La fiscalidad en la construcción del Estado de Zacatecas: El tabaco como renta, 1823-1857

La historiografía tradicional ha demostrado que la fortaleza política y económica de Zacatecas entre 1824 y 1835 se debió al auge productivo de la minería de la plata, a la primera inversión estatal en las minas de Fresnillo y su consecuente productividad, pero poco se han estudiado otras fuentes de ingresos como el estanco del tabaco que tuvo una importancia fundamental, a tal grado que llegó a igualar y en algunos casos superar dichos ingresos provenientes de la producción argentífera. El estado de Zacatecas desarrolló todo un proceso administrativo y fiscal moderno y de corte liberal que le permitió extraer los mayores recursos del tabaco a través de una compleja estructura de compra, manufactura, venta y vigilancia. Aprovechó como ningún otro estado las facultades que le dio el sistema federal o como recientemente también se le ha denominado, confederal establecido en 1824 a través de la división del estanco del tabaco entre los estados y la federación. Las nuevas entidades se encargarían de fabricar y comercializar los cigarrillos-puros y el gobierno nacional se encargaría de la producción y les dotaría, a través de la venta, la materia prima, el tabaco en rama o en su caso el producto ya elaborado

Análisis epidemiológico del accidente por animales venenosos en el Estado de México del 2004 al 2016

El presenta trabajo muestra un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y observacional de los accidentes causados por animales venenosos en el Estado de México en el periodo 2004-2016. Mostrando las zonas con mayor número de incidencias y los patrones de riesgo que cada una presenta. El Estado de México muestra mayor número de intoxicaciones por picadura de alacrán que de cualquier otro organismo venenoso, afectando principalmente a la zona sur del Estado y al género femenino. La mordedura de serpiente para el Estado se relaciona más como un problema laboral, ya que las zonas con mayor número de incidencias son aquellas donde la actividad principal es la agricultura. La intoxicaciones por ponzoña de animales se muestra de una forma homogénea dentro del Estado al igual que la picadura de abejas, avispas y avispones, solamente que está ultima reporta mayor número de muertes dentro del Estado que cualquier otro tipo de intoxicación. Para identificar si existía una diferencia significativa entre el número de incidencias según el sexo se realizó una de Mann-Whitney, también se elaboró una ² para encontrar una dependencia entre los meses, el número de incidencias y el género más afectado

Analysis of the absorption coefficient by annealing in carbon implanted Nd:YVO4

Low loss in optical waveguides is very important in order to achieve high laser efficiency. Waveguide fabrication by ion implantation generates color centers, leading to absorption losses which can be reduced by annealing; however, this process may eliminate the waveguide and hence it is necessary to consider both the optimum annealing time and temperature. This work reports the behavior of the absorption coefficient by successive annealing steps in Nd:YVO4 implanted with a dose of 5×1014 ions/cm2

MORPHOMETRIC TRAITS AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH SEX IN THE KEEL-BILLED TOUCAN RAMPHASTOS SULFURATUS

Sexing monomorphic birds is essential for reproduction in conservation programs. In ramphastids (toucans) species, males have longer beaks than females, making beak morphometry potentially useful for sexing. In this study, we measured the following traits: curved beak length, total culmen length, straight beak length, curved and straight length of the ventral line of the gnathotheca, beak width, lateral area of the rhinotheca, and cloacal opening in 44 Keel-billed Toucans, as well as previously reported morphometric data from 17 additional individuals. Measurements were obtained using two methods (manual and image processing software), and the reliability between the two methods was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Individuals of unknown sex were sexed via PCR tests. The ICC showed poor reliability between the two measurement methods, so we only used manual measurements for comparisons between the sexes. We used GLMMs to determine whether the morphometric traits we measured could be used to determine sex in keel-billed toucans. In addition, we evaluated GLMMs to determine which morphometric trait was the strongest predictor of sex in this species. Beak length was longer in adult males than in females. The GLMMs indicated that beak traits associated with sex in this species are beak curved length, beak straight length, straight length of the ventral line of the gnathotheca, and total culmen length. The straight length of the ventral line of the gnathotheca was the strongest predictor of sex in the Keel-billed Toucan. Unlike previous research, the development of GLMMs allows us to determine the probability of a toucan’s sex based on continuous variables, facilitating sexing and allowing us to evaluate the reliability of the estimation of the sexing of each toucan. This method is an alternative for situations where other sexing methodologies cannot be performed

Peer-correction as a Strategy to Improve Teenagers’ Speaking Skills in Foreign Language Learning

Recently, educators have faced significant changes in the classroom. Teachers are seen as mediators between students and educational environments, while students play an active role in their learning process. This study on the use of peer correction strategies consists of students giving and receiving feedback on the mistakes made when speaking English in class. These strategies can be implemented in the classroom to improve their autonomy, interaction and participation. In this qualitative study, classroom observations and a focus group were carried out. Eight adolescent students from an educational institute in Mexico participated. The results show aspects related to the way in which students apply these strategies in their learning process and how they feel about it. Most expressed feeling in a comfortable environment when applying peer correction strategies in the classroom. La corrección en pares como estrategia para mejorar producción oral de los adolescentes en el aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras Resumen Recientemente, los educadores han enfrentado cambios significativos en el aula. Los docentes son vistos como mediadores entre los estudiantes y los entornos educativos, mientras que los alumnos desempeñan un papel activo en su proceso de aprendizaje. Este estudio explora el uso de estrategias de corrección por pares, consistentes en que los estudiantes den y reciban retroalimentación sobre los errores cometidos al hablar inglés en clase. Estas estrategias se puede implementar en el aula para mejorar su autonomía, interacción y participación. En este estudio cualitativo se llevaron a cabo observaciones en el aula y un grupo focal. Participaron ocho estudiantes adolescentes de un instituto educativo en México. Los resultados muestran aspectos relacionados con la forma en que los alumnos aplican estas estrategias en su proceso de aprendizaje y cómo se sienten al respecto. La mayoría expresó sentirse en un ambiente cómodo al aplicar estrategias de corrección entre pares en el aula

Surface morphologies of Ti and Ti-Al-V bombarded by 1.0-MeV Au+ Ions

Ion implantation is known to enhance the mechanical properties of biomaterials such as, e.g., the wear resistance of orthopedic joints. Increasing the surface area of implants may likewise improve their integration with, e.g., bone tissue, which requires surface features with sizes in the micron range. Ion implantation of biocompatible metals has recently been demonstrated to induce surface ripples with wavelengths of a few microns. However, the physical mechanisms controlling the formation and characteristics of these patterns are yet to be understood. We bombard Ti and Ti-6Al-4V surfaces with 1.0-MeV Au+ ions. Analysis by scanning electron and atomic force microscopies shows the formation of surface ripples with typical dimensions in the micron range, with potential indeed for biomedical applications. Under the present specific experimental conditions, the ripple properties are seen to strongly depend on the fluence of the implanted ions while being weakly dependent on the target material. Moreover, by examining experiments performed for incidence angle values theta = 8 degrees, 23 degrees, 49 degrees, and 67 degrees, we confirm the existence of a threshold incidence angle for (ripple) pattern formation. Surface indentation is also used to study surface features under additional values of., agreeing with our single-angle experiments.This work was financially supported by Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico-UNAM under Contracts No. Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica IN110116 and No. IN111717, and by CONACYT under Contract No. 222485. L. R. d. l. V. is supported by the Programa de Estancias Sabáticas Nacionales del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT). R. C. acknowledges the kind hospitality and support of the Instituto de Física at UNAM while part of this work was being carried out, as well as partial support from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad/Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (Spain/European Union) through Grants No. FIS2012- 38866-C05-01 and No. FIS2015-66020-C2-1-P

Polymorphisms associated with the number of live-born piglets in sows infected with the PRRS virus in southern Sonora Mexico

The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a viral disease that decreases the reproductive performance in breeding sows and leads to economic losses to the swine industry. The objective of the present study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associated to the number of live-born piglets in the first (LBP1) and second birth (LBP2) in breeding sows exposed to PRRS virus. The study included 100 pregnant females of the Landrace(¾)/ Yorkshire(¼) line, 75 of which were infected with the PRRS virus and 25 were free of PRRS. Individual blood samples (6-8 drops) were obtained and spotted onto FTA cards and subsequently processed for DNA extraction, which was genotyped using a 10,000 SNP chip for genomic profile. Resulting genotypes were analyzed using a multi-locus mixed model that detected three SNP associated to LBP1 and five SNP associated to LBP2 (P<0.001). These eight SNP were validated using an associative mixed effects model which included the terms genotype and age of dam as fixed effects, and sire as random effect. Allele substitution effects were estimated using the same model including the term genotype as covariate. The SNP rs81276080, rs81334603 and rs80947173 were associated to LBP1 (P<0.001), whereas the SNP rs81364943, rs80859829, rs80895640, rs80893794 and rs81245908 were associated to LBP2 (P<0.001). Only two SNP were in functional chromosomal regions and the remainder SNP were within an intergenic position. In conclusion, these results suggest the existence of gene variants associated with the reproductive performance of sows infected with the PRRS virus.The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a viral disease that decreases the reproductive performance in breeding sows and leads to economic losses to the swine industry. The objective of the present study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associated to the number of live-born piglets in the first (LBP1) and second birth (LBP2) in breeding sows exposed to PRRS virus. The study included 100 pregnant females of the Landrace(¾)/ Yorkshire(¼) line, 75 of which were infected with the PRRS virus and 25 were free of PRRS. Individual blood samples (6-8 drops) were obtained and spotted onto FTA cards and subsequently processed for DNA extraction, which was genotyped using a 10,000 SNP chip for genomic profile. Resulting genotypes were analyzed using a multi-locus mixed model that detected three SNP associated to LBP1 and five SNP associated to LBP2 (P<0.001). These eight SNP were validated using an associative mixed effects model which included the terms genotype and age of dam as fixed effects, and sire as random effect. Allele substitution effects were estimated using the same model including the term genotype as covariate. The SNP rs81276080, rs81334603 and rs80947173 were associated to LBP1 (P<0.001), whereas the SNP rs81364943, rs80859829, rs80895640, rs80893794 and rs81245908 were associated to LBP2 (P<0.001). Only two SNP were in functional chromosomal regions and the remainder SNP were within an intergenic position. In conclusion, these results suggest the existence of gene variants associated with the reproductive performance of sows infected with the PRRS virus

Factores de riesgo relacionados al bullying en los estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional José Faustino Sánchez Carrión

En: Big Bang faustiniano : revista de investigación científica, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 42-45Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo significativos del bullying en los estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional José Faustino Sánchez Carrión de Huacho. Métodos: La población estuvo conformada por 11000 estudiantes matriculados en el semestre académico 2014-I en la Sede de Huacho de las 12 Facultades y se tomó un muestreo aleatorio simple de 260 estudiantes. Los instrumentos utilizados para la recopilación de datos fueron, el bullying la escala de Lyn Quine adecuado al contexto universitario mediante una escala de autoreporte, según Quine (2003) esta escala permite estimar el comportamiento persistente, ofensivo, abusivo intimidatorio, malicioso o insultante, abuso de poder lo cual hace que el receptor se sienta perturbado, amenazado, humillado o vulnerable afectando su integridad personal y para la disfunción familiar se empleó la ficha técnica del Doctor Smilkstein, Gabriel evaluando cinco funciones básicas: adaptación, participación, ganancia, afecto y recursos. Resultados: El 43,1% fueron estudiantes varones y 56,9% mujeres; sus edades estuvieron comprendidas entre 16 y 27 años siendo el promedio 19 años, el 21,2 % de los estudiantes han sufrido de bullying y el nivel de disfunción familiar distribuido: Grave, 10,8%; Leve con un 29,2% y Familia Funcional con 60,0%. Conclusiones: La edad está relacionada con la presencia del bullying verbal y la disfunción familiar con la presencia del bullying psicológico con un nivel de confianza del 95%. El factor de riesgo asociado al bullying en el género femenino fue la disfunción familiar

Spectral characteristics of side face excited microstructured fibers for photonic integrated circuits formations

We propose a new method for mass production of the photonic crystal devices on the basis of widely-known and well-developed technology such as microstructured optical fibers. In this paper, we investigate the optical properties of side-excited microstructured optical fiber and discuss the conditions for utilization such a structure as a planar photonic crystal device, namely, the high-quality resonance filter.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figure

Propuesta de Escalamiento con Similitud Dinámica de un Sistema de bombeo con Filtro de Sargazo

En esta investigación se realizó la reproducción de las condiciones de flujo logradas en una experimentación realizada para el desarrollo de un filtro ecológico a base de Sargazo compuesto por las especies S. natans y S. fluitans para la eliminación de sustancias tóxicas orgánicas como los colorantes azules de metilo, naranja de metilo y rojo de metilo. Dicha modelación se realizó en el programa EPANET, partiendo de los parámetros óptimos del sistema, en el cual se logró calibrar el modelo matemático para simular la energía en el sistema de bombeo para garantizar el funcionamiento hidráulico. Con base en esto realizó una propuesta de escalamiento del modelo para indicar valores aproximados de volúmenes de agua tratada mayores que puede ser utilizado en casas habitación ubicadas en poblaciones rurales del estado de Quintana Roo.Se agradece al Proyecto GII del Instituto de Ingeniería de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México