Sistema adaptativo de prevención de intrusos mediante Honeypots

No cabe duda que, en la actualidad, la seguridad informática es un aspecto que preocupa a millones de usuarios de la red, bien sea para mantener la confidencialidad de su información, su integridad o su disponibilidad. Los Honeypots son herramientas que permiten recopilar y analizar información sobre las diferentes amenazas que sufren los sistemas durante todo su ciclo de vida. Para conseguir esta información simulan pequeños sistemas informáticos vulnerables que serán un blanco fácil para los atacantes. Si bien estas herramientas llevan utilizándose durante años, el tratamiento de los datos que pueden recabar se encuentra en una fase inicial ya que no se realiza un análisis profundo de éstos y no se emplean para impedir ataques futuros. Esta investigación se centra en analizar y estudiar los ataques de los Honeypots instalados para la creación automática y dinámica de reglas que permitan mejorar la seguridad en nuestro sistema informático. Previamente, se realiza un estudio de los Honeypots del que se extraen tres objetivos bien diferenciados. El primero es el estudio de las herramientas de Honeypot utilizadas en la actualidad en una distribución de máquina virtual. En segundo lugar, se pretende recolectar información de una serie de Honeypots instalados en la UAM para este propósito. En tercer lugar, se realizará una transformación de la información recogida por los Honeypots ubicados en la red anteriormente mencionada, en las reglas de bloqueo que se añadirán al sistema con el fin de mejorar su seguridad. Para llevar a cabo este proyecto y poder alcanzar los objetivos marcados se ha creado una infraestructura que recoge información de los ataques sufridos por los Honeypots para su posterior procesamiento. Este programa, ‘HoneyPRules.py’, utiliza los Honeypots para la creación de reglas de bloqueo de una forma automática y dinámica utilizando Iptables. Este programa permite la interactuación entre la infraestructura y un usuario final de una forma sencilla e intuitiva, posibilitando que el usuario pueda crear una configuración personalizada de las reglas de su sistema. De esta investigación se desprende que las reglas creadas e incorporadas al sistema por la infraestructura son efectivas. Por ello, hacen que la seguridad de éste aumente debido a que los Honeypots de la infraestructura, al estar continuamente expuestos a ataques, detecten direcciones altamente peligrosas de una forma más rápida, pudiendo así proteger al sistema antes de ser atacado.There is no doubt that computer security, nowadays, is an issue of concern to millions of network users, either to maintain the confidentiality of their information, integrity or availability. Honeypots are tools to collect and analyze information about the various threats to systems throughout their life cycle. To get this information Honeypots simulate small vulnerable computer systems that will be an easy target for attackers. Although these tools have been used for many years, the treatment of the data collected by them is at an early stage since no in-depth-analysis has been made by in order to prevent future attacks. This research focuses on analyzing and studying the attacks on the installed Honeypots for automatic and dynamic creation of rules to improve safety in our computer system. We can extract three distinct objectives from a previous research of the Honeypots. The first of them is the study of honeypot tools currently used in the virtual machines. Secondly, it aims at the collection information from different installed Honeypots at UAM for this purpose. Thirdly, a transformation of the information collected, located in the aforementioned network, to create blocking rules to will be added to the system in order to improve their security. To carry out this project and to achieve the objectives, an infrastructure has been created in order to collect information from the attacks on the Honeypots for further processing. This program, 'HoneyPRules.py', uses the Honeypots to create automatic and dynamic locking rules using Iptables. This program allows the interaction between the infrastructure and an end user in a simple and intuitive way, enabling the user to create a custom configuration of his/her system rules. This investigation shows that the created rules which were incorporated into the system by the infrastructure are effective. Therefore, they increase the security because the Honeypots installed in the infrastructure are constantly exposed to attacks, detecting highly dangerous addresses more quickly, which can protect the system before being attacked

Homozygous deletion of exons 2 and 3 of NPC2 associated with Niemann–Pick disease type C

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134235/1/ajmga37794.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134235/2/ajmga37794-sup-0001-SuppData-S1.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134235/3/ajmga37794_am.pd

Targeted next-generation sequencing in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome : mutations in multiple glomerular genes may influence disease severity

