Ampliando a brecha: A desigualdade na distribuição de recursos para a educação científica nos níveis K-12

Inequalities in educational opportunity are well documented. Regardless of the nature of the disadvantage—low income, underrepresented minority status, or prior achievement—students from backgrounds associated with a given disadvantage have less access to educational opportunities. In this article, we use data from the 2012 National Survey of Science and Mathematics Education to explore how resources are allocated for science instruction specifically. We focus on how three kinds of resources—well-prepared teachers, material resources, and instruction itself—are allocated to classes that are homogeneously grouped by prior achievement level. Regardless of the resource, we find that classes of students with low prior achievement (as perceived by their teachers) have less access. Some of the differences are striking, particularly regarding access to material resources, while others are more subtle. There is also evidence that some policies do not impact teachers equally. For example, time allowed for teacher professional development is perceived differently by teachers in terms of its impact depending on the achievement level of students in the class. The study supports the assertion that what is known about ability grouping in general applies in science instruction specifically. When students with low prior achievement are grouped together, their classes have less access to critical resources for science learning opportunities, potentially widening the gap between them and their higher-achieving peers.Las desigualdades en las oportunidades educativas están bien documentadas. Independientemente de la naturaleza de la desventaja -- baja renta, condición de minoría subrepresentada, o de logros anteriores-- estudiantes asociados con alguna condición de desventaja tienen menos acceso a oportunidades educativas. En este artículo, utilizamos datos de la Encuesta Nacional  de Ciencia y Educación Matemática de 2012 para explorar cómo se asignan los recursos para la enseñanza de las ciencias. Nos centramos en cómo tres tipos de recursos -maestros bien preparados, recursos materiales, y la instrucción en sí, se asignan a las clases que se agrupan homogéneamente por nivel de logro anterior. Independientemente del recurso, nos encontramos con que las clases de estudiantes con bajo rendimiento previo (según la percepción de sus maestros) tienen menos acceso. Algunas de las diferencias son sorprendentes, sobre todo con respecto al acceso a los recursos materiales, mientras que otras son más sutiles. También hay evidencia de que algunas políticas no afectan a los docentes por igual. Por ejemplo, el tiempo permitido para el desarrollo profesional de los docentes que se percibe de manera diferente por los profesores en términos de su impacto en función del nivel de logro de los estudiantes en la clase. El estudio apoya la afirmación de que lo que se sabe acerca de la capacidad de agrupación en general se aplica en la enseñanza de la ciencia en particular. Cuando los estudiantes con bajo rendimiento son agrupados, sus clases tienen menos acceso a los recursos críticos para ampliar las oportunidades de aprendizaje de ciencias, lo que podría incrementar la brecha entre ellos y sus compañeros de mayores logros educativos.As desigualdades de oportunidades educacionais estão bem documentadas. Independentemente da natureza da desvantagem - baixa renda, status de minoria sub-representada ou resultados anteriores - estudantes associados a uma condição de desvantagem têm menos acesso a oportunidades educacionais. Neste artigo, usamos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Ciência e Educação Matemática de 2012 para explorar a forma como os recursos são alocados para a educação científica. Nós nos concentramos em três tipos de- recursos --professores bem preparados, recursos materiais, e da própria instrução, e como são atribuídos a classes agrupados por nível de resultados anteriores. Independentemente da aplicação, verificamos que as turmas de alunos com baixo aproveitamento anterior (pela percepção dos professores) têm menos acesso. Algumas das diferenças são marcantes, especialmente no que diz respeito ao acesso a recursos materiais, enquanto outros são mais sutis. Há também evidências de que algumas políticas não afetam docentes da mesma maneira. Por exemplo, o tempo permitido para o desenvolvimento profissional de professores é percebido de forma diferente pelos professores em termos do seu impacto sobre o nível de desempenho do aluno na sala de aula. O estudo apoia o que se sabe geralmente sobre as politicas de agrupamento aplicado no ensino da ciência em particular. Quando os alunos de baixo desempenho são agrupados, suas aulas têm menos acesso a recursos essenciais para aumentar as oportunidades de aprendizagem das ciências, o que poderia aumentar a distância entre eles e os seus pares mais alto nível de instrução

