Hemoperitoneo espontáneo secundario a rotura de pseudoquiste pancreático: una causa inusual de muerte inesperada

Presentamos un caso de fallecimiento por hemoperitoneo masivo espontáneo como complicación tardía de un pseudoquiste pancreático de evolución tórpida. Se trata de una causa muy infrecuente de hemoperitoneo espontáneo en la literatura médica. Se describen los hallazgos histopatológicos de erosión de arteria pancreático-duodenal y disección de la pared duodenal.we present a case of death by spontaneous massive hemoperitoneum as a late complication of pancreatic pseudocyst torpid. This is a very rare cause of spontaneous hemoperitoneum in the medical literature. Histopathological findings of pancreaticduodenal erosion and dissection of duodenal artery wall are described

Evolution induced by dry minor mergers onto fast-rotator S0 galaxies

Tapia, Trinidad et al.[Context] Numerical studies have shown that the properties of the S0 galaxies with kinematics intermediate between fast and slow rotators are difficult to explain by a scenario of major mergers.[Aims] We investigate whether the smoother perturbation induced by minor mergers can reproduce these systems.[Methods] We analysed collisionless N-body simulations of intermediate and minor dry mergers onto S0s to determine the structural and kinematic evolution induced by the encounters. The original primary galaxies represent gas-poor fast-rotator S0b and S0c galaxies with high intrinsic ellipticities. The original bulges are intrinsically spherical and have low rotation. Different mass ratios, parent bulges, density ratios, and orbits were studied.[Results] Minor mergers induce a lower decrease of the global rotational support (as provided by λe) than encounters of lower mass ratios, which results in S0s with properties intermediate between fast and slow rotators. The resulting remnants are intrinsically more triaxial, less flattened, and span the whole range of apparent ellipticities up to εe ∼ 0.8. They do not show lower apparent ellipticities in random projections than initially; on the contrary, the formation of oval distortions and the disc thickening increase the percentage of projections at 0.4 0.9), but exhibit a wide range of triaxialities (0.20 < T < 1.00). In the plane of global anisotropy of velocities (δ) vs.? intrinsic ellipticity (εe,intr), some of our models extend the linear trend found in previous major merger simulations towards higher ε e,intr values, while others clearly depart from it (depending on the progenitor S0). This is consistent with the wide dispersion exhibited by real S0s in this diagram compared with ellipticals, which follow the linear trend drawn by major merger simulations.[Conclusions] The smoother changes induced by minor mergers can explain the existence of S0s with intermediate kinematic properties between fast and slow rotators that are difficult to explain with major mergers. The different trends exhibited by ellipticals and S0 galaxies in the δ - εe diagram may be pointing to the different role played by major mergers in the build-up of each morphological type. © ESO 2014.Supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) under projects AYA2006-12955, AYA2009-10368, AYA2009-11137, AYA2012- 30717, AYA2010-21322-C03-02, AYA2010-21887-C04-04, and by the Madrid Regional Government through the AstroMadrid Project (CAM S2009/ESP-1496, http://www.laeff.cab.inta-csic.es/projects/astromadrid/main/index.php). Funded by the Spanish MICINN under the Consolider-Ingenio 2010 Program grant CSD2006- 0070: “First Science with the GTC” (http://www.iac.es/consolider-ingenio-gtc/), and by the Spanish programme of International Campus of Excellence Moncloa (CEI). A.C.G.G. is a Ramón y Cajal Fellow of the Spanish MINECO.Peer Reviewe

Formation of S0 galaxies through mergers. Evolution in the Tully-Fisher relation since z∼1z\sim1

