Effects of potassium dichromate on the survival and reproduction of Moina micrura Kurz. 1875 (Cladocera: Moinidae)

Today, heavy metal pollution is an urgent problem in the world including Vietnam. An analytical approach is very important to identify, assess and forecast environmental risks from toxic components, in which ecotoxicology is considered to be the optimal tool. We conducted a study on M. micrura in order to contribute the creation of a biological basis for the use of zooplankton as an early warning of the risk of water pollution. The results showed that M. micrura was isolated from 29/3 Park Lake, Da Nang City, central Vietnam. The acute toxicity test of potassium dichromate on M. micrura showed LC 50 at 12, 24 and 48 hr were 0.26, 0.15 and 0.08 mg.l-1 K2Cr2O7, respectively. EC 50 was 0.015 mg.l-1 K2Cr2O7 for egg parameter and 0.009 mg.l-1 K2Cr2O7for neonate parameter. The results of acute and chronic toxicity tests showed that M. micrura was more sensitive than D. magna, D. pulex and C. cornuta.

Comparison of the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli of silver nanoparticle produced by chemical synthesis with biosynthesis

The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) has been carried out using different methods, mainly by biological and chemical methods; however, comparing antibacterial activity of Ag NPs synthesized by these methods has not been conducted before. In this study, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were synthesized by methods using reducing agent NaBH4/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and fungal strain Trichoderma asperellum (T.asperellum). The formation of silver nanoparticles was observed visually by color change and identified by Ultraviolet-visible (UV – vis) spectroscopy. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image illustrated almost nanoparticles with spherical shape and average diameter of 4.1 ± 0.2 nm and 2.1 ± 0.2 nm of samples produced from chemical reduction and biosynthesis respectively. Both samples after 180 days storing have been separated lightly, but the agglomeration and absorbance peak shifting were not observed which proved the high stability of synthesized Ag NPs. Antimicrobial activity against human bacterial pathogen Escherichia coli (E. coli) showed that the inhibition zone produced by “biosynthesis” and “chemical reduction” Ag NPs were 3.17 cm and 2.42 cm respectively. With nanoparticles size smaller than 2 mm, antibacterial activity of “biosynthesis” Ag NPs against E. coli was 31 % higher than “chemical reduction” Ag NPs, although the concentration of Ag NPs produced by biosynthesis was about 10-fold less

The 2017 Dengue virus 1 outbreak in northern Vietnam was caused by a locally circulating virus group

Background: Dengue virus (DENV) is a member of insect vector-borne viruses, and it causes dengue fever. Southeast Asia is the epi-center of dengue fever in the world. The characterization of the virus is essential to identify the transmission and evolution of DENV.Objectives: In 2017, there was an outbreak of Dengue virus type 1 (DENV1) in northern Vietnam and the neighboring countries. To identify the genetic character of the outbreak virus in the area, we conducted whole-genome sequencing analysis on the samples positive for the DENV1 along with real-time PCR.Study design: In total, 1026 blood samples were collected from patients with suspected dengue fever in Ha Nam and Hai Duong province, nearby areas of the capital of Vietnam. After screening by real-time PCR, 40 of DENV1 positive samples were subjected to whole-genome sequencing, and 28 complete coding sequences were obtained.Results: All 28 sequences were genotype I of DENV1, which is dominant in the southeast and East Asian countries. The phylogenetic analysis of the E region showed that they fell into a single cluster with the reported sequences from Vietnam between 2009 and 2016, in which the isolates from other countries are very rare. Our results suggested that the 2017 outbreak in the area was caused by locally circulating viruses

Anal human papillomavirus prevalence and risk factors among men who have sex with men in Vietnam.

OBJECTIVES: Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at risk of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancers, while published data are scarce. This study determined HPV prevalence and risk factors in MSM in Vietnam to inform HPV prevention strategies in this key population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 799 MSM aged 16-50 years was conducted in Vietnam in 2017-2018. Information was collected on risk behaviours, and knowledge of HPV and anal cancer; rectal swabs were taken to detect anal HPV infection. An in-house polymerase chain reaction and Genoflow HPV array test kit were used for HPV detection and genotyping. RESULTS: The median age of the study participants was 25 years (range 18-52). Overall prevalence of any HPV and HPV16/18 infection was 32.3% and 11.0%, respectively. A higher prevalence of high-risk HPV infection to all 14 types tested was found in Ho Chi Minh City (30.9%) than in Hanoi (18.4%). High-risk HPV infection was associated with inconsistent condom use and history of engaging in sex under the influence of drugs (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 2.27; 95% CI, 1.48-10.67), as well as having multiple sexual partners (aOR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00-1.02). CONCLUSIONS: High-risk anal HPV infections in Vietnamese MSM were significantly associated with risky sexual behaviours. A targeted HPV vaccination strategy would have substantial benefit for MSM in Vietnam