Behavioral Management of Auditory Hallucinations: Implementation and Evaluation of a 10-Week Course

A 10-session behavioral course for self-management of auditory hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia has demonstrated positive outcomes. This article evaluates both the course’s implementation and benefits to patients attending the course. Teleconferencing, electronic media, and 26 monthly conference calls were used to educate six advanced practice nurses (APNs) at six sites about the course implementation. Thirty-two patients within the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs participated in the course. All of the APNs reported course helpfulness, improved communication with patients about voices, and improved harm assessment. Of the patients, 96% found the course helpful: 67% no longer heard voices to harm self or others, and 60% had improved auditory hallucination intensity scores. The project demonstrated successful implementation and practice integration with APNs’ activities corresponding to Rogers’ stages of innovation adoption. Facilitators and barriers to implementation are also described

The effect of professional development on elementary science teachers’ understanding, confidence, and classroom implementation of reform‐based science instruction

Through a randomized controlled trial, this mixed‐methods study evaluated changes in elementary science teachers’ understandings, confidence, and classroom implementation of problem‐based learning (PBL), inquiry, and nature of science (NOS) instruction following participation in a professional development (PD) as well as the components of the PD that teachers perceived facilitated these changes. Results indicated that following the PD, treatment teacher (n = 139) understandings of and confidence for teaching inquiry, NOS, and PBL were significantly greater than control teachers (n = 98) after controlling for preunderstandings and confidence. The effect sizes were large. Treatment teachers also incorporated significantly more PBL, inquiry, and NOS into their instruction. Modeling, microteaching with feedback and reflection, and in‐classroom coaching facilitated teachers’ confidence, understanding, and intention to implement the reform‐based practices they learned. Implications for the understanding of the relationship between knowledge, confidence, and practice as well as elementary science teacher PD design are discussed

Systematic review on quality control for drug management programs: Is quality reported in the literature?

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Maintaining quality of care while managing limited healthcare resources is an ongoing challenge in healthcare. The objective of this study was to evaluate how the impact of drug management programs is reported in the literature and to identify potentially existing quality standards.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This analysis relates to the published research on the impact of drug management on economic, clinical, or humanistic outcomes in managed care, indemnity insurance, VA, or Medicaid in the USA published between 1996 and 2007. Included articles were systematically analyzed for study objective, study endpoints, and drug management type. They were further categorized by drug management tool, primary objective, and study endpoints.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>None of the 76 included publications assessed the overall quality of drug management tools. The impact of 9 different drug management tools used alone or in combination was studied in pharmacy claims, medical claims, electronic medical records or survey data from either patient, plan or provider perspective using an average of 2.1 of 11 possible endpoints. A total of 68% of the studies reported the impact on plan focused endpoints, while the clinical, the patient or the provider perspective were studied to a much lower degree (45%, 42% and 12% of the studies). Health outcomes were only accounted for in 9.2% of the studies.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Comprehensive assessment of quality considering plan, patient and clinical outcomes is not yet applied. There is no defined quality standard. Benchmarks including health outcomes should be determined and used to improve the overall clinical and economic effectiveness of drug management programs.</p

Behavioral Management of Auditory Hallucinations: Implementation and Evaluation of a 10-Week Course

A 10-session behavioral course for self-management of auditory hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia has demonstrated positive outcomes. This article evaluates both the course’s implementation and benefits to patients attending the course. Teleconferencing, electronic media, and 26 monthly conference calls were used to educate six advanced practice nurses (APNs) at six sites about the course implementation. Thirty-two patients within the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs participated in the course. All of the APNs reported course helpfulness, improved communication with patients about voices, and improved harm assessment. Of the patients, 96% found the course helpful: 67% no longer heard voices to harm self or others, and 60% had improved auditory hallucination intensity scores. The project demonstrated successful implementation and practice integration with APNs’ activities corresponding to Rogers’ stages of innovation adoption. Facilitators and barriers to implementation are also described