A Five-Acre Forest Survey at Shades State Park (Indiana). A Study of Sampling Methods

Various methods have been used to represent the vegetation of a given area on the printed page. In dealing with an area as vast as a forest, only a representative sample of the entire vegetation can be studied conveniently. Therefore sampling methods used must be extensive enough to include at least all the important species in the woods that would be included if the entire forest could be tabulated. A sampling method would show with reasonable accuracy a representation of the number of species present, abundance, stem sizes, and the regularity of their distribution.It is the purpose of this paper to give what is believed to be the first percentage composition data of the Shades State Park forest and to study and compare the results obtained by using different sampling patterns in the five acre survey

ELECTRON-OPAQUE, LIPID-CONTAINING BODIES IN MOUSE LIVER AT EARLY INTERVALS AFTER PARTIAL HEPATECTOMY AND SHAM OPERATION

The appearance and distribution of electron-opaque, lipid-containing bodies have been studied in liver of adult male mice of the C3H strain. The mice were either partially hepatectomized or sham-operated, and the liver was fixed in Veronal acetate-buffered 2 per cent osmium tetroxide at various postoperative intervals (10, 20, 40, 60, and 120 minutes). Normal, non-operated mice served as controls. As early as 10 minutes after both sham operation and partial hepatectomy, lipid-containing bodies have been observed, not only in the cytoplasm of hepatic parenchymal cells, but also in the space of Disse. At the very early postoperative intervals studied, minute lipid bodies are repeatedly found to be more numerous in the space of Disse than at later intervals. It is suggested that the lipid-containing bodies enter the parenchymal cell from the circulation. At the cell membrane, numerous invaginations, each containing a lipid body, have been observed; this suggests that the lipid bodies enter the hepatic parenchymal cells by the process of pinocytosis.The fact that only hepatic parenchymal cells contain the lipid bodies, whereas von Kupffer, endothelial lining, and Ito's fat-storing cells do not, may indicate a specific lipid mobilization response on the part of the cells of the hepatic parenchyma

A FINE STRUCTURE STUDY OF LIPID IN MOUSE LIVER REGENERATING AFTER PARTIAL HEPATECTOMY

The fine structure of liver 3½ to 72 hours after partial hepatectomy has been compared with that of liver from sham-operated animals; all animals were 60- to 90-day old male mice of the C3H strain. Numerous small bodies with diameters ranging from 300 to 1,000 A have been observed distributed randomly throughout the cytoplasm of the hepatic parenchymal cells at early intervals after partial hepatectomy. In material fixed in osmium tetroxide and embedded in methacrylate, they appear as uniformly electron-opaque bodies, but in permanganate-fixed liver, they display only a peripheral rim of electron-opaque material surrounding a clear core. Each of these cytoplasmic bodies appears to be located within a vesicle. A few of the opaque bodies are also present in sinusoids and in the spaces of Disse; these bodies are not located within vesicular structures. Fat droplets of various sizes are easily distinguished in regenerating liver; with the increase in number of these fat droplets at later postoperative intervals, there occurs a concomitant decrease in the number of cytoplasmic bodies. It is suggested that the cytoplasmic bodies contain some lipid component. Possible explanations of the origin, nature, and fate of the cytoplasmic bodies are discussed

ELECTRON-OPAQUE BODIES AND FAT DROPLETS IN MOUSE LIVER AFTER FASTING OR GLUCOSE INJECTION

Fasting produces an increased mobilization of lipid from adipose tissue to the liver and a decreased hepatic lipogenesis, but the administration of glucose stimulates lipid synthesis by the liver. After fasting of C3H mice numerous electron-opaque bodies and large lipid droplets were present in the liver. In the liver of untreated controls only a few small electron-opaque bodies and an occasional fat droplet were observed. After glucose injection the number of electron-opaque bodies in the liver was no greater than that observed in livers of saline-injected controls. In the livers of all groups these bodies were located intracellularly within cytoplasmic vesicles; those in extracellular locations were not membrane bounded and were located at indented and thickened hepatocyte plasma membranes or within the space of Disse. In fasted liver the dense bodies were often associated with large fat droplets

Sulfur amino acid requirement of the growing pig

A growth trial and a nitrogen retention trial were conducted to determine the sulfur amino acid requirement of the growing pig. Adding 0.10% DL-methionine to a 14.1% protein basal diet containing 0.21% sulfur amino acids significantly (P\u3c.05) increased daily gain and nitrogen retention. Further additions gave no beneficial effect, indicating that the sulfur amino acid requirement had been met by the initial addition of DL-methionine. Thus, the sulfur amino acid requirement of the growing pig fed a 14.1% protein diet does not exceed 0.31% of the diet.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 14, 197