Altres ajuts: Fundación Renal Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo (FRIAT)Genetic diagnosis of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) using Sanger sequencing is complicated by the high genetic heterogeneity and phenotypic variability of this disease. We aimed to improve the genetic diagnosis of SRNS by simultaneously sequencing 26 glomerular genes using massive parallel sequencing and to study whether mutations in multiple genes increase disease severity. High-throughput mutation analysis was performed in 50 SRNS and/or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) patients, a validation cohort of 25 patients with known pathogenic mutations, and a discovery cohort of 25 uncharacterized patients with probable genetic etiology. In the validation cohort, we identified the 42 previously known pathogenic mutations across NPHS1, NPHS2, WT1, TRPC6, and INF2 genes. In the discovery cohort, disease-causing mutations in SRNS/FSGS genes were found in nine patients. We detected three patients with mutations in an SRNS/FSGS gene and COL4A3. Two of them were familial cases and presented a more severe phenotype than family members with mutation in only one gene. In conclusion, our results show that massive parallel sequencing is feasible and robust for genetic diagnosis of SRNS/FSGS. Our results indicate that patients carrying mutations in an SRNS/FSGS gene and also in COL4A3 gene have increased disease severity

The evolution of the ventilatory ratio is a prognostic factor in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 ARDS patients

Background: Mortality due to COVID-19 is high, especially in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. The purpose of the study is to investigate associations between mortality and variables measured during the first three days of mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19 intubated at ICU admission. Methods: Multicenter, observational, cohort study includes consecutive patients with COVID-19 admitted to 44 Spanish ICUs between February 25 and July 31, 2020, who required intubation at ICU admission and mechanical ventilation for more than three days. We collected demographic and clinical data prior to admission; information about clinical evolution at days 1 and 3 of mechanical ventilation; and outcomes. Results: Of the 2,095 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU, 1,118 (53.3%) were intubated at day 1 and remained under mechanical ventilation at day three. From days 1 to 3, PaO2/FiO2 increased from 115.6 [80.0-171.2] to 180.0 [135.4-227.9] mmHg and the ventilatory ratio from 1.73 [1.33-2.25] to 1.96 [1.61-2.40]. In-hospital mortality was 38.7%. A higher increase between ICU admission and day 3 in the ventilatory ratio (OR 1.04 [CI 1.01-1.07], p = 0.030) and creatinine levels (OR 1.05 [CI 1.01-1.09], p = 0.005) and a lower increase in platelet counts (OR 0.96 [CI 0.93-1.00], p = 0.037) were independently associated with a higher risk of death. No association between mortality and the PaO2/FiO2 variation was observed (OR 0.99 [CI 0.95 to 1.02], p = 0.47). Conclusions: Higher ventilatory ratio and its increase at day 3 is associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19 receiving mechanical ventilation at ICU admission. No association was found in the PaO2/FiO2 variation

Mutations in DCHS1 Cause Mitral Valve Prolapse

SUMMARY Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common cardiac valve disease that affects nearly 1 in 40 individuals1–3. It can manifest as mitral regurgitation and is the leading indication for mitral valve surgery4,5. Despite a clear heritable component, the genetic etiology leading to non-syndromic MVP has remained elusive. Four affected individuals from a large multigenerational family segregating non-syndromic MVP underwent capture sequencing of the linked interval on chromosome 11. We report a missense mutation in the DCHS1 gene, the human homologue of the Drosophila cell polarity gene dachsous (ds) that segregates with MVP in the family. Morpholino knockdown of the zebrafish homolog dachsous1b resulted in a cardiac atrioventricular canal defect that could be rescued by wild-type human DCHS1, but not by DCHS1 mRNA with the familial mutation. Further genetic studies identified two additional families in which a second deleterious DCHS1 mutation segregates with MVP. Both DCHS1 mutations reduce protein stability as demonstrated in zebrafish, cultured cells, and, notably, in mitral valve interstitial cells (MVICs) obtained during mitral valve repair surgery of a proband. Dchs1+/− mice had prolapse of thickened mitral leaflets, which could be traced back to developmental errors in valve morphogenesis. DCHS1 deficiency in MVP patient MVICs as well as in Dchs1+/− mouse MVICs result in altered migration and cellular patterning, supporting these processes as etiological underpinnings for the disease. Understanding the role of DCHS1 in mitral valve development and MVP pathogenesis holds potential for therapeutic insights for this very common disease

The role of non-coding RNAs in haemoglobin regulation

Non-coding RNAs appear to play a role in gene regulation by modulating chromatin structure. There is mounting evidence suggesting an essential role for non-coding RNAs in the complex process of the genetic regulation of the β-globin locus. Preliminary observations indicate that the BGL3 non-coding transcript may be involved in an RNA-protein interaction and may be interacting with chromatin in the β-globin locus as part of a regulatory function within the locus. However, the expression profile of this non-coding transcript has not yet been characterized and nothing is known about its mode of action. Here it is shown that the BGL3 transcript is dynamically up-regulated upon haemin induction of the K562 cell line (a human erythroleukemic cell line). To determine whether there is a correlation between the BGL3 transcript expression and the expression of the γ- and β-globin genes, the levels of the BGL3 transcript in K562 cells were perturbed by knocking it down using the RNA interference pathway. The effect of the knockdown of the BGL3 transcript was tested on the expression levels of the γ- and β-globin genes, which were quantified using qRT-PCR. Our results are the first, to our knowledge, that describe a developmentally regulated expression of the BGL3 non-coding transcript in haemin-induced K562 cells, and provide evidence that suggests that this transcript may be involved in the silencing of the β-globin gene