Safety and efficacy of fluoxetine on functional outcome after acute stroke (AFFINITY): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background Trials of fluoxetine for recovery after stroke report conflicting results. The Assessment oF FluoxetINe In sTroke recoverY (AFFINITY) trial aimed to show if daily oral fluoxetine for 6 months after stroke improves functional outcome in an ethnically diverse population. Methods AFFINITY was a randomised, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial done in 43 hospital stroke units in Australia (n=29), New Zealand (four), and Vietnam (ten). Eligible patients were adults (aged ≥18 years) with a clinical diagnosis of acute stroke in the previous 2–15 days, brain imaging consistent with ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke, and a persisting neurological deficit that produced a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 1 or more. Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 via a web-based system using a minimisation algorithm to once daily, oral fluoxetine 20 mg capsules or matching placebo for 6 months. Patients, carers, investigators, and outcome assessors were masked to the treatment allocation. The primary outcome was functional status, measured by the mRS, at 6 months. The primary analysis was an ordinal logistic regression of the mRS at 6 months, adjusted for minimisation variables. Primary and safety analyses were done according to the patient's treatment allocation. The trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12611000774921. Findings Between Jan 11, 2013, and June 30, 2019, 1280 patients were recruited in Australia (n=532), New Zealand (n=42), and Vietnam (n=706), of whom 642 were randomly assigned to fluoxetine and 638 were randomly assigned to placebo. Mean duration of trial treatment was 167 days (SD 48·1). At 6 months, mRS data were available in 624 (97%) patients in the fluoxetine group and 632 (99%) in the placebo group. The distribution of mRS categories was similar in the fluoxetine and placebo groups (adjusted common odds ratio 0·94, 95% CI 0·76–1·15; p=0·53). Compared with patients in the placebo group, patients in the fluoxetine group had more falls (20 [3%] vs seven [1%]; p=0·018), bone fractures (19 [3%] vs six [1%]; p=0·014), and epileptic seizures (ten [2%] vs two [<1%]; p=0·038) at 6 months. Interpretation Oral fluoxetine 20 mg daily for 6 months after acute stroke did not improve functional outcome and increased the risk of falls, bone fractures, and epileptic seizures. These results do not support the use of fluoxetine to improve functional outcome after stroke

Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050

Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached$8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total,$40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this,$13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and$1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4$2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7$1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd

The role of capital structure management in maintaining the financial stability of hotel firms during the pandemic—A global investigation

Due to the detrimental effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the hotel sector, pandemic crisis management research has received lots of academic attention, from studies in sales-marketing to human resource management. However, financial management has been largely overlooked in the agenda of pandemic crisis management and hotel resilience. Therefore, this paper aims to address the research gap by exploring the role of capital structure management in maintaining financial stability and resilience capacities of hotel firms during this evolving and unpredictable Covid-19 pandemic. Using a database of 1882 firm-quarter observations of 196 hotel firms in 30 countries from Quarter 3 2018 to Quarter 2 2021, it is found that low debt capital structure mitigates the adverse impact of the pandemic on hotel firms’ financial stability during this turbulent time; particularly the negative impacts caused by government restrictions on both domestic and international travel. The benefit of low debt levels is more pronounced for more vulnerable hotels such as small, less diversified, and slow growing hotel firms. Also, hotel firms that have less long-term debt are more financial stable and resilient during pandemic period. Research outcomes suggest that financial management, in particular capital structure policies should be a critical part of hotel resilience building and crisis management strategy for hotel firms

Synergy of Machine Learning and Density Functional Theory Calculations for Predicting Experimental Lewis Base Affinity and Lewis Polybase Binding Atoms