Structure and optical properties of high light output halide scintillators

Structural and optical properties of several high light output halide scintillators and closely related materials are presented based on first principles calculations. The optical properties are based on the Engel-Vosko generalized gradient approximation and the recently developed density functional of Tran and Blaha. The materials investigated are BaBr$_2$, BaIBr, BaCl$_2$, BaF$_2$, BaI$_2$, BiI$_3$, CaI$_2$, Cs$_2LiYCl$_6$, CsBa$_2$Br$_5$, CsBa$_2$I$_5$, K$_2$LaBr$_5$, K$_2$LaCl$_5$,K$_2$LaI$_5$, LaBr$_3$, LaCl$_3$, SrBr$_2$, and YI$_3$. For comparison results are presented for the oxide CdWO$_4$. We find that the Tran Blaha functional gives greatly improved band gaps and optical properties in this class of materials. Furthermore, we find that unlike CdWO$_4$, most of these halides are highly isotropic from an optical point of view even though in many cases the crystal structures and other properties are not. This general result is rationalized in terms of halide chemistry. Implications for the development of ceramic halide scintillators are discussed

Reaching older people with PA delivered in football clubs: the reach, adoption and implementation characteristics of the Extra Time Programme.

Background Older adults (OA) represent a core priority group for physical activity and Public Health policy. As a result, significant interest is placed on how to optimise adherence to interventions promoting these approaches. Extra Time (ET) is an example of a national programme of physical activity interventions delivered in professional football clubs for OA aged 55+ years. This paper aims to examine the outcomes from ET, and unpick the processes by which these outcomes were achieved. Methods This paper represents a secondary analysis of data collected during the evaluation of ET. From the 985 OA reached by ET, n=486 adopted the programme and completed post-intervention surveys (typically 12 weeks). We also draw on interview data with 18 ET participants, and 7 staff who delivered the programme. Data were subject to thematic analysis to generate overarching and sub themes. Results Of the 486 participants, the majority 95%, (n= 462) were White British and 59.7% (n=290) were female. Most adopters (65.4%/n=318) had not participated in previous interventions in the host clubs. Social interaction was the most frequently reported benefit of participation (77.2%, n=375). While the reach of the club badge was important in letting people know about the programme, further work enhanced adoption and satisfaction. These factors included (i) listening to participants, (ii) delivering a flexible age-appropriate programme of diverse physical and social activities, (iii) offering activities which satisfy energy drives and needs for learning and (iv) extensive opportunities for social engagement. Conclusions Findings emerging from this study indicate that physical activity and health interventions delivered through professional football clubs can be effective for engaging OA

Small-scale, nature-based tourism as a pro-poor development intervention : two examples in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa

Tourism is widely acknowledged as a key economic sector that has the potential to contribute to national and local development and, more specifically, serve as a mechanism to promote poverty alleviation and pro-poor development within a particular locality. In countries of the global South, nature-based tourism initiatives can make a meaningful impact on the livelihoods of the poor, in particular the subsistence based rural poor. Taking two examples in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, where small-scale tourism initiatives were developed recently in response to existing natural attractions in the context of coping with local economic crises, this paper broadly assesses the modest benefits to date, as well as drawbacks, in improving conditions of life

Estimating Pasture Land Cover in the New England Region of Northern New South Wales

Land cover across the southern Australian temperate agricultural region comprises primarily of native pasture, introduced improved pastures and crops for livestock production and also perennial remnant vegetation. A feed-base pasture audit was carried out throughout southern Australia commencing mid-year 2011 (Donald and Burge 2012; Donald et al. 2012). The purpose of the audit was to map and analyse information obtained about the pasture feed-base for livestock production by surveying Statistical Local Areas (SLAs) across the southern states. The purpose of this Feed-Base audit was to survey pastures within agricultural NSW, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and South-Western Australia, collate these data into an organised database, and prepare a short report and summarise by tabulating and mapping pasture species abundance and distribution. Data collected were based on “desk-top estimates” by state district agronomists and agricultural consultants. In this paper a method using satellite imagery is described on how more objective assessments of pasture types can be provided as a means to discriminate between the SLA’s major pasture classes far more objectively than by visual assessment. Satellite remote sensing may be used to define landcover classes for large regional areas. A number of procedures have been developed to discriminate between pastures, crop and woody vegetation (for example Hill et al. 1997, Emelyanova et al. 2008). In the Hill study (Hill et al. 1997) NOAA AVHRR NDVI provided spatial land cover maps of pasture cover at 1 km resolution. The classifications results in that study showed that satellite information may be used to help in the interpretation of pasture survey results, and in turn, the survey data can provide some validation data for the pasture types ascribed to the remotely sensed classes. In this study daily temporal continental scale imagery from 250 m2 resolution TERRA and AQUA satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) composited into weekly continental images provided a means to assess temporal profile of spectral greenness over the growing season