(Abridged version) We explore whether a scenario that combines an origin by mergers at $z\sim$1.8-1.5 with a subsequent passive evolution of the resulting S0 remnants since $z \sim$0.8-1 is compatible with observational data of S0s in the Tully-Fisher relation (TFR). We studied a set of major and minor merger experiments from the GalMer database that generate massive S0 remnants. We analysed the location of these remnants in the photometric and stellar TFRs assuming that they correspond to $z\sim0.8$ galaxies. We then estimated their evolution in these planes over the last 7 Gyr. The results were compared with data of real S0s and spirals at different redshifts. We also tested how the use of Vcirc or Vrot,max affects the results. We found that just after $\sim$1-2 Gyr of coalescence, major mergers generate S0 remnants that are outliers of the local photometric and stellar TFRs at $z\sim0.8$. After $\sim$4-7 Gyr of passive evolution in isolation, the S0 remnants move towards the local TFR, although the initial scatter among them persists. This scatter is sensitive to the indicator used for the rotation velocity: Vcirc values yield a lower scatter than when Vrot,max values are considered instead. In the planes involving Vrot,max, a clear segregation of the S0 remnants in terms of the spin-orbit coupling of the model is observed, in which the remnants of retrograde encounters overlap with local S0s hosting counter-rotating discs. The location of the S0 remnants at $z\sim 0$ agrees well with the observed distribution of local S0 galaxies in the $\sigma_0$-$M_K$, Vcirc-$\sigma_0$ and Vrot,max-$\sigma_0$ planes. Thus, massive S0 galaxies may have been formed through major mergers that occurred at high redshift and have later evolved towards the local TFR through passive evolution in relative isolation, a mechanism that would also contribute to the scatter observed in this relation.Comment: 19 pages, 15 figures. Accepted for publication in A&

Minor merger effects on galaxy evolution

Three topics: the size evolution of massive elliptical galaxies, metallicity gradients in elliptical galaxies, and the formation of the thick disc. To study if, in a ¿CDM universe, cosmological dry merger histories can generate the observed size evolution of massive elliptical galaxies, we analyzed eight different high-resolution merger histories of massive elliptical galaxies. The mass ratio and orbital parameters of these galaxies were extracted from self- consistent cosmological simulations, and we followed observational relationships to set their sizes. Our progenitor galaxies at z = 2 resemble observed high- redshift galaxies with re ~ 1 kpc with a mass range between 5.21 × 1010M¿ and 2.18 × 1011M¿, and a variety of velocity dispersions from ~ 236 km/s to ~ 486 km/s. We find that the median growth is a factor 4 in size and a factor 2 in mass from z=2 to z=0, with a moderate increase of the velocity dispersion. To study if sequential dry minor mergers induce a gradient of metallicity in the remnant of a high redshift, massive elliptical galaxy, we have estimated the metallicity gradients of a representative subsample of our merger histories from Chapter 3 in order to examine whether we can reproduce the metallicity gradients observed in present-day elliptical galaxies by following observational mass-metallicity relationships for our cosmological-motivated dry mergers remnants. We find that the metallicity profiles are approximately linear with log(r), and that the effect of accreting satellites is to produce a shallower metallicity gradient. The final gradients are consistent with those observed in z = 0 massive ellipticals. A high number or sequential accretions tend to produce a smoother metallicity gradient than fewer merger events, even when the total accreted mass is approximately the same. We also find a large scatter in the observed gradients, which scales with the number of sequential accretions and which is compatible with the large scatter in metallicity gradients observed in massive ellipticals. Within the merger-driven scenarios, there are two qualitatively different corresponding mechanisms. In the first case, thick-disc stars form in external galaxies and are subsequently deposited by accretion events at large scale heights (e.g. Abadi et al. 2003b; Yoachim and Dalcanton 2005). To study the effects of minor mergers on disc thickening, focussing on quantifying the effects of numerical heating, we perform a suite of merger experiments of the single accretion of one satellite onto a disc galaxy, using a range of mass ratios, orbital types and number of particles. Our conclusion is that both mechanisms, the accretion of satellites and the heating of the disc, play a role in the building of the thick disc in the merger-driven scenario. The accretion of a satellite results in the deposition of mass in the outer parts and the injection of kinetic energy into the disc, thus heating the disc and enhancing the settling of thin disc material into greater heights. We stress the necessity of more than one satellite to shape a thick disc by tidal debris of disrupted systems or to produce a big change in the direction of the angular momentum of the disc to generate a slowly rotating or counterrotating thick disc. Also, we find that the single accretion of a low-mass satellite produces a thickening of a factor ~ 2.7-3.5. Nevertheless, it is not sufficient to perturb the disc and to produce the boxy isophotes expected if the thick disc is formed by mergers.Esta tesis trata de los efectos que la acreción de satélites produce en la dinámica de las galaxias, usando métodos basados en simulaciones de N-cuerpos. Esta organizada en tres grandes temas: el primero trata sobre la evolución en tamaño de las galaxias compactas a alto desplazamiento al rojo; el segundo, sobre el gradiente de metalicidad que exhiben los remanentes de dichas galaxias, y el tercero acerca de la conexión entre la acreción de satélites y el engrosamiento del disco

