6 did not differ from BALB/c mice but we found that low serum levels of IgM in C57BL/6 mice correlated with lower frequency of IgM-secreting cells in the spleen and in the peritoneal cavity. These results suggested that C57BL/6 mice have lower efficiency in late B-cell maturation, a process that is highly impaired in Irf4 knockout mice. In fact, we also found reduced Irf4 gene expression in B cells of C57BL/6 mice. Thus, we propose Irf4 as a candidate for the IgMSC1 locus, which controls IgM homeostatic levels at the level of B-cell terminal differentiation

Manejo analgésico do paciente queimado: uma revisão da literatura

Este artigo buscou investigar a produção científica a respeito do manejo analgésico de pacientes queimados, através de fármacos mais eficientes, visto que o manuseio da dor se tem demonstrado como um desafio para a equipe de cuidados de saúde. As queimaduras podem ocasionar complicações sistêmicas graves como insuficiência renal, hipotermia, Síndrome da Resposta Inflamatória Sistêmica (SIRS) e a dor, que podem afetar de forma negativa na recuperação do paciente. O controle ineficaz da dor pode gerar, ainda, problemas clínicos, sociais e psicológicos. Por isso, a anestesia e a sedação são consideradas componentes fulcrais nos cuidados dos queimados, contribuindo para uma melhor recuperação intra-hospitalar. Medicamentos como os opióides, os Anti-inflamatórios Não Esteroidais (AINES), os corticóides, os anestésicos e os benzodiazepínicos podem ser utilizados a fim de amenizar a dor e os distúrbios causados pelas queimaduras, de modo a evidenciar suas indicações e contraindicações. A nutrição apropriada do queimado durante o processo de cura é fundamental para a realização correta dos procedimentos hospitalares. Os métodos não farmacológicos como a aromaterapia e a musicoterapia podem, também, auxiliar os pacientes em resultados positivos. Desse modo, a utilização dos fármacos e de medidas não farmacológicas para o tratamento da dor tem-se demonstrado eficazes, sendo necessária sua utilização respeitando a individualidade de cada paciente

IgA and Differentiation-associated Transcription Factors in Chronic Otitis Media with Effusion

ObjectivesInadequate antibody responses to pathogens may lead to the recurrence of otitis media with effusion (OME). Although B-cell production by antibodies is controlled by transcription factors, the status of these factors has not been assessed in patients with OME.MethodsExpression of immunoglobulin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of transcription factors Bcl-6, Blimp-1, Pax-5, and XBP-1 was assessed by RT-PCR in the middle-ear fluid of 29 children with >4 OME episodes in 12 months or >3 episodes in 6 months (the OME-prone group) and in 32 children with <3 OME episodes in 12 months (OME group). The relationship between recurrence of OME and expression levels of immunoglobulins and transcription factors in middle-ear fluid was determined.ResultsThe concentration of IgA in middle-ear fluid was significantly lower in the OME-prone than in the OME group, as was the expression of mRNA encoding the transcription factors Blimp-1 and XBP-1 (P<0.05 each). Expression of mRNA encoding the transcription factors Bcl-6 and Pax-5 was more intense in the OME-prone than in the OME group, but these differences were not significant (P>0.05).ConclusionLower concentrations of IgA, Blimp-1 and XBP-1 in middle ear fluid of patients with OME may be related to OME recurrence and chronicity

DIMINISHED HAND GRIP STRENGTH AND CIRRHOSIS: PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS

ABSTRACT Background: Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by progressive and generalized loss of muscle mass and strength, observed to varying degrees in patients with various chronic conditions. In cirrhotic patients, it reflects protein-energy malnutrition due to metabolic protein imbalance and is associated with worsened prognosis and reduced post-liver transplantation survival. Objective: To evaluate the epidemiological distribution of diminished hand grip (HG) strength in cirrhotic patients at an outpatient clinic of Santa Casa de Misericórdia in Vitória-ES, Brazil, seeking its association with liver function and cirrhosis complications. Methods: Cross-sectional, epidemiological, and single-center study. A questionnaire was administered to patients and HG strength was measured using a dynamometer, with three interval measures taken for 3 seconds each. Results: The study’s total population was 64 cirrhotic patients, with a mean age of 58 years and alcohol as the most prevalent etiology. Reduced HG strength was defined based on two reference values: using cutoff point 1, reduced HG strength was identified in 33 patients (51.6%); according to cutoff point 2, 23 (35.9%) had reduced HG strength. The study showed that, among the parameters observed, there was an association between the female gender and diminished HG strength in both cutoff points. Additionally, it was noted that patients with a score of 15 or more on the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) had decreased HG strength at cutoff point 2. The study showed no association between decreased HG strength and the occurrence of cirrhosis complications in the population studied. Conclusion: In our study, we obtained a diminished HG strength variation of 35-52%, which was related to higher MELD scores, suggesting an association with worse clinical outcomes. Therefore, the presence of reduced muscle strength in cirrhotic patients may be linked to prognostic factors and should be valued as clinical data in the management of these patients