Investigation of Lewis acid-base interactions has been conducted by ab initio calculations and Machine Learning (ML) models. This study aims to resolve two critical tasks that have not been quantitatively investigated. First, ML models developed from Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations predict experimental BF3 affinity with Pearson correlation coefficients around 0.9 and mean absolute errors around 10 kJ mol-1. The ML models are trained by DFT-calculated BF3 affinity of more than 3000 adducts, with input features readily obtained by rdkit. Second, the ML models have the capability of predicting the relative strength of Lewis base binding atoms in Lewis polybases, which is either an extremely challenging task to conduct experimentally or a computationally expensive task for ab initio methods. The study demonstrates and solidifies the potential of combining DFT calculations and ML models to predict experimental properties, especially those that are scarce and impractical to empirically acquire

MỘT SỐ ĐẶC ĐIỂM HÌNH THÁI VÀ SINH HỌC CỦA BƯỚM PHƯỢNG LỚN PAPILIO MEMNON LINNAEUS, 1758 (PAPILIONIDAE) Ở THÀNH PHỐ HUẾ VÀ VÙNG PHỤ CẬN

Great Mormon (Papilio memnon Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the big-sized beautiful butterflies, and in spite of possessing wide distribution, they are rare in nature. This study was carried out from January 2018 to March 2019 in Hue City and the adjacent areas. The results show that the mature butterflies are relatively large (the forewing mean is 71.65 ± 0.59 mm). Female mature butterflies are in two morphologies: non-mimetic and mimetic female. Female butterflies are less numerous than male butterflies. The newly hatched larvae have a relatively rough morphology. The first instar larvae have an initial body length of 4.05 ± 0.15 mm; later, they become more slippery. The fifth instar larvae have an average body length of 54.90 ± 2.11 mm. The pupae have an average length of 39.27 ± 0.61 mm, pointed vertex, and parallel outer. The narrow top is divided into two horn-like structures by a spear-shaped space. Great Mormon larvae eat six plant species belonging to the Rutaceae family, namely Citrus au-rantifolia, C. grandis, C. sinensis, Clausena excavata, Zanthoxylum nitidum, and Atalantia buxifolia. Under the semi-natural culture conditions with the temperature of 27–40 °C (average 37.32 ± 0.27 °C) and relative humidity 70–98% (average 88.69 ± 0.48%), the caterpillars were fed on fresh pomelo leaves (Citrus grandis), and the mature individuals were cultured with several flowers including Ixora coccinea, Lantanacamara, and 50% diluted honey. The life cycle of the butterflies (from egg to mature butterfly) is 33–56 days (average of 49.8 ± 4.2 days).Bướm phượng lớn Papilio memnon Linnaeus, 1758 là một trong những loài bướm đẹp, kích thước lớn, mặc dù chúng là loài phân bố rộng nhưng chỉ gặp rải rác vài cá thể ngoài tự nhiên. Nghiên cứu về loài bướm này được thực hiện từ tháng 1/2018 đến tháng 3/2019 tại thành phố Huế và các vùng phụ cận. Kết quả cho thấy bướm trưởng thành khá lớn (cánh trước dài trung bình 71,65 ± 0,59 mm), bướm cái trưởng thành có 2 dạng hình thái: dạng không đuôi và dạng có đuôi; bướm cái có số lượng ít hơn bướm đực. Sâu mới nở có hình thái khá xù xì, cuối tuổi 1 đạt 4,05 ± 0,15 mm; ở các tuổi về sau, sâu càng trở nên trơn láng, sâu non cuối tuổi 5 đạt kích thước trung bình 54,90 ± 2,11 mm. Nhộng dài trung bình 39,27 ± 0,61 mm; phần thóp thu hẹp, phía ngoài song song, đỉnh thóp chẻ thành hai sừng bởi khoảng trống hình mũi mác rất đặc trưng. Sâu non sử dụng sáu loài cây thuộc họ Cam chanh (Rutaceae) làm thức ăn, gồm: Citrus aurantifolia, C. grandis, C. sinensis, Clausena excavata, Glycosmis pentaphylla và Zanthoxylum nitidum. Trong điều kiện nuôi bán tự nhiên với nhiệt độ từ 27 đến 40 °C (trung bình (TB) 37,32 ± 0,27 °C) và độ ẩm tương đối 70–98% (TB 88,69 ± 0,48%), sâu non được nuôi bằng lá bưởi tươi (Citrus grandis), trưởng thành thả trong lồng có hoa cây bông trang (Ixora coccinea), hoa cây bông ổi (Lantana camara) và mật ong pha loãng 50%. Vòng đời của chúng khoảng 33–56 ngày (TB 49,8 ± 4,2 ngày)