Formation of S0 galaxies through mergers. Bulge-disc structural coupling resulting from major mergers

Observations reveal a strong structural coupling between bulge and disc in S0 galaxies, which seems difficult to explain if they have formed from supposedly catastrophic events such as major mergers. We face this question by quantifying the bulge-disc coupling in dissipative simulations of major and minor mergers that result in realistic S0s. We have studied the dissipative N-body binary merger simulations from the GalMer database that give rise to realistic, relaxed E/S0 and S0 remnants (67 major and 29 minor mergers). We simulate surface brightness profiles of these S0-like remnants in the K-band, mimicking typical observational conditions, to perform bulge-disc decompositions analogous to those carried out in real S0s. The global bulge-disc structure of these remnants has been compared with real data, and they distribute in the B/T - r_e - h_d parameter space consistently with real bright S0s, where B/T is the bulge-to-total luminosity ratio, r_e is the bulge effective radius, and h_d is the disc scalelength. Major mergers can rebuild a bulge-disc coupling in the remnants after having destroyed the structures of the progenitors, whereas minor mergers directly preserve them. Remnants exhibit B/T and r_e/h_d spanning a wide range of values, and their distribution is consistent with observations. Many remnants have bulge Sersic indices ranging 1<n<2, flat appearance, and contain residual star formation in embedded discs, a result which agrees with the presence of pseudobulges in real S0s. Contrary to the popular view, mergers (and in particular, major events) can result in S0 remnants with realistically coupled bulge-disc structures in less than ~3 Gyr. In conclusion, the bulge-disc coupling and the presence of pseudobulges in real S0s cannot be used as an argument against the possible major-merger origin of these galaxies.Comment: 23 pages, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics (version after minor language corrections

Eficacia de las estrategias metodológicas en el aprendizaje del área de comunicación en los niños de 5 años de la institución educativa inicial Víctor Raúl haya de la torre- callao 2012

El informe de investigación tuvo como propósito determinar la eficacia de las estrategias metodológicas en el aprendizaje del área de Comunicación de los niños de 5 años de la Institución Educativa Inicial Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, permitiendo identificar los principios y criterios de la labor diaria de las docentes que configuran el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje. La población estuvo conformada por un total de 86 niños del II ciclo del nivel Inicial de 5 años de tres aulas. La muestra fue elegida de forma intencional no probabilística y está representada por 60 niños, 30 para el grupo experimental y 30 para el grupo control.La técnica aplicada fue la evaluación a través de un test (prueba de conocimientos que mide las dimensiones: expresión y comprensión oral, comprensión de textos y producción de textos, para la variable dependiente. El instrumento ha sido sometido a validación mediante juicio de expertos, determinándose un alto porcentaje de validez. Asimismo, se procedió a determinar la confiabilidad mediante prueba U de Mann-Whitney, cuyo resultado demuestra que los instrumentos son confiables. Los resultados reportan la existencia de una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el grupo experimental y el grupo control. Que está más cerca al nivel alto en cuanto a aprendizaje en Comunicación. Es decir, las estrategias metodológicas tienen influencia significativa en la mejora del aprendizaje en el área de Comunicación de los niños de 5 años de la Institución Educativa Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre del Callao. Lo mismo sucede en las tres dimensiones, observándose diferencias significativas en los tres casos

Evolution induced by dry minor mergers onto fast-rotator S0 galaxies

We analysed collisionless N-body simulations of intermediate and minor dry mergers onto S0s to test whether these mergers can generate S0 galaxies with kinematics intermediate between fast and slow rotators. We find that minor mergers induce a lower decrease of the global rotational support than encounters of lower mass ratios, which results in S0s with properties intermediate between fast and slow rotators. The resulting remnants are intrinsically more triaxial, less flattened, and span the whole range of apparent ellipticities up to $\epsilon_\mathrm{e} \sim 0.8$. They do not show lower apparent ellipticities in random projections than initially; on the contrary, the formation of oval distortions and the disc thickening increase the percentage of projections at $0.4 < \epsilon_\mathrm{e} < 0.7$. In the experiments with S0b progenitor galaxies, minor mergers tend to spin up the bulge and to decrease slightly its intrinsic ellipticity, whereas in the cases of primary S0c galaxies they keep the rotational support of the bulge nearly constant and decrease significantly its intrinsic ellipticity. The remnant bulges remain nearly spherical ($B/A \sim C/A > 0.9$), but exhibit a wide range of triaxialities ($0.20 < T < 1.00$). In the plane of global anisotropy of velocities ($\delta$) vs. intrinsic ellipticity ($\epsilon_\mathrm{e,intr}$), some of our models extend the linear trend found in previous major merger simulations towards higher $\epsilon_\mathrm{e,intr}$ values, while others depart from it. This is consistent with the wide dispersion exhibited by real S0s in this diagram compared with ellipticals, which follow the linear trend drawn by major merger simulations. The different trends exhibited by ellipticals and S0 galaxies in the $\delta$ - $\epsilon_\mathrm{e}$ diagram may be pointing to the different role played by major mergers in the build-up of each morphological type.Comment: Corrected typos. 20 pages, 14 figures. Accepted for publishing in A&

Impacto de las lluvias y las Temperaturas en las Producción y Rendimiento de Café Tradicional en la Finca Chelol, Jinotepe, Carazo del año 2010 al 2013

El café es un rubro de muchas exigencia en los cuales los factores económicos, ambientales y tecnológicos entran en juego afectando la producción ya sea positiva o negativamente. El estudio se centra en la finca “Chelol” en Jinotepe, Carazo, para identificar los principales problemas ambientales que afectan la producción y por consecuencias los rendimientos de la finca, se presentan el medio biótico de la finca y los diversos tipos de cafés cultivados. El estudio analiza la producción y rendimientos de café, como estos se ven afectados por los embates ambientales como es el caso de las lluvias, ráfagas de vientos, temperaturas, plagas entre otros factores que afectan a la planta y su producción. Al mismo tiempo el documento presenta los problemas que viene presentando el cultivo en carácter general en el país y como este ha venido evolucionando con el pasar del tiempo. El modelo Ricardiano desarrollado por Mendelsohn en 1994 nos plantea que los individuos buscan maximizar sus ingresos y por lo incorporan variantes climáticas en sus decisiones de producción. El documento presenta la variación en los precios como a su vez las principales razones de estos cambios en los volúmenes de precios, esto siguiendo el modelo Ricardiano de las variaciones climáticas. Al igual hace énfasis en la sensibilidad del café y las principales vulnerabilidades y las principales plagas que lo afectan tales como la roya del café, broca, antracnosis, mancha de hierro y minador

Guía para la redacción de Tesis

This document aims to be a guide for college student, offering the structure of a thesis as a main idea, recommendations and steps to facilitate the design of a research.Each of the following sections is briefly described; introduction, problematic, historical situation, theoretical foundation, methodological design and analysis of results.It is expected that the document done for the students reflect a commitment in his writing in a clear and structured way, showing relevance of the research`s topic, in addition to showing that the research is well-founded and is likely to achieve original results, all of which justifies spend time and resources necessary for its realizationEste documento pretende ser una guía para el estudiante universitario, ofreciendo la estructura de una tesis, recomendaciones y pasos que facilitan el diseño de una propuesta de protocolo de investigación. Se describe brevemente cada uno de los siguientes apartados; introducción, planteamiento del problema, antecedentes históricos, fundamentación teórica, diseño metodológico y análisis de Resultados.Esperando con el documento que el estudiante deje reflejado su compromiso por escrito de manera clara y estructurada, mostrando relevancia del tema de investigación, además evidencíe que la investigación este fundamentada y sea susceptible de alcanzar resultados originales, todo lo cual justifique invertir el tiempo y los recursos necesarios para su realización

El oso andino en Ollachea (Puno, Perú) y las actividades antrópicas que amenazan su presencia

In the department of Puno, deforestation in the provinces of Sandia, Carabaya, and San Antonio de Putina is increasing, affecting vulnerable species like the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus). To determine the areas and habitats used by this bear in Ollachea (Carabaya) and identify the human activities influencing its presence, an assessment was conducted in October 2014, involving a survey of 17.80 km of trails and interviews. Thirty-eight GPS points with species records were identified, ranging from 2009 to 4086 masl, in transitional zones of montane forest-puna (50.00%), montane forest (21.00%), puna (15.80%), and intervened areas (13.20%). These points were located up to 0.72 km from water sources and 1.87 km from the forest. A preference for Eryngium weberbaueri as food was observed. In Ollachea, the Andean bear faces significant pressures due to various human activities. The Interoceanic Highway has made bears more vulnerable to hunting as it has facilitated their visibility when crossing it. Mining has contaminated rivers and streams used by bears as travel routes. Agriculture has generated conflicts as bears sometimes enter cornfields, causing losses. Bear hunting, for the purpose of obtaining pets or meat, also poses a threat. The information obtained in this research will be used to create spatial distribution models in Ollachea to identify critical areas for bear survival and plan conservation and management measures, such as connectivity corridors and priority protection areas.En el departamento de Puno, la deforestación en las provincias de Sandia, Carabaya y San Antonio de Putina se viene incrementando, afectando a especies vulnerables como el oso andino (Tremarctos ornatus). Para determinar las áreas y los hábitats utilizados por este úrsido en Ollachea (Carabaya), e identificar las actividades antrópicas que influyen en su presencia, se llevó a cabo una evaluación en octubre de 2014, mediante el recorrido de 17,80 km de senderos y entrevistas. Se identificaron 38 puntos GPS con registros de la especie, entre 2009 y 4086 msnm, en zonas de transición bosque montano-puna (50,00%), bosque montano (21,00%), puna (15,80%), y áreas intervenidas (13,20%). Estos puntos estuvieron ubicados hasta 0,72 km de fuentes de agua y 1,87 km del bosque. Se observó la preferencia por Eryngium weberbaueri como alimento. En Ollachea, el oso andino se encuentra bajo presiones significativas debido a diversas actividades humanas. La carretera Interoceánica ha facilitado la visualización de los osos al cruzarla, haciéndolo más vulnerable a su cacería. La minería ha contaminado ríos y arroyos utilizados por los osos como rutas de desplazamiento. La agricultura ha generado conflictos, ya que los osos ingresan a campos de maíz, causando pérdidas. Su caza, para obtener mascotas o carne, también representa una amenaza. La información obtenida en esta investigación permitirá crear modelos de distribución espacial en Ollachea con el fin de identificar áreas críticas para la supervivencia del oso, y así planificar medidas de conservación y gestión, como corredores de conectividad y áreas de protección prioritarias