Mendelian disease gene identification and diagnosis using targeted next generation sequencing

Les tecnologies de seqüenciació de nova generació (NGS) han emergit com a una poderosa eina per al descobriment de mutacions causals i nous gens per a malalties Mendelianes, i estan tenint un ràpid impacte en l’àmbit del diagnòstic genètic. Les tecnologies de NGS es poden utilitzar en combinació amb mètodes d’enriquiment de l’ADN per a seqüenciar en profunditat regions genòmiques diana, com l’exoma o gens associats a malalties, entregant informació genètica d’una manera ràpida, barata i acurada. Aquesta tesi descriu l’aplicació de la NGS dirigida per a identificar un nou gen per a la hipertensió hipercalièmica familiar. També s’explora la traducció clínica de les tecnologies de NGS per a millorar el diagnòstic genètic d’un panell heterogeni de malalties Mendelianes, què inclou la fibrosi quística, hiperfenilalaninèmies i la malaltia renal poliquística autosòmica dominant. Els resultats d’aquesta tesi no només ratifiquen la NGS dirigida com a una potent eina per al descobriment de gens de malalties Mendelianes, sinó què també demostren que aquesta tecnologia està preparada per a substituir els mètodes moleculars tradicionals a l’àmbit de la genètica mèdica.Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies have emerged as a powerful tool for the discovery of causative mutations and novel Mendelian disease genes, and are rapidly impacting genetic diagnostics. NGS technologies can be used in combination with DNA enrichment methods to generate deep sequencing of target genome regions, such as the exome or known disease loci, delivering fast, inexpensive and detailed genetic information. This thesis describes the application of targeted NGS to identify a novel disease gene for familial hyperkalemic hypertension. In addition, it also explores the clinical translation of NGS technologies to the genetic diagnostics of a heterogeneous panel of Mendelian diseases, including cystic fibrosis, hyperphenylalaninemias and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. The results of this thesis do not only ratify targeted NGS as a powerful tool for Mendelian disease gene discovery, but also show that it is ready to substitute traditional molecular methods in medical genetics

Long Noncoding RNAs, Chromatin, and Development

The way in which the genome of a multicellular organism can orchestrate the differentiation of trillions of cells and many organs, all from a single fertilized egg, is the subject of intense study. Different cell types can be defined by the networks of genes they express. This differential expression is regulated at the epigenetic level by chromatin modifications, such as DNA and histone methylation, which interact with structural and enzymatic proteins, resulting in the activation or silencing of any given gene. While detailed mechanisms are emerging on the role of different chromatin modifications and how these functions are effected at the molecular level, it is still unclear how their deposition across the epigenomic landscape is regulated in different cells. A raft of recent evidence is accumulating that implicates long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in these processes. Most genomes studied to date undergo widespread transcription, the majority of which is not translated into proteins. In this review, we will describe recent work suggesting that lncRNAs are more than transcriptional "noise", but instead play a functional role by acting as tethers and guides to bind proteins responsible for modifying chromatin and mediating their deposition at specific genomic locations. We suggest that lncRNAs are at the heart of developmental regulation, determining the epigenetic status and transcriptional network in any given cell type, and that they provide a means to integrate external differentiation cues with dynamic nuclear responses through the regulation of a metastable epigenome. Better characterization of the lncRNA-protein "interactome" may eventually lead to a new molecular toolkit, allowing researchers and clinicians to modulate the genome at the epigenetic level to treat conditions such as cancer

Corn Crops Identification Using Multispectral Images from Unmanned Aircraft Systems

International audienceCorn is cultivated by smallholder farmers in Ancash - Peru and it is one of the most important crops of the region. Climate change and migration from rural to urban areas are affecting agricultural production and therefore, food security. Information about the cultivated extension is needed for the authorities in order to evaluate the impact in the region. The present study proposes corn areas segmentation in multi-spectral images acquired from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), using convolutional neural networks. U-net and U-net using VGG11 encoder were compared using dice and IoU coefficient as metrics. Results show that with the second model, 81.5% dice coefficient can be obtained in this challenging task, allowing envisaging an effective and efficient use of this technology, in